The political parties of Chile are clearly categorized by three distinct political groups -- the left-wing, the center and the right-wing. Before the 1973 coup, the three political groups were moderately pluralistic and fragmented.

This distinction has existed since the end of the 19th Century. Since then, the three groups have been made up of different parties. Each party has participated in the Management of the State or has been represented in the National Congress.

Political parties are recognized legally and formally in the Political Constitution of the Republic of Chile of 1980 and by the Organic Constitutional Law of Political Parties of 1987 as organizations that participate in the legal political system and contribute to guiding public opinion.

History of Chile's political parties

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Origins and the first blocks (1810-1860)

Principal political parties in Ch 1830 and 1970

In Chile, the first political groups were created during the Independence of Chile: the Royalists (in favor of the King of Spain) and the Patriots (in favor of a more independent republic). In turn, they divided into the Moderates (those in favor of more autonomous processes under the Spanish Empire) and the Radicals.

Once Chile had independence, many political groupings emerged. They were based on various popular leaders, and not as much around common political ideals. Two very strong political groupings were "The Pipolos"—the Liberals—and "The Pelucónes"—the conservatives--, with the O’higginists and the Tobacconists often found by their side. Finally, after Diego Portales Palazuelos became the architect of the New Institution, through The Constitution of 1833, "The Pelucónes" prevailed for thirty years (1831-1861).

From 1831-1861, the prevailing political system was one in which the President co-opted a successor. This system greatly influenced the idea that power should be transferred between members of the ruling political sector. Only the "Question of the Sacristan" (1856), which divided The Pelucónes, allowed for the rise of the Liberals to power in 1861.

Dominance of the traditional parties (1860-1920)

The formal emergence of political parties in Chilean institutions occurred around the 1850s. Chileans began to challenge the President as the leading role in national political life through the National Congress. In 1891, the disagreement was finally resolved, in favor of the latter.

Around that time, the rise of the middle class would eventually lead to the creation of the Radical Party. Their campaign started in the 1850s, as a group defending the interests of the silver miners mining bourgeoisie, but it would gradually shift its focus to the employees of the growing state bureaucracy. Soon afterwards, from the same branch of radicalism, the Democratic Party appeared. It was a community that was born closer to the proletarian sectors, but that over time would join the game of alliances with the rest of the party system.

After the Chilean Civil War of 1891, the political system began to embody elements of a parliamentary system. Hence, the political coalitions became very strong. Although around twenty distinct political parties and movements existed, Chilean politics was structured around two large groups: the Liberal Alliance (of Liberal and Progressive tendency) and the Coalition (Conservative, Catholics). At the same time, political parties, until then a sort of political clubs of the oligarchic bourgeoisie, expanded to include the thriving middle and working class too.

Massification of political parties (1920-1973)

With the rise of Immigration from Europe, workers with anarchist and socialist ideas came to Chile. Additionally, in the mid-19 century, the union movement began in the nitrate fields of the North of Chile through a surge of the mancomunales and resistance cooperatives. It is from these processes that in 1912, the Workers' Socialist Party was founded in Iquique by the typographer Luis Emilio Recabarren and 30 union workers and employees. Workers' Socialist Party is defined as the political party of the Chilean working class; In 1922, the party joined the Third Communist International, since that date, the party is known as the Communist Party of Chile.

In the period between 1920 and 1938 (between the start of the first presidential term of Arturo Alessandri Palma and the end of his second term) a series of political incidents led to the loss of the importance of traditional nineteenth-century parties, but for the benefit of the "party masses".

The splendor of this new type of political party would come with the three presidential terms of the Radical Party between 1938 and 1952. At that time, the Radical Party (the group of the middle class, par excellence), transformed into a large body of positions and political favors, which in the long run would lead to its discredit. Its place as an intermediate political group—between the right and the left—would be taken by the Christian Democratic Party. The Christian Democratic Party is the successor of the National Falange, which in turn had split from the declining Conservative Party after the victory of Eduardo Frei Montalva (1964-1970). Regarding political parties, their main characteristic between 1938 and 1973 was their structuring into the classic "three thirds” system (right, center, and left).

With Salvador Allende, the Popular Unity came to power as a vast political coalition composed of elements from the center and the left. However, the Military Coup of 1973 signified not only the disappearance of the Popular Unity, but the breakdown of the party system and its end during most of the dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet. Only in the last year of the military dictatorship was the Organic Constitutional Law of Political Parties enacted, which regulated their formation and function.

Proscription of parties and reorganization (1973-1990)

Between 1973 and 1987, Chilean political parties were prohibited. On October 8, 1973, the members of the Popular Unity were banned and three days later, the rest of the political parties and movements were declared adjourned,^[1] and definitively dissolved on March 12, 1977.^[2]

On October 1, 1996, the Organic Constitutional Law was published in the Legal Gazette, which reestablished the system of electoral registrations and created the Electoral Service of Chile (Servel) as a replacement for the former Directorate of the Electoral Registry.^[3] On March 23, 1987, the Organic Constitutional Law of Political Parties was published –which established its objectives, requirements for legalization and the internal organization between others—with witch the groups began procedures for their legal recognition.^[4]

The National Party was the first political organization to be legally recognized by the Servel on December 23, 1987, inscribed officially in the registry on January 4, 1988.^[5] In the following months—before the Plebiscite of October 5, 1988—the National Advance, Humanist, National Renewal, Radical Democracy, Socialist, Christian Democratic (CDP), Party for Democracy, Party of the South, Radical and Green parties were legalized.^[6]

Return to democracy (1990-2022)

With the restoration of Democracy in 1990, the prominent political coalition was the Concertación de Partidos por la Democracia (Coalition of Parties for Democracy), a center-left group initially founded by 17 parties, of which the most important, which remained in the coalition throughout the years, were: The Christian Democratic Party, the Socialist Party, the Party for Democracy and the Radical Party. The "Concertación" governed Chile throughout the presidencies of Patricio Aylwin (1990-1994), Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle (1994-2000), Ricardo Lagos (2000-2006) and Michelle Bachelet (2006-2010). The opponent of the ruling coalition, was the Alianza (Alliance). The Alliance was a group of center-right parties, formed by the main parties that supported the "YES" option in the 1988 plebiscite. Extra-parliamentarily, there was the leftist coalition Juntos Podemos Más (Together we can do more), formed by the Communist Party, Humanist Party, PC-AP and others left-wing movements, this coalition did not achieve great electoral results due to the binominal system, which favored the Concertacion and the alliance.

The "Alliance" came to power when Sebastián Piñera (2010-2014) assumed office. In 2013, after electoral losses, the "Concertación", with the intention of renewing its image, decided to make an agreement with the Communist Party, the Citizen Left, and the MAS Region, creating the New Majority. This coalition won comfortable victories in the 2013 elections and achieved reelection of Michelle Bachelet between 2014-2018. In turn, the parties that made up the Alliance, regrouped in 2015 in a new coalition denominated Chile Vamos (Let's go Chile).

In 2016, the number of political parties in Chile doubled, increasing from 14 to 32. It came as a precursor to the municipal elections of the year and the Parliamentary Elections of 2017,^[7] given that they will be the first to be held under the new proportional electoral system, the replacement for the binomial system. The binomial system favored the existence of two blocks to the detriment of isolated parties and independent candidates. In that election, the Frente Amplio (Broad Font) appeared, a coalition that brought together left-wing sectors, which surprisingly won the election of 20 deputies.^[8] In the presidential election, Sebastián Piñera was able to return to the government and establish Chile Vamos (Let's go Chile) as an official coalition between 2018-2022.

Constitutional Convention and reorganization of coalitions (2022-present)

After the social outburst of 2019, a plebiscite was held that defined the drafting of a new Constitution through a Constitutional Convention. The members of that body were elected in May 2021, in a process that benefited independents over political party militants. The most successful group of independents was the The list of the People.

From that election, the coalition Apruebo Dignidad (I Approve Dignity) emerged, which gathered the coalitions Frente Amplio (Broad Front) and Chile Digno (Worthy Chile). This group raised the presidential candidacy of Gabriel Boric, who after winning in the ballot decided to summon the Socialist, For Democracy, Radical and Liberal parties to the government, which were grouped in a coalition called Democratic Socialism. This implied the definitive break of the former Concertación/New Mayority with the Christian Democratic Party, which was not invited to the new administration.

From the extreme right emerged the Republican Party, which in the parliamentary elections achieved the election of 14 deputies and one senator, facing the traditional center-right grouped in Chile Vamos, which from 2022 went to the opposition after the end of Piñera's government. Other blocks also emerged in those elections, such as the populist Partido de la gente (Party of the people).

Political parties

This article lists political parties in Chile. Chile has a multi-party system.

Active

As of August 2021^[update] there are 26 legally constituted political parties in Chile.^[9]

Party/Alliance				Abbr.	Est.	Position	International affiliation	Governors[10]	Senators[11]	Deputies[12]	Constituents[13]	Regional advisors[14]	Mayors[15]	Councilors
			Chile Podemos Más Chile we can do better	ChP+	2015	Centre-right to right-wing	IDU	1 / 16	22 / 43	53 / 155	36 / 155	133 / 278	88 / 345	772 / 2,252
			National Renewal Renovación Nacional	RN	1987	Centre-right to right-wing	IDU,[16] CDI[17]	0 / 16	6 / 43	32 / 155	15 / 155	72 / 278	32 / 345	347 / 2,252
			Independent Democratic Union Unión Demócrata Independiente	UDI	1983	Right-wing	IDU[16]	0 / 16	9 / 43	26 / 155	17 / 155	46 / 278	32 / 345	298 / 2,252
			Political Evolution Evolución Política	Evópoli	2012	Centre-right	RELIAL	0 / 16	1 / 43	6 / 155	5 / 155	5 / 278	1 / 345	61 / 2,252
			Democratic Independent Regionalist Party[a] Partido Regionalista Independiente Demócrata	PRI	2018	Centre to centre-right	None	0 / 16	0 / 43	0 / 155	0 / 155	5 / 278	0 / 345	37 / 2,252
			New Social Pact Nuevo Pacto Social	NPS	2021	Centre to centre-left	None	12 / 16	21 / 43	42 / 155	25 / 155	121 / 278	128 / 345	1,007 / 2,252
			Socialist Party Partido Socialista de Chile	PS	1933	Centre-left	PA, SI, FSP, COPPPAL	4 / 16	7 / 43	17 / 155	15 / 155	26 / 278	22 / 345	272 / 2,252
			Christian Democratic Party Partido Demócrata Cristiano	PDC	1957	Centre to centre-left	CDI[17]	4 / 16	5 / 43	12 / 155	1 / 155	44 / 278	46 / 345	315 / 2,252
			Party for Democracy Partido por la Democracia	PPD	1987	Centre-left	PA, SI, COPPPAL	0 / 16	7 / 43	7 / 155	3 / 155	30 / 278	17 / 345	202 / 2,252
			Liberal Party[b] Partido Liberal de Chile	PL	2013	Centre-left	LI	0 / 16	0 / 43	2 / 155	1 / 155	0 / 278	1 / 345	4 / 2,252
			Radical Party[c] Partido Radical de Chile	PR	1863	Centre to centre-left	PA, SI, COPPPAL	0 / 16	0 / 43	5 / 155	1 / 155	12 / 278	11 / 345	174 / 2,252
			Citizens[d] Ciudadanos	CIU	2016	Centre to centre-left	None	0 / 16	0 / 43	0 / 155	0 / 155	0 / 278	0 / 345	7 / 2,252
			Approve Dignity Apruebo Dignidad	AD	2021	Left-wing to far-left	None	2 / 16	1 / 43	28 / 155	28 / 155	31 / 278	22 / 345	360 / 2,252
			Communist Party Partido Comunista de Chile	PCCh	1922	Left-wing to far-left	FSP, CBP, IMCWP	0 / 16	0 / 43	9 / 155	7 / 155	11 / 278	6 / 345	157 / 2,252
			Democratic Revolution[e] Revolución Democrática	RD	2012	Centre-left to left-wing	FSP	0 / 16	1 / 43	6 / 155	9 / 155	6 / 278	6 / 345	43 / 2,252
			Social Convergence[f] Convergencia Social	CS	2019	Left-wing	Progressive International	0 / 16	0 / 43	4 / 155	6 / 155	3 / 278	2 / 345	51 / 2,252
			Commons[g] Comunes	Comunes	2019	Left-wing	FSP	1 / 16	0 / 43	2 / 155	1 / 155	3 / 278	1 / 345	5 / 2,252
			Social Green Regionalist Federation[h] Federación Regionalista Verde Social	FREVS	2017	Centre-left to left-wing	None	0 / 16	0 / 43	3 / 155	4 / 155	3 / 278	1 / 345	49 / 2,252
			Christian Social Front Frente Social Cristiano	FSC	2021	Far-right	None	0 / 16	0 / 43	3 / 155	4 / 155	1 / 278	0 / 345	12 / 2,252
			Republican Party Partido Republicano de Chile	PLR	2019	Far-right	None	0 / 16	0 / 43	3 / 155	0 / 155	1 / 278	0 / 345	12 / 2,252
			Christian Conservative Party[i] Partido Conservador Cristiano	PCC	2020	Far-right	None	0 / 16	0 / 43	0 / 155	0 / 155	0 / 278	0 / 345	0 / 2,252
			Party of the People Partido de la Gente	PDG	2019	Centre-right to right-wing	None	0 / 16	0 / 43	0 / 155	0 / 155	0 / 278	0 / 345	0 / 2,252
			Dignity Now Dignidad Ahora	DA	2020	Left-wing	None	0 / 16	0 / 43	1 / 155	1 / 155	5 / 278	3 / 345	55 / 2,252
			Humanist Party[j] Partido Humanista	PH	1984	Left-wing	IHP, FSP	0 / 16	0 / 43	1 / 155	0 / 155	4 / 278	2 / 345	27 / 2,252
			Equality Party[k] Partido Igualdad	PI	2009	Left-wing	None	0 / 16	0 / 43	0 / 155	1 / 155	1 / 278	1 / 345	25 / 2,252
			Green Ecologist Party[l] Partido Ecologista Verde	PEV	2008	Centre-left to left-wing	GG	1 / 16	0 / 43	1 / 155	0 / 155	1 / 278	0 / 345	46 / 2,252
			United Independents Independientes Unidos	IU	2021	Right-wing[18] to far-right[19] self proclaimed: Centre	None	0 / 16	0 / 43	0 / 155	0 / 155	0 / 278	0 / 345	1 / 2,252
			United Center[m] Centro Unido	CU	2021	Centre	None	0 / 16	0 / 43	0 / 155	0 / 155	0 / 278	0 / 345	0 / 2,252
			National Citizen Party[n] Partido Nacional Ciudadano	PNC	2019	Far-right	None	0 / 16	0 / 43	0 / 155	0 / 155	0 / 278	0 / 345	1 / 2,252
			Revolutionary Workers Party[o] Partido de Trabajadores Revolucionarios	PTR	2017	Far-left	FT-CI	0 / 16	0 / 43	0 / 155	0 / 155	0 / 278	0 / 345	1 / 2,252
			Patriotic Union[p] Unión Patriotica	UPA	2015	Far-left	None	0 / 16	0 / 43	0 / 155	0 / 155	0 / 278	0 / 345	1 / 2,252
			New Time[q] Nuevo Tiempo	NT	2016	Right-wing	None	0 / 16	0 / 43	0 / 155	0 / 155	0 / 278	0 / 345	0 / 2,252

Historical

• Liberal Party (Partido Liberal) (existed 1849–1966)
• Conservative Party (Partido Conservador) (existed 1851–1949, 1953–1966)
• National Party (Partido Nacional) (existed 1857–1933)
• Democrat Party (Partido Demócrata) (existed 1887–1941)
• Liberal Democratic Party (Partido Liberal Democrático) (existed 1893–1933)
• Democratic Party (Partido Democrático) (existed 1932–1960)
• National Socialist Movement of Chile (Movimiento Nacional Socialista de Chile) (existed 1932–1941)
• Agrarian Labor Party (Partido Agrario Laborista) (existed 1945–1958)
• National Democratic Party (Partido Democrático Nacional) (existed 1960–1999)
• New Democratic Left (founded and dissolved in 1963)
• Socialist Democratic Party (Partido Democrático Socialista) (existed 1964–1965)
• Revolutionary Communist Party (Partido Comunista Revolucionario) (existed 1966–1981)
• National Party (Partido Nacional) (existed 1966–1973, 1983–1994)
• Popular Unitary Action Movement (Movimiento de Acción Popular Unitario or MAPU) (existed 1969–1994)
• Radical Democracy (Democracia Radical) (existed 1969–1990)
• Chilean Social Democracy Party (Partido Socialdemocracia Chilena) (existed 1971–1994)
• Citizen Left (Izquierda Cristiana or Izquierda Ciudadana) (existed 1971–2018)
• National Advance (Avanzada Nacional) (existed 1983–1990)
• Party of the South (Partido del Sur) (existed 1987–1998)
• The Greens (Los Verdes) (existed 1987–1990, 1995–2001)
• Broad Party of Socialist Left (Partido Amplio de Izquierda Socialista or PAIS) (existed 1988–1990)
• Liberal Party (Partido Liberal) (existed 1988–1994)
• Humanist Green Alliance (Alianza Humanista Verde) (existed 1990–1995)
• Union of the Centrist Center (Unión de Centro Centro) (existed 1990–2002)
• National Alliance of Independents (Alianza Nacional de los Independientes) (existed 2001–2006)
• Regionalist Action Party of Chile (Partido de Acción Regionalista de Chile) (existed 2003–2006)
• Independent Regionalist Party (Partido Regionalista Independiente) (existed 2006–2018)
• Broad Social Movement (Movimiento Amplio Social) (existed 2008–2018)
• Amplitude (Amplitud) (existed 2014–2018)
• Citizen Power (Poder Ciudadano) (existed 2015–2019)
• Progressive Party (Partido Progresista) (existed 2009–2022)

Alliances

Active

• Chile Vamos, composed of:
  • Independent Democratic Union (Unión Demócrata Independiente)
  • National Renewal (Renovación Nacional)
  • Political Evolution (Evolución Política)
  • Democratic Independent Regionalist Party (Partido Regionalista Independiente Demócrata)
• Christian Social Front, composed of:
  • Republican Party (Partido Republicano)
  • Christian Conservative Party (Partido Conservador Cristiano)
• Democratic Socialism (Socialismo_Democrático), composed of:
  • Socialist Party of Chile (Partido Socialista de Chile)
  • Liberal Party of Chile (Partido Liberal de Chile)
  • Party for Democracy (Partido por la Democracia)
  • New Deal (Nuevo Trato)
  • Radical Party of Chile (Partido Radical de Chile)
• Apruebo Dignidad, composed of:
  • Democratic Revolution (Revolución Democrática)
  • Common Force (Fuerza Común)
  • Unir Movement (Movimiento Unir)
  • Social Convergence (Convergencia Social)
  • Commons (Comunes)
  • Communist Party of Chile (Partido Comunista de Chile)
  • Social Green Regionalist Federation (Federación Regionalista Verde Social)
  • Humanist Action (Acción Humanista)
  • Christian Left of Chile (Izquierda Cristiana de Chile)
• Dignidad Ahora, composed of:
  • Equality Party (Partido Igualdad)
  • Humanist Party (Partido Humanista)
• United Independents, composed of:
  • National Citizen Party (Partido Nacional Ciudadano)
  • United Centre (Centro Unido)
• Non-Neutral Independents
• The List of the People

Historical

• Popular Front
• Democratic Alliance
• Popular Unity
• Confederation of Democracy
• Concertación
• Alliance
• Juntos Podemos Más
• New Majority