This article appears to be slanted towards recent events. Please try to keep recent events in historical perspective and add more content related to non-recent events. (October 2022)
Part of a series on
War
History
Military
Battlespace
Weapons
Tactics
List of military tactics
Operational
Strategy
List of military strategies and concepts
Grand strategy
Administrative
Organization
Personnel
Logistics
Science
Law
Theory
Related
Lists

This is a list of proxy wars. Major powers have been highlighted in bold.

A proxy war is defined to be "a war fought between groups of smaller countries that each represent the interests of other larger powers, and may have help and support from these".

Pre-World War I proxy wars

War Dates Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result
Sicilian Expedition 415–413 BC Athens In support of:
Segesta
Supported by:
Delian League 		Sparta Corinth
In support of:
Syracuse
Supported by:

Peloponnesian League

Spartan-Corinthian-Syracusian victory
Egyptian–Ottoman War 1839–1841 Egypt-aligned powers:
Egypt
France France
Spain Spain 		Allied powers:
United Kingdom British Empire
Austrian Empire Austrian Empire
Russian Empire Russian Empire
Kingdom of Prussia Kingdom of Prussia

Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire

Compromise
Uruguayan Civil War 1839–1851 Colorados
Unitarian Party
 Empire of Brazil
Italian Legion
France France
 Great Britain 		Blancos
 Argentine Confederation 		Colorado victory
Mahdist War 1881–1899  British Empire

 Belgium

Ethiopian Empire Ethiopian Empire
 Italy

Supported by:
Emirate of Jabal Shammar

Mahdist Sudan

Supported by:
 Ottoman Empire
 Russian Empire
France France

 British-Egyptian-Italian victory
First Samoan Civil War 1886–1894 Samoa Tamasese
German Empire German Empire 		Samoa Mata'afans

Supported by:
United States United States

Stalemate
Second Samoan Civil War 1898–1899 Samoa Mata'afans
German Empire German Empire 		Samoa Samoa
United Kingdom United Kingdom
United States United States 		Stalemate
Venezuelan crisis of 1902–1903 1902–1903 United Kingdom United Kingdom[1]
 German Empire[1]
Italy Italy[1]

Supported by:
Spain Spain
Mexico Mexico
Belgium Belgium
Netherlands Netherlands

Venezuela Venezuela[1]

Supported by:
Argentina Argentina

United States United States[1]

Compromise
Somaliland campaign 1910–1920 Dervish State

Supported by:
 Ottoman Empire
 German Empire
 Ethiopian Empire (1913–1916)

 British Empire[2]
 Ethiopian Empire[2]

Supported by:
 Italian Empire[2]
Sultanate of Hobyo[2]

Collapse of the Dervish State

Inter-war period proxy wars

War Dates Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result
Finnish Civil War 1918[3][4]  Finland[3][4]

White Guard[3][4]

Supported by:
 Germany[3][4] 		Red Guards[3][4]
Supported by:
 Russian SFSR[3][4] 		Finnish Whites victory

[3][4]

Revolutions and interventions in Hungary 1918–1920  Czechoslovakia
Romania Kingdom of Romania
 Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
 First Czechoslovak Republic
 France
Kingdom of Hungary Kingdom of Hungary
 Kingdom of Italy 		Hungarian Democratic Republic
Hungarian Republic of Councils
Slovak Soviet Republic

Supported by:
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Russian SFSR[5][6]

Hungarian defeat
Turkish War of Independence 1919–1923  Greece
 France[7][8]
 Armenia
 United Kingdom[7]
Ottoman Empire Istanbul Government[9]
 Italy[10]
 Georgia 		Ankara Government
Supported by:
 Russian SFSR[11]
 Italy (alleged)[10]
 Azerbaijan SSR 		Turkish victory[12][13][14]
Chinese Civil War 1927–1937, 1945–1950[15][16] KMT
NRA[15][16]
Supported by:
 Weimar Republic (1929–33)[15]
 Nazi Germany (1933–37)[16]
 CPC[15][16]
PLA[15][16]
Supported by:
 Soviet Union[15][16] 		Communist victory on the mainland and then diplomatic field in 1971, Taiwan Strait stalemate[15][16]
Chaco War 1932–1935  Bolivia
Supported by:
Standard Oil (alleged)[17] 		 Paraguay
Supported by:
 Argentina[18][19][20][21]
Royal Dutch Shell (alleged)[17] 		Paraguayan victory
Spanish Civil War 1936–1939[22][23] Spain Nationalists
Supported by:
 Italy

Nazi Germany Nazi Germany
 Portugal

 Second Spanish Republic Republicans
Supported by:
Soviet Union Soviet Union
 Mexico[24]

France France (1936)[25]

Nationalist victory

Cold War proxy wars

Main article: List of conflicts related to the Cold War
War Dates Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result
Chinese Civil War 1944–1949[26] CPC
PLA[15][16]
Supported by:
 Soviet Union 		KMT
NRA
Supported by:
 United States 		Communist victory on the mainland and then diplomatic field in 1971, Taiwan Strait stalemate
Iran crisis of 1946 1945–1946 Azerbaijan People's Republic
Republic of Mahabad

Supported by:
 Soviet Union

Iran Imperial State of Iran

Supported by:
 United States

Iranian victory
Greek Civil War 1946–1949[27][28] Greek communists (Democratic Army of Greece, National Liberation Front, Greek People's Liberation Army, Communist Party of Greece)[27][28]
Supported by:
People's Socialist Republic of Albania Albania[27]
 Bulgaria[27]
 Yugoslavia[27] 		 Greece[27][28]
Supported by:
 United Kingdom[27][28]
 United States
 Kingdom of Greece victory
First Indochina War 1946–1954[29][30] Cambodia Khmer Issarak[31]
Laos Pathet Lao[32]
North Vietnam Viet Minh[29][30]
Supported by:
 China[29]
 Soviet Union[29]
 Polish People's Republic[33]
 East Germany[34][page needed][35] 		 France[29][30]
South Vietnam State of Vietnam (1949–1954)[29][30]
Cambodia Cambodia (1953–1954)
 Laos (1953–1954)
Supported by:
 United States[29] 		DR Vietnam-allied victory[29][30]
Paraguayan Civil War 1947 Liberal Party
Febrerista Revolutionary Concentration
Paraguayan Communist Party

Supported by:
 Soviet Union

Paraguay Paraguayan Government
Paraguay Military of Paraguay
Colorado Party

Supported by:
 United States
 Argentina

Government/Military and Colorado Party victory
Malayan Emergency 1948–1960 Communist forces:
Malayan Communist Party

Supported by:
 Soviet Union[36]
China People's Republic of China[37][38][39]
 Indonesia[38][39]
 North Vietnam[40][41][42]

 Anti-communist forces:
Commonwealth of Nations

Supported by:
 United States

 Thailand (Thai–Malay border)

Commonwealth military victory
Korean War 1950–1953[43][44][45][46][47][48]  North Korea[43][44][45][46][47][48]
 China[43][44][45][47][48]
Supported by:
 Bulgaria
 Czechoslovakia[49]
 Hungary
 Poland
 Romania[47]
 Soviet Union[43][47]
Mongolia 		 South Korea[43][44][45][48]
 United Nations[44][45][48]
 United States[43][44][45][46][48]
Supported by:
 Australia[44][45][46]
 Belgium[44][45]
 Bolivia[45]
 Canada[44][45][46]
 Colombia[44]
Commonwealth of Nations[50]
Cuba Cuba[45]
 Denmark[51]
 Ethiopia[44][45]
 France[44][45][46]
 Greece[44]
 India (Medical support)[46]
 Israel[52]
 Italy[53]
 Luxembourg[44]
 Netherlands[44]
 Taiwan[44]
 New Zealand[44][46]
 Norway[54]
 Philippines[44]
 South Africa[44][45]
 Spain[55]
 Sweden[56]
  Switzerland[57]
 Thailand[44][45]
 Turkey[44][45][46]
 United Kingdom[44][46] 		Stalemate[43][44][48]
Mau Mau Uprising 1952–1960 Kenya Land and Freedom Army[note 1]

Supported by:
 Soviet Union

 United Kingdom

Supported by:
 US

British victory
Second Indochina War (Vietnam War) 1953–1975[59][60][61][62][63]  North Vietnam[59][60][61][62][63][64]
Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam Viet Cong and PRG[59][60][61][62][63][64]
Laos Pathet Lao
GRUNK (1970–1975)
Khmer Rouge
 China[59][62][63][64]
 Soviet Union[59][62][63][64]
 North Korea[65]
Supported by:
 Bulgaria[64][66]
 Cuba[64][66][67][68]
 Czechoslovakia[64][66]
 East Germany[64][66]
 Hungary[64][66]
 Poland[64][66]
 Romania[64][66]
 Sweden[69][70] 		 South Vietnam[59][60][61][62][63][64]
 United States[59][60][61][62][63][64]
 South Korea[59][62][64]
 Australia[59][62][64]
 New Zealand[59][62]
 Laos[64]
Kingdom of Cambodia (1967–1970)
Khmer Republic (1970–1975)
 Thailand[59][62][64]
 Philippines[62][64]
Supported by:
 Brazil[64]
 Malaysia[64]
 Taiwan[64] 		North Vietnamese and Viet Cong/PRG victory[59]
First Taiwan Strait Crisis 1954–1955 China People's Republic of China
Supported by:
 Soviet Union 		Taiwan Republic of China
United States United States 		Stalemate
First Sudanese Civil War 1955–1972  United Kingdom (1955–1956)
 Egypt (1955–1956)
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
(1955–1956)
Sudan Republic of the Sudan
(1956–1969)
Sudan Democratic Republic of the Sudan
(1969–1972)

Supported by:
 Soviet Union[71]

Southern Sudan Liberation Movement

Equatorial Corps (1955–1963)

Supported by:
 Ethiopia[72]
 Uganda[73]
 Israel[72][73][74]

Stalemate
Suez Crisis 1956–1957[75] Egypt Egypt[75]
Supported by:
 Soviet Union[75]
 United States
 West Germany
 Italy
 China
  France[75]
 Israel[75]
 United Kingdom[75]
 Territory unchanged. French and UK power in area weakened[75]
Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 1958 China People's Republic of China
Supported by:
 Soviet Union 		Taiwan Republic of China
United States United States 		Stalemate
1958 Lebanon crisis 1958 Lebanon Lebanese Opposition:

Supported by:
 Soviet Union
Egypt Egypt

Lebanon Lebanese Government
 United States 		President Camille Chamoun steps down and Major General Fouad Chehab is elected to succeed him
1959 Tibetan uprising 1959–1962[76]  People's Republic of China  Tibet

Supported by:
 Soviet Union[77]
 United States[78]
 Republic of India
Nepal Kingdom of Nepal[79]
 United Nations[80]
 Taiwan

Uprising suppressed
Central American crisis 1960–1996[81] EGP[81]
FAR[81]
ORPA
PGT[81]
URNG[81]
FSLN

FMLN (CRM)
Nicaragua Nicaragua[82] (1979–90)

Supported by
 Soviet Union[83]
 Cuba[84]
 Mexico[85]
 Libya[86][87]
 Romania (before 1989)
Zapatista Army of National Liberation
 Sweden[88][89]
 Costa Rica
 Bulgaria[90]
 China[91]

  Guatemala[81]
ESA[81]
White Hand[81]
and other paramilitary groups[81]

Nicaragua Somoza government

Contras (1981–90)
El Salvador Salvadoran military government

Supported by
 United States[81][92]
 Saudi Arabia
 Honduras
 Chile
 Argentina
 Panama
 Israel[93]
 Taiwan[94]
Congo Crisis 1960–1965 1960–62:

Democratic Republic of the Congo Stanleyville government

1964–65:
Simba and Kwilu rebels

Supported by:
 Soviet Union
 China
 Cuba
Egypt Egypt
Algeria FLN
Algeria Algeria
Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo
Tanzania Tanzania
Burundi

1960–63:

 Katanga
 South Kasai

1964–65:
Democratic Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo

Supported by:
 United States
 Belgium[97]
France France
 Rhodesia and Nyasaland
 South Africa

The Congo established as an independent unitary state under the authoritarian presidency of Mobutu Sese Seko
Portuguese Colonial War 1960–1974[98]  Portugal[98]

Supported by:
 South Africa
 Rhodesia
 Malawi[99]
 Spain

 FLEC[98]
FNLA[98]
FRELIMO[98]
MPLA[98]
PAIGC[98]
UNITA[98]
Supported by:
 China[98]
 Cuba[98]
 France[98]
 Soviet Union[98]
 United States[98]
 Zaire
 Algeria
 Tanzania
 Zambia
 Tunisia
 Senegal
 Guinea
Republic of the Congo Congo-Brazzaville
Libya Libya
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia
Bulgaria Bulgaria
Liberia Liberia
Egypt Egypt
 India
 Brazil 		End of the Portuguese Empire[66]
First Iraqi–Kurdish War 1961–1970 Republic of Iraq
Ba'athist Iraq

Supported by:
Syria[100]

KDP

Supported by:
Iran Iran
 Israel[101]

Stalemate
Eritrean War of Independence 1961–1974 ELF
Supported by:
Libya Libya[102][103][104]
(until 1977)
 Cuba[102][105]
(until 1974)
 Syria[106][107]
 Iraq[108][109]
 Tunisia[110][111][112]
 Saudi Arabia[113][114]
 Somalia[115]
 Sudan[116] 		Ethiopia Ethiopian Empire (until 1974)
Supported by:
 United States (until 1974)
 Stalemate
1974–1991 Ethiopia Derg (1974–1987)
Ethiopia PDRE (1987–1991)
Supported by:
 Cuba[117][118][119][120] (1974–1989)[dubious – discuss]
 Soviet Union[117][121][122][123] (1974–1990)
 South Yemen[124] 		EPLF
TPLF

Supported by:
 China[125][126]
 Sudan[116]
Libya Libya[102][103][104]
(1977–1991)
 United States
(May 1991)[127]
 Somalia[115]
 Syria[106][107]

EPLF victory
North Yemen Civil War 1962–1970  Yemen Arab Republic
Egypt[128]

Supported by:
 Soviet Union

Kingdom of Yemen
 Saudi Arabia[128]

Supported by:
 Jordan[129]
 United Kingdom[129]
 United States

Republican victory
Dhofar Rebellion 1962–1976 DLF (1962–1968)
PFLOAG (1968–1974)
NDFLOAG (1969–1971)
PFLO (1974–1976)

Supported by:
 China[130]
 Soviet Union[130]
South Yemen[130]
 East Germany

 Oman[130]

Supported by:
Iran Iran[130]
 Abu Dhabi[130]
 Saudi Arabia[130]
 United Kingdom[130]
 Jordan[130]
 Egypt[130]
 Pakistan[130]
 UAE[130]
 United States

Omani government victory
Sarawak Communist Insurgency 1962–1990 Communist forces:
North Kalimantan Communist Party[131]
  • Sarawak People's Guerilla Force (SPGF)[132]
  • North Kalimantan People's Army (NKPA)[132]

 Indonesia (1962–65) (troops aid)
Other support:
Brunei People's Party

  • North Kalimantan National Army (NKNA)

Supported by:
 China[132]
 Soviet Union

Anti-communist forces:
 United Kingdom[133]

 Malaysia

Supported by:
 Australia
 Brunei
 New Zealand
 United States

 Indonesia (after 1965) (Indo-Malay border)

Stalemate
Aden Emergency 1963–1967 NLF
FLOSY

Supported by
Egypt Egypt
Yemen Yemen Arab Republic
 Soviet Union

 United Kingdom

Supported by
 United States

NLF victory
Rhodesian Bush War 1964–1979 ZANLA (ZANU)
Mozambique FRELIMO[134] (until 25 June 1975)
Mozambique Mozambique (from 25 June 1975)

Supported by:
 China[135]
 Libya
 Tanzania[136]

ZIPRA (ZAPU)[137]
MK (ANC)[137]

Supported by:
 Soviet Union[135]
 Zambia
 Cuba[135]
 East Germany[135]

FROLIZI

 Rhodesia Rhodesia
(until 1 June 1979)

Zimbabwe Rhodesia Zimbabwe Rhodesia
(from 1 June 1979)

Supported by:
South Africa South Africa
Portugal Portugal
(until 1974)

 Stalemate
Dominican Civil War 1965 Dominican Republic Constitutionalists
Dominican Republic Dominican Revolutionary Party[138]

Supported by:
 Soviet Union
 Cuba

 Dominican Republic
 United States
Inter-American Peace Force 		Loyalist victory
Chadian Civil War 1965–1979 FROLINAT
Chad GUNT
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Libya

Supported by:
 Soviet Union

  Chad
 France

Supported by:
 United States
Communist insurgency in Thailand 1965–1983 Communist Party of Thailand
Thai United Patriotic Front
Pathet Lao[140][141]
Khmer Rouge (until 1978)[140]
Malayan Communist Party[142]

Supported by:
 North Vietnam (until 1976)
 Vietnam (from 1976)
 China (from 1971)

 North Korea[141]
 Soviet Union

  Thailand

 Taiwan (until July 1967)

 United States[140]

Supported by:
 South Korea[140]

Thai government victory
Bolivian Campaign 1966–1967 Ejército de Liberación Nacional
 Cuba

Supported by:
 Soviet Union

  Bolivia
 United States 		Bolivian government victory
Korean DMZ Conflict (1966–1969) 1966–1969  North Korea

Supported by:
 Soviet Union
 China

South Korea
 United States 		South Korean–American victory
South African Border War 1966–1990 African nationalist forces:

PLAN (SWAPO)
SWANU

Supported by:
Cuba[144]
MPLA[145]
 Soviet Union[146]
 China[147]
 Yugoslavia[148][149]
 Bulgaria[150][151]
 Tanzania[152][153]
 Zambia[154]
 Libya[155]
 Kenya[156]
 Algeria[157]
 Guyana[158]
 Brazil
 Mexico

Anti-communist forces:

 South Africa

Supported by:
UNITA[159]
 United States
 United Kingdom
 Portugal (until 1975)

Stalemate
Nigerian Civil War 1967–1970  Nigeria

Supported by:
 United Kingdom
 Soviet Union
 United States
 Canada
 Sudan
 Chad
 Niger
 Syria
 Saudi Arabia
 Algeria[160]
Bulgaria Bulgaria[161]

 Biafra

Supported by:
 South Africa
Portugal Portugal[162]
 France
 Spain[163][164]
 Tanzania[165][166][167]
Gabon Gabon
Ivory Coast Ivory Coast
 Zambia
 Rhodesia
 Haiti

 Israel

Nigerian victory
Years of Lead 1968–1982 Far-left terrorist groups:
Red Brigades
Front Line
October 22 Group
PAC
Continuous Struggle
PO-AO

Supported by:
 Soviet Union (alleged)

Italy Italian Government

Supported by:
 United States

Far-right terrorist groups:
National Vanguard
Black Order
NAR
Third Position
Supported by:
 United States (alleged)

Far-left and far-right terrorist groups dismantled
Communist insurgency in Malaysia 1968–1989 Communist forces:
Malayan Communist Party[142]

Supported by:
 China[37][168]
 Soviet Union[168]

Anti-communist forces:
 Malaysia[169]
 Thailand[170][171]

Supported by:
 United Kingdom[172]
 Australia
 New Zealand[172]
 United States

Peace agreement reached
Operation Condor 1968–1989 Left-wing governments and opponents to the military juntas in South America.

Supported by:
 Poland
 Spain

 Chile
 Argentina
 Brazil
 Bolivia
 Paraguay
 Uruguay

Supported by:
 United States
 Peru
 Ecuador
 Colombia
 Venezuela

Al-Wadiah War 1969  South Yemen

Supported by:
 Soviet Union

  Saudi Arabia

Supported by:
United States United States

 Saudi victory
Bangladesh Liberation War 1971  Pakistan

Supported by:
 United States
 China
 France
 United Kingdom
 Turkey
 Iran
 Jordan

  Bangladesh

 India

Supported by:
 Soviet Union
 Israel

 Indian–Bangladeshi victory
Yemenite War of 1972 1972  South Yemen
National Democratic Front

Supported by:
 Soviet Union
 Cuba
 East Germany
 Czechoslovakia
 Libya

  North Yemen

Supported by:
 Saudi Arabia
 Jordan
United States United States
 Republic of China
 United Kingdom
 West Germany

 Cairo Agreement
Angolan Civil War 1974–2002 Angola MPLA
SWAPO
MK
Front for the National Liberation of the Congo (FNLC)

Supported by:
 Soviet Union[173] (until 1991)
 Cuba
 Tanzania[174]
Mozambique Mozambique[175]
 Czechoslovak Socialist Republic[176]
 Polish People's Republic (until 1989)
 Yugoslavia
 People's Republic of Bulgaria[177] (until 1989)
 Guyana[158]
 Portugal[178]
 Romania (until 1989)
 India[176]
 North Korea
 Brazil
 Mexico

UNITA
FNLA
FLEC

Supported by:
 United States[179]
 People's Republic of China[179]
 South Africa
 Zambia[180]
 Morocco[181]
 Zaire
 Egypt
 France
 Belgium
 Burkina Faso (from 1987)
 Israel
 United Kingdom
 Rhodesia (until 1979)
 South Korea

MPLA victory
Ethiopian Civil War 1974–1991 People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

Supported by:
 Soviet Union[124][117][121][122][123][182][183]
 North Korea
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Libya
 South Yemen[124]
 Tanzania
 East Germany (until 1990)[124][182][183]
 Bulgaria
 Cuba (1987–1991)[184]

Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front

Supported by:
 United States
 United Kingdom
 China
 West Germany (until 1990)
 Germany (from 1990)
 Saudi Arabia
 Israel
 North Yemen

EPLF/TPLF rebel victory
Lebanese Civil War 1975–1990 Lebanon LNM (until 1982)
Lebanon Jammoul (from 1982)
Palestine Liberation Organization PLO

Supported by:
 Iraq
 Libya
 Algeria

Amal Movement

Hezbollah
(from 1985)
 Iran (From 1980, mainly IRGC and Artesh paramilitary units)

Supported by:
 North Korea

Islamic Unification Movement (from 1982)

 Syria

LF
AFL (until 1977)
SLA (from 1976)
 Israel (from 1978)

Tigers Militia (until 1980)

Marada Brigades (left LF in 1978; aligned with Syria)

 Lebanon
 United Nations UNIFIL (from 1978)
Multinational Force in Lebanon (1982–1984)
 United States
 France

Arab Deterrent Force (1976–1987)
 Syria (1976, and from 1983)

Neutral Parties: Armenian Revolutionary Federation
Kurdistan Region Kurds

Stalemate
Indonesian occupation of East Timor 1975–1999  East Timor (CNRM, later CNRT)

Supported by:
 Portugal
 Soviet Union (until 1991)
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Libya
Free Aceh Movement
 China

 Indonesia

Supported by:
 United States
 Australia
 United Kingdom
 Canada
 Israel[185]

Shaba I 1977 Front for the National Liberation of the Congo (FNLC)

Supported by:
Angola Angola
 Cuba
 Soviet Union

 Zaire
Supported by:
 United States[186]
 China[187]
 Sudan[187]
 Morocco
 Egypt
 France
 Belgium 		Zairian victory
Ogaden War 1977–1978 Ethiopia

Supported by:
 Cuba
 Soviet Union
 South Yemen
 North Korea
 East Germany

Somalia Somalia
WSLF

Supported by:
 China
 Egypt
Romania Socialist Republic of Romania

Ethiopian victory
Cambodian-Vietnamese War 1977–1991  Vietnam (VPA)
KUFNS
People's Republic of Kampuchea (KPRAF) (after 10 January 1979)
State of Cambodia (CPAF) (1989)

Supported by:
 Soviet Union
 Laos

Democratic Kampuchea (RAK)

Supported by:
 China

Post invasion:
CGDK:

Supported by:
 China
 United States (non-combat support)
 United Kingdom (non-combat support)

Spillover conflict:
 Thailand (border clashes)

Vietnamese/People's Republic of Kampuchea victory
Mozambican Civil War 1977–1992 Mozambique FRELIMO

Supported by:
 Malawi[99]
 Zimbabwe (from 1980)
 Tanzania
 Soviet Union (until 1991)
 Bulgaria
 Cuba
 Brazil

RENAMO

Supported by:
 Zimbabwe-Rhodesia
 South Africa[188]
 Malawi[99]
 United States
 Rhodesia

Stalemate
Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict 1977–1997 Bangladesh Bangladesh Shanti Bahini


Supported by:
 India[189][190]

Stalemate
Shaba II 1978 Front for the National Liberation of the Congo (FNLC)

Supported by
Angola Angola
 Cuba (alleged)
 Soviet Union (alleged)

 Zaire

Supported by:
 France
 Belgium
 United States

Zairian victory; mutual end of support for other nations' rebel groups
Uganda–Tanzania War 1978–1979  Tanzania
Uganda UNLA
Mozambique Mozambique[191] 		 Uganda
 Libya
State of Palestine PLO[191][192] 		Tanzanian victory
NDF Rebellion 1978–1982 NDF

Supported by:
 South Yemen
 Libya
 Soviet Union

 North Yemen

Islamic Front

Supported by:
 United States
 Saudi Arabia
 Taiwan

Government victory
Chadian–Libyan War 1978–1987 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Libya

Chad Chadian rebels

Supported by:
 Soviet Union

Chad Chad

 France
 Zaire[194]

Supported by:
 United States[195]
 Egypt[193]
 Sudan[193]

Ceasefire
  • Libyan victory (first phase)
  • Chadian-French victory (second phase)
Yemenite War of 1979 1979  South Yemen

National Democratic Front

Supported by:
 Soviet Union
 Cuba
 East Germany
 Czechoslovakia
 Libya

  North Yemen

Supported by:
 Saudi Arabia
 Jordan
United States United States
 Taiwan
 Iraq
 Egypt

 Stalemate
Soviet–Afghan War 1979–1989 Soviet Union Soviet Union

Afghanistan Democratic Republic of Afghanistan

Supported by:
 India[196][197]
 East Germany

Sunni Mujahideen:

Supported by:
 Pakistan[198]
 United States[199][200][201][202]
 United Kingdom[201][203][204]
 China[205]
 Saudi Arabia[200][201][206][207]
 West Germany[208][209]
 United Kingdom[209]
 Turkey[210]
 Egypt[211]
 France[209]
 Israel[212]
 Japan[212]
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Libya

Shia Mujahedeen:

Supported by:
 Iran[198]

Small Maoist groups:

Supported by:
 Sri Lanka
 United Arab Emirates
 Jordan
 Malaysia

 Mujahideen victory
Sino-Vietnamese War 1979  Vietnam

Supported by:
 Soviet Union
 Laos

 People's Republic of China Stalemate
Ethiopian–Somali Border War 1982 Ethiopia

Somali rebels
Supported by:
 Cuba[213]
 South Yemen[213]
 North Korea[213]

Somalia Somalia

Supported by:
 United States[213][214]

Stalemate
Sri Lankan Civil War 1983–2009 Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam

Supported by:
 Libya
 India (until 1987)[215][216][217][218]

 Sri Lanka
 Maldives
 India

Supported by:
 Pakistan

Sri Lankan Government victory
Thai–Laotian Border War 1987–1988  Laos
 Vietnam

Supported by
Soviet Union Soviet Union

 Thailand

Supported by
United States United States

 Stalemate
Afghan Civil War 1989–1992 Afghanistan Democratic Republic of Afghanistan

Supported by
Soviet Union Soviet Union (until 1991)

Mujahideen

Supported by
United States United States
 Pakistan
 China[219]
Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia

Afghan mujahideen victory

Modern proxy wars

War Dates Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result
Angolan Civil War 1974–2002 UNITA
FNLA
FLEC

Supported by:
 United States[179]
 People's Republic of China[179]
 Zambia[180]
 Morocco[181]
 Zaire (until 1997)
 Egypt
 France
 Belgium
 Burkina Faso (from 1987)
 Israel
 United Kingdom
 Pakistan
 South Korea

Angola MPLA
SWAPO
MK
FNLC

Supported by:
 Cuba
 Tanzania[174]
 Yugoslavia (until 1992)
 Guyana[158]
 Portugal[178]
 India[176]
 North Korea
 Kazakhstan (from 1996)[176]
 Slovakia (from 1993)[176]
 Brazil
 Russia
 Kyrgyzstan
 Mexico

MPLA victory
Indonesian occupation of East Timor 1975–1999  Indonesia

Supported by:
 United States
 Australia
 United Kingdom
 Canada[185]

 East Timor (CNRM, later CNRT)

Supported by:
 Portugal
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Libya
Free Aceh Movement
 Russia
 China

Insurgency in Laos 1975–2008 Laos Laos

Supported by:
Vietnam Vietnam
 North Vietnam (to 1976)
 Soviet Union (to 1978)

Hmong insurgents

Ethnic Liberation Organization of Laos
(1984–2008)
United Front for the Liberation of Laos (1980–2008)

Laos Royal Lao Democratic Government (1982)

Chao Fa (to 1984)
Lao National Liberation Front
Lao United Independence Front
Free Democratic Lao National Salvation Force
Cambodia National Army of Democratic Kampuchea (1979–1983: limited involv.)

Supported by:
China China (PRC) (to 1988)
[220]
Cambodia Democratic Kampuchea (to 1979)
Khmer Rouge (1980 to 1981)
Cambodia Party of Democratic Kampuchea (1981 to 1990)
Thailand Thailand (Rightists: early to mid-1980s) (Hmong: to 1990)
United States United States (Hmong: 1990)
Neo Hom (support, 1981–2008)[221][222]
Laos Royal Lao Government in Exile
Various Hmong exiles

Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict 1977–1997 Bangladesh Bangladesh Shanti Bahini

Supported by:
 India[189][190]

Stalemate
Nagorno-Karabakh conflict 1988–2024  Armenia
 Nagorno-Karabakh
Supported by:
 Russia[223][224]
 Greece[225] 		 Azerbaijan
Supported by:
 Pakistan[226][227]
 Kyrgyzstan[228]
 Turkey[229][230][231]
 Israel[232][233][234]
 Ukraine[235] 		Azerbaijani victory
Afghan Civil War 1989–1992 Mujahideen

Supported by
 United States
 Pakistan
 China
 Saudi Arabia

Afghanistan Democratic Republic of Afghanistan

Supported by
Russia Russia

Afghan mujahideen victory
Transnistria War 1990–1992  Moldova

Supported by:
 Romania

 Transnistria

Supported by
Russia Russia
Ukraine Ukraine

Russo–Transnistrian victory
Georgian Civil War 1991–1993 Georgia (country) Gamsakhurdia's government Georgia (country) State Council

South Ossetian Separatists
Abkhazia Abkhaz separatists
Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus
 Russia

  • Gamsakhurdia government expunged
  • Abkhazian and South Ossetian separatists gain control of most of their claims
  • State Council takes control of Georgia proper
  • Georgia joins the Commonwealth of Independent States
Yugoslav Wars 1991–2001 Slovenia Slovenia
 Bosnia
 NATO
Supported by:
 Turkey[236]
 Pakistan
 Iran[237]
 Saudi Arabia[236]

 Croatia
Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia
Supported by:
 Albania

National Liberation Army

Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia SFR Yugoslavia (before 1992)
 FR Yugoslavia (from 1992)
 Republika Srpska
AP Western Bosnia
Republic of Serbian Krajina
Supported by:
 Russia[238][239]
 Greece[240]

 Macedonia
Supported by:
 Ukraine[241][242][243](main arms supply)
 Bulgaria
 FR Yugoslavia

Breakup of Yugoslavia and the formation of independent successor states
Tajikistani Civil War 1992–1997 United Tajik Opposition

Afghanistan Islamic State of Afghanistan
Afghanistan Taliban factions2[245]
Supported by:
al-Qaeda[246]
Islamic Renaissance Party of Tajikistan (IRP)
 Pakistan
 Iran

 Tajikistan

Supported by:
 Russia
 Uzbekistan[247]
 Kyrgyzstan

 Stalemate
Second Afar insurgency 1995–2018 ARDUF
Supported by:
 Eritrea 		RSADO
DMLEK
EPLF
ESF
SPDM
Supported by:
 Ethiopia
First Congo War 1996–1997  Zaire
UNITA[248]
Rwanda ALiR
Interahamwe
Supported by:
 France[249] 		Democratic Republic of the Congo AFDL
Uganda Uganda
Rwanda Rwanda[250]

Supported by:
 United States[251]
Burundi Burundi[252]
 Angola[252]
Mai-Mai[250]
Bahunde[250]
Nande[250]
South Sudan SPLA[250]

 Decisive AFDL victory
Nepalese Civil War 1996–2006 Nepal Kingdom of Nepal
Supported by:
 India
 United States
 European Union 		Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)
Supported by:
 China
 North Korea
 India
 Kazakhstan
 Kyrgyzstan 		Comprehensive Peace Accord
Second Republic of the Congo Civil War 1997–1999 Republic of the Congo Armed Forces of the Republic of the Congo (to October 1997)
Cocoye Militia
Ninja Militia
Nsiloulou Militia
 Democratic Republic of the Congo[253][254]

Supported by:
UNITA (alleged)[255]

Republic of the Congo Armed Forces of the Republic of the Congo (from October 1997)
Cobra Militia
Rwanda Rwandan Hutu Militia
 Angola
 Chad[254]

Supported by:
 France[256]
 Cuba (alleged)[255]
Mobutu Sese Seko Loyalists (alleged)[253]

Nguesso loyalist victory
Guinea-Bissau Civil War 1998–1999  Guinea-Bissau
 Senegal[257]
 Guinea[258]
Supported by:
 France[259]
 Portugal 		Guinea-Bissau Military rebels
Supported by:
Casamance MFDC[258] 		Ousting of President João Bernardo Vieira
First Ivorian Civil War 2002–2007  France
United Nations UNOIC 		 Ivory Coast
Ivory Coast Young Patriots of Abidjan militia
Liberia Liberian mercenaries
Supported by:
 Russia[260]
 Bulgaria[261]
 Belarus 		Stalemate
War in Darfur 2003–2020 SRF[note 2]

Supported by:
 South Sudan[264]
 Chad (2005–2010)
 Eritrea (until 2008)
Libya (until 2011)[265]
 United States
 Uganda (until 2015)[266]

Sudan Government of Sudan

Supported by:
 China
 Iran (until 2016)
 Russia

Iraqi insurgency 2011–2014  Iraq

 Iraqi Kurdistan

Supported by:
 Saudi Arabia
 United States

Shi'a factions:

Badr Brigades Soldiers of Heaven
Other militias

Supported by:
 Iran[268][269]

 Stalemate
First Libyan Civil War 2011–2011 Anti-Gaddafi forces

Supported by:
 Qatar
NATO
 United States
 France
 United Kingdom
 Italy
 Sudan
 Canada
 Turkey
 Netherlands
 Spain
 United Arab Emirates
 Greece
 Romania
 Norway
 Denmark
 Portugal
 Belgium
 Tunisia
  Switzerland
 Moldova
 Sweden
 Jordan

Libya

Supported by:
 Belarus
 Algeria
 Zimbabwe
 Cuba
 Venezuela
PLO
 North Korea
 South Africa
 Nicaragua
 Bolivia
 Namibia
 Ecuador

Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon 2012–2017  Lebanon

Supported by:
 Australia[270]
 Canada[271]
 Cyprus[272]
 Czech Republic[273]
 France[274]
 Pakistan
 Germany[275]
 Italy[276]
 Jordan[277]
 Netherlands[278]
 Saudi Arabia[274]
 South Korea[279]
 Spain[280]
 Turkey[281]
 United Kingdom[282][283]
 United States[274]

Pro-Syrian government militias:

Supported by:
 Syria[292]
 Iran[293]
 Russia[294]

Other militias:

Lebanese government and pro-Syrian government victory
Second Libyan Civil War 2014–2020 Libya Libyan National Army
Supported by:
 Russia[298]
 Belarus[299]
 Egypt[300][301][302]
 Algeria[303]
 Greece
 United Arab Emirates[300]
 France[304]
 Saudi Arabia[302][305][306] 		Libya Government of National Accord
Supported by:
 Sudan[307]
 Ukraine (alleged)[308]
 Russia (alleged)[308]
 Turkey[309]
 United States[310]
 United Kingdom[citation needed]
 Qatar[300]
 Ceasefire

Ongoing proxy wars

Further information: List of ongoing armed conflicts
War Dates Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result
Chinese Civil War[note 3] 1927–present (de jure)  Republic of China
Supported by: 		 People's Republic of China
Supported by: 		Ongoing
Xinjiang conflict 1931–present ETPRP
(1969–1989)
URFET
(1969–1989)

East Turkestan East Turkestan Independence movement

Supported by:
Soviet Union Soviet Union (1969–1989)[311][312]
Mongolia Mongolian People's Republic (1960–1989)
 United States
 Republic of China
 Turkey
 Canada[313][314]

 Republic of China (1931–1954)

People's Republic of China (1949–present)

 Iran[315]
 Russia
 North Korea 		Ongoing
Israeli-Palestinian conflict 1948–present  Palestine

Supported by:
 Egypt (1948–78)
 Iraq
 Syria
 Cuba[316]
 Algeria
 Soviet Union[317] (until 1991)
 Lebanon
 Iran
 North Korea

 Israel

Supported by:
 United States
 United Kingdom
 France (until 1967)
 Germany[318]
 Canada[319]
 Australia[320]
 Egypt (since 1978)[321]

Ongoing
Balochistan conflict 1948–present Baloch separatist groups

Supported by:
 India
 Soviet Union (until 1988)
Afghanistan Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (until 1990)
 Iraq (1970s)[322]

Sectarian groups
Jundallah[323][324]
Jaish ul-Adl
Jundallah (Pakistan)
al-Qaeda
Lashkar-e-Jhangvi[322]
Sipah-e-Sahaba[322]

 Pakistan

Supported by:

 China[325]

 Iran[326]

Ongoing
Internal conflict in Myanmar 1948–present  Myanmar

Supported by:
 India
 China[327]
 Israel[328](formerly)[329]
 Russia[330]
 Philippines
 North Korea
 Yugoslavia (until 1988)

Opposition forces

ABSDF
Arakan Army
DKBA-5
KNU

KIO

MNDAA
SSAN
SSAS
TNLA
UWSP

...and others

Supported by:
 United States (1951–1953)
 Thailand
 China[331]
Taiwan Republic of China (1950–1961)[332]

Ongoing
Papua conflict 1962–present  Indonesia

Supported by:
 Australia[333][334][335]
 Fiji
 Papua New Guinea

Free Papua Movement

Supported by:
 Vanuatu
 Solomon Islands
 Tonga
 Senegal

Ongoing
Insurgency in Northeast India 1963–present ACF
ATTF
BKI
DHD (until 2013)
GNLA
HNLC
HuM
IRF
KCP
KLNLF
KLO
KYKL
MULTA
NDFB
NLFT
NSCN-IM
PLA
PREPAK
ULFA
UNLF
ZRA

Supported by:
 China
 Pakistan
 Arab League

 India
 Bhutan
 Bangladesh
 Burma

Supported by:
 United States
 Soviet Union (1963–1991)
 Russia
 Iran

Ongoing
Naxalite–Maoist insurgency 1967–present  India

Supported by:
 Bangladesh
 Bhutan
   Nepal
 Sri Lanka
 Myanmar

Militias: (until 2011)[336]

Naxalites:

Supported by:
 Pakistan[343]
 China[344][345]
 North Korea[344][345]
 Mongolia
 Indonesia
 Afghanistan (until 2021)
 Kazakhstan
 Kyrgyzstan
 Uzbekistan
 Tajikistan
 Turkmenistan
 Algeria
 Bahrain
 Chad
 Comoros
 Djibouti
 Egypt
 Eritrea
 Iraq
 Jordan
 Kuwait
 Lebanon
 Libya
 Mali (from 2023)
 Mauritania
 Morocco
 Oman
 Qatar
 Palestine
 Saudi Arabia
 Somalia
 Somaliland
 Sudan
 Syria
 Tunisia
 United Arab Emirates
 Western Sahara
 Yemen
ULFA[346]
NSCN[346]
CPN (Maoist)
LTTE (until 2009)[346]
NPA[347]
PBSP[348]
CIC (until 1977)
CPN (Maoist) (2014)[349]
CCP (Maoist) (until 1976)

Ongoing
Civil conflict in the Philippines 1969–present Communist forces:
Communist Party

Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF)[351]
Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) (until 2014)
MRLO[352]
Ampatuan militias[353]

Supported by:
 Malaysia (to MNLF and MILF)[354][355]
 People's Republic of China (1969–1976,[356] alleged continued support[citation needed])
 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1980s–2011)[357][358](to MNLF and NPA)[359][360][361][362][363]
 North Korea[364][365]
 Vietnam (1980s)[360]

Anti-communist forces:
 Philippines

Supported by:
 United States[367]

Ongoing
Cabinda War 1975–present FLEC

Supported by:
 France[368]
 Zaire[369]
 Belgium[370]
World League for Freedom and Democracy[370]
 China (alleged)

 Angola

Supported by:
UNITA[371]
 Cuba
 East Germany (until 1989)
 Soviet Union (until 1989)[372][373]
 Brazil

Ongoing
Civil conflict in Turkey 1976–present TAK
TKP/ML-TİKKO
MKP-HKO-PHG
Maoist Party
Maoist Party Centre
THKO
Devrimci Yol
Revolutionary People's Liberation Party/Front

Supported by:
 Soviet Union[374][375]
 China[376]
ASALA[377] (1970s–1988)
 Syria[374][378][379]
 Greece[380][381]
 Cyprus[374]
 Iran[374][382][383]
Iraq[384]
Libya[385]

 Turkey

Supported by:
 Turkic Council[377]

Ongoing
Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict 1979–present  Saudi Arabia
 United Arab Emirates
 Bahrain
 Jordan
 Egypt
 Qatar (until 2017)
 Yemen (Hadi government)
 Kuwait
March 14 Alliance
 Morocco
Ba'athist Iraq Iraq (until 1989)
 Israel
 Syrian opposition

 Rojava
People's Mujahedin of Iran
National Council of Iran
Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan
Jaish ul-Adl
Kurdistan Free Life Party
Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan
Ahvaz National Resistance
Tahrir al-Sham
Al-Nusra Front
State of Palestine Palestinian National Authority
ASLMA
Kurdistan Freedom Party
Naqshbandi Army
Free Iraqi Army
Sadrist Movement
Lebanese Forces
Future Movement
Libyan National Army

Supported by:
 Afghanistan (until 2021)
 Greece
 Azerbaijan
 Somalia
 Senegal
 Tajikistan
 United States
 United Kingdom
 Turkey (until 2017)
 Sudan (from 2015)
 Nigeria

 Iran
 Hezbollah
 Syria
 Iraq (from 2006)
 Yemen (Houthi government)
 Libya (until 2011)
 Lebanon
Hezbollah Al-Hejaz
Organization for the Islamic Revolution in the Arabian Peninsula
Liwa Fatemiyoun
 Houthi movement
Popular Mobilization Forces
Al-Ashtar Brigades
Al-Mukhtar Brigades
Hezbe Wahdat
Hamas
Husseiniyoun
Muslim Brotherhood
Liwa Zainebiyoun
Islamic Movement of Nigeria
Polisario Front
Taliban
March 8 Alliance
National Defence Forces
February 14 Youth Coalition
Government of National Accord

Supported by:
 China
 Gaza Strip
 Russia
 North Korea
 Sudan (until 2015)
 Venezuela
 Cuba
 Oman (allegedly)
 Turkey (from 2017)

 Ongoing
Internal conflict in Peru 1980–present Shining Path


MRTA (until 1997)

Supported by:
 Cuba[386]
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya[386]

 Peru Peruvian Armed Forces

Peru Rondas Campesinas

Supported by:
 United States
 Soviet Union (until 1991)
 Russia
 Japan
 Colombia

Ongoing
Abkhaz–Georgian conflict 1989–present  Georgia
Supported by:
 NATO 		 Abkhazia
Supported by:
 Russia
 Turkey[387] 		Ongoing
Georgian–Ossetian conflict 1989–present  Georgia
Supported by:
 NATO 		 South Ossetia
Supported by:
 Russia 		Ongoing
Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir 1989–present  India

 Afghanistan

Supported by:
 United States
 Iran
 Russia

Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami

Lashkar-e-Taiba
Jaish-e-Mohammed
Hizbul Mujahideen
Harkat-ul-Mujahideen
Al-Badr
Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front
Supported by:
 Pakistan[388]
 China
Afghanistan Taliban[389]
 Saudi Arabia[390]
al-Qaeda[389]

Ongoing
Allied Democratic Forces insurgency 1995–present  Uganda

 DR Congo
United Nations UNF Intervention Brigade

Supported by:
 United States[391]

ADF

Supported by:
LRA[392]
 Sudan[393]

Ongoing
Syrian Civil War[394][395] 2011–present Syrian opposition
Supported by:
 Saudi Arabia
 Qatar[396]
 United States[396]
 Turkey
 Libya
 European Union
 Australia
 Egypt (before 2013)
 France
 United Kingdom
 Jordan
 Italy
 Netherlands
 Canada
 Germany
  Syria
Supported by:
 Armenia[397]
 Iran[396]
 Russia[398][399][400]
 Iraq
 Pakistan[401][402]
 China[403][404]
 North Korea[405][406][407]
 Cuba[408]
 Venezuela[409][410][411][412]
 Algeria[413]
 Belarus[414]
 Angola[415]
 Egypt (from 2015)[416][417]
 United Arab Emirates

 Rojava
Supported by:
 United States
 France
 United Kingdom
 Iraqi Kurdistan[418]
CJTF-OIR

 Ongoing
Yemeni Crisis (part of Iran-Saudi Arabia proxy conflicts) 2011–present Yemen Yemen (Hadi government)
Saudi Arabia Saudi-led coalition
Supported by:

 Somalia[419]
 United States[420]
 Eritrea[421]
 United Kingdom[422][423]
 France[424][425][426]
 Pakistan
 Canada[427]
 Italy[citation needed]
 Turkey[428]
 Germany[429][430][431][432]

Yemen Yemen (Supreme Political Council)
Supported by:

 Iran[433]
 Iraq
 North Korea[434]
 Russia[435]
 Syria[436]

 Ongoing

Notes

  1. ^ The name Kenya Land and Freedom Army is sometimes heard in connection with Mau Mau. KLFA is not simply another name for Mau Mau: it was the name that Dedan Kimathi used for a coordinating body which he tried to set up for Mau Mau. It was also the name of another militant group that sprang up briefly in the spring of 1960; the group was broken up during a brief operation from 26 March to 30 April.[58]
  2. ^ Known as the National Redemption Front prior to 2011.
  3. ^ Much of the civil war has eased off in 1949–50 with the Battle of Hainan Island took place in 1950, KMT insurgency in Burma and three crises in the Taiwan Strait occurred in 1954, 1958 and 1996. In effect, no peace treaty or armistice agreement is signed.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e "Venezuela Crisis of 1902". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
  2. ^ a b c d "Somaliland 1902–1903". The Soldier's Burden. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g "The Finnish Civil War". Retrieved 6 July 2015.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Tepora, Tuomas (8 December 2014). "Finnish Civil War 1918". 1914-1918-Online. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
  5. ^ Brecher, Michael; Wilkenfeld, Jonathan (1 January 1997). A Study of Crisis. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0472108060. Retrieved 10 December 2016 – via Google Books.
  6. ^ Brecher, Michael; Wilkenfeld, Jonathan (1 January 1997). A Study of Crisis. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0472108060. Retrieved 10 December 2016 – via Google Books.
  7. ^ a b Payaslian, Simon (2007). The History of Armenia. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 163. ISBN 978-1-4039-7467-9.
  8. ^ Robert Fisk: The Armenian hero whom Turkey would prefer to forget. The Independent. Retrieved 12 May 2013.
  9. ^ Akçam, Taner (2006). A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility. New York: Henry Holt and Company. pp. 339–342. ISBN 978-0-8050-8665-2.
  10. ^ a b "The place of the Turkish independence war in the American press (1918-1923)" (PDF). dergiler.ankara.edu.tr. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 June 2018.
  11. ^ Jelavich, Barbara (1983). History of the Balkans: Twentieth century. Cambridge University Press. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-521-27459-3.
  12. ^ According to John R. Ferris, "Decisive Turkish victory in Anatolia... produced Britain's gravest strategic crisis between the 1918 Armistice and Munich, plus a seismic shift in British politics..." Erik Goldstein and Brian McKerche, Power and Stability: British Foreign Policy, 1865–1965, 2004 p. 139
  13. ^ A. Strahan claimed: "The internationalisation of Constantinople and the Straits under the aegis of the League of Nations, feasible in 1919, was out of the question after the complete and decisive Turkish victory over the Greeks". A. Strahan, Contemporary Review, 1922.
  14. ^ Chester Neal Tate, Governments of the World: a Global Guide to Citizens' Rights and Responsibilities, Macmillan Reference USA/Thomson Gale, 2006, p. 205.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Cummins, Joseph (2009). The War Chronicles, From Flintlocks to Machine Guns: A Global Reference of All the Major Modern Conflicts. Beverly, Massachusetts: Fair Winds Press. pp. 282–299. ISBN 978-1-59233-305-9.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Cummins, Joseph (2011). History's Greatest Wars: The Epic Conflicts that Shaped the Modern World. Beverly, Massachusetts: Fair Winds Press. pp. 232–243. ISBN 978-1-59233-471-1.
  17. ^ a b "Para la mayoría de las voces, el conflicto entre Bolivia y Paraguay (1932–1935) tuvo su origen en el control del supuesto petróleo que pronto iría a fluír desde el desierto chaqueño en beneficio de la nación victoriosa."Archondo, Rafael. "La Guerra del Chaco: ¿hubo algún titiritero?". Población y Desarrollo. 34: 29.
  18. ^ Abente, Diego. 1988. Constraints and Opportunities: Prospects for Democratization in Paraguay. Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs.
  19. ^ La ayuda argentina al Paraguay en la guerra del Chaco, Todo es Historia magazine, n° 206. julio de 1984, pág. 84 (in Spanish)
  20. ^ Atkins, G. Pope (1997) Encyclopedia of the Inter-American System. Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 71. ISBN 0313286000
  21. ^ Mora, Frank o. and Cooney, Jerry Wilson (2007) Paraguay and the United States: Distant Allies. University of Georgia Press, p. 84. ISBN 0820324671
  22. ^ Hugh Thomas, The Spanish civil war (2001).
  23. ^ The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica (10 November 2014). "Spanish Civil War". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  24. ^ Thomas G.Powell, Mexico and the Spanish Civil War (1981).
  25. ^ Matthew D. Gallagher, "Leon Blum and the Spanish Civil War". Journal of Contemporary History 6.3 (1971): 56-64.
  26. ^ Suzanne Pepper, Civil War in China: The Political Struggle 1945–1949 (1999).
  27. ^ a b c d e f g "The Greek Civil War". ahistoryofgreece.com. Matt Barrett. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
  28. ^ a b c d The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica (18 July 2013). "Greek Civil War". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
  29. ^ a b c d e f g h Disselkamp, Rachel. "First Indochina War". The Cold War Museum. Archived from the original on 19 April 2013. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
  30. ^ a b c d e Llewellyn, Jennifer; Southey, Jim; Thompson, Steve. "The First Indochina War". Alpha History. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
  31. ^ Jacques Dalloz (1987). La Guerre d'Indochine 1945–1954. Paris: Seuil. pp. 129–130.
  32. ^ Jacques Dalloz, La Guerre d'Indochine 1945–1954, Seuil, Paris, 1987, pp. 129–130, 206
  33. ^ http://www.historycy.org/index.php?showtopic=36539&st=15 (in Polish)
  34. ^ Dao Duc Thuan (November 2012). The Federal Republic of Germany and the first Indochina War (1946–1954) (PDF) (Thesis). Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2016-03-25.
  35. ^ "East Germany – The National People's Army and the Third World". Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  36. ^ Geoffrey Jukes (1 January 1973). The Soviet Union in Asia. University of California Press. pp. 302–. ISBN 978-0-520-02393-2.
  37. ^ a b John W. Garver (1 December 2015). China's Quest: The History of the Foreign Relations of the People's Republic of China. Oxford University Press. pp. 219–. ISBN 978-0-19-026106-1.
  38. ^ a b A. Dahana (2002). "China Role's in Indonesia's "Crush Malaysia" Campaign". Universitas Indonesia. Archived from the original on 19 July 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
  39. ^ a b Mohd. Noor Mat Yazid (2013). "Malaysia-Indonesia Relations Before and After 1965: Impact on Bilateral and Regional Stability" (PDF). Programme of International Relations, School of Social Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 July 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
  40. ^ Ching Fatt Yong (1997). The origins of Malayan communism. South Seas Society. ISBN 978-9971-936-12-9.
  41. ^ T. N. Harper; Timothy Norman Harper (9 April 2001). The End of Empire and the Making of Malaya. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00465-7.
  42. ^ Major James M. Kimbrough IV (6 November 2015). Disengaging From Insurgencies: Insights From History And Implications For Afghanistan. Pickle Partners Publishing. pp. 88–. ISBN 978-1-78625-345-3.
  43. ^ a b c d e f g "Korean War". History.com. A&E Television Networks, LLC. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
  44. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w "The Korean War, 1950–1953". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian. Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, United States Department of State. Archived from the original on 2 July 2015. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
  45. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Britain's Forgotten War". BBC News. 20 April 2001. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
  46. ^ a b c d e f g h i j HistoryNet Staff (21 August 2006). "Korean War: British 27th Brigade Take Hill 282". HistoryNet. World History Group, LLC. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
  47. ^ a b c d e "Romania's "Fraternal Support" to North Korea during the Korean War, 1950–1953". Wilson Center. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. 12 December 2011. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
  48. ^ a b c d e f g English, June; Jones, Thomas (September 2003) [1998]. Encyclopedia of the United States At War. Scholastic Inc. pp. 148–159. ISBN 978-0-439-59229-1.
  49. ^ "Českoslovenští lékaři stáli v korejské válce na straně KLDR. Jejich mise stále vyvolává otazníky" (in Czech). Czech Radio. 11 April 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
  50. ^ Alliston, Michael; et al. (27 May 2015). "HMS Belfast". koreanwar.org. Korean War Project. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
  51. ^ Hempel, William; Jenks, George; Peelgrane, Tanish (29 March 2012). "Denmark – Navy – Korean War". koreanwar.org. Korean War Project. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
  52. ^ Young Sam Ma. "Israel's Role in the UN during the Korean War" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 August 2015. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
  53. ^ "Looking For United Nations – Korean War". koreanwar.org. Korean War Project. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
  54. ^ Swick, Kjerstin; et al. (17 March 2005). "Norway – Korean War". koreanwar.org. Korean War Project. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
  55. ^ Laura Desfor Edles (28 May 1998). Symbol and Ritual in the New Spain: The Transition to Democracy after Franco. Cambridge University Press. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-521-62885-3.
  56. ^ Niederschmidt, Robert; et al. (30 March 2011). "Sweden – Korean War". koreanwar.org. Korean War Project. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
  57. ^ Maeder, Thomas (26 December 2007). "Switzerland – Korean War Truce". koreanwar.org. Korean War Project. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
  58. ^ Nissimi, Hilda (2006). "Mau Mau and the Decolonisation of Kenya". Journal of Military and Strategic Studies. 8 (3): 11. Archived from the original on 22 March 2012..
  59. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Vietnam War History". History.com. A&E Television Networks, LLC. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
  60. ^ a b c d e Cummins, Joseph (2009). The War Chronicles, From Flintlocks to Machine Guns: A Global Reference of All the Major Modern Conflicts. Beverly, Massachusetts: Fair Winds Press. pp. 362–377. ISBN 978-1-59233-305-9.
  61. ^ a b c d e Cummins, Joseph (2011). History's Greatest Wars: The Epic Conflicts that Shaped the Modern World. Beverly, Massachusetts: Fair Winds Press. pp. 272–281. ISBN 978-1-59233-471-1.
  62. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Hart-Davis, Adam (2010). History: The Definitive Visual Guide. New York, New York: Dorling Kindersley Limited. pp. 430–431. ISBN 978-0-7566-7456-4.
  63. ^ a b c d e f g English, June; Jones, Thomas (September 2003) [1998]. Encyclopedia of the United States at War. New York, New York: Scholastic Inc. pp. 162–177. ISBN 978-0-439-59229-1.
  64. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Friedman, Herbert. "Allies of the Republic of Vietnam". psywarrior.com. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
  65. ^ "BBC: North Korea fought in Vietnam War". BBC World Service. 2000-03-31. – Sokáig Vietnam és a KNDK is tagadta, hogy észak-koreaiak részt vettek volna a háborúban, de 2000-ben végül a vietnami vezetés megerősítette a korábbi feltevéseket (bár a pontos észak-koerai létszámadatok és az áldozatok száma továbbra sem ismert).
  66. ^ a b c d e f g h Bilinsky, Yaroslav (2004). "Communist Bloc". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
  67. ^ The Cuban Military Under Castro, 1989. Page 76
  68. ^ Cuba in the World, 1979. Page 66
  69. ^ "Why did Sweden support the Viet Cong?". HistoryNet. July 25, 2013. Retrieved July 20, 2016.
  70. ^ "Sweden announces support to Viet Cong". HISTORY.com. Retrieved July 20, 2016. In Sweden, Foreign Minister Torsten Nilsson reveals that Sweden has been providing assistance to the Viet Cong, including some $550,000 worth of medical supplies. Similar Swedish aid was to go to Cambodian and Laotian civilians affected by the Indochinese fighting. This support was primarily humanitarian in nature and included no military aid.
  71. ^ John Pike. "Sudan Civil War". Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 6 December 2011.
  72. ^ a b Acig.org. "Sudan, Civil War since 1955".
  73. ^ a b Johnson, Douglas (2011). The Root Causes of Sudan's Civil Wars: Peace Or Truce. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. pp. 36–37. ISBN 978-1-84701-029-2.
  74. ^ Leach, Justin (2012). War and Politics in Sudan: Cultural Identities and the Challenges of the Peace Process. I.B.Tauris. p. 178. ISBN 978-1-78076-227-2.
  75. ^ a b c d e f g "Suez Crisis". History. A&E Television Networks, LLC. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
  76. ^ "Глава 8. От Народного восстания до Культурной революции (часть 2) » Сохраним Тибет! - Тибет, Далай-лама, буддизм". Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  77. ^ Deliveries of weapons, intelligence
  78. ^ Military instructors, supply of weapons, ammunition and food, intelligence
  79. ^ Training camp of rebels in the country, fighting between the rebels and the PLA on the Nepal-Tibet border
  80. ^ См. Резолюция Генеральной Ассамблеи ООН 1353, 1723, 2079
  81. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Guatemala Civil War, 1960–1996". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
  82. ^ The Kashmir Question: Retrospect and Prospect, 2013. Page 121.
  83. ^ The Giant's Rival: The USSR and Latin America, Revised Edition, 1988. Page 143.
  84. ^ "Inevitable Revolutions: The United States in Central America"
  85. ^ "Mexico, the key of the development of the guerrilla movement in Latin America". Elsiglodetorreon.com.mx. 17 March 2008. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
  86. ^ "Welcome to acig.org". www.acig.org.
  87. ^ "The Soviet Union and Revolutionary Warfare: Principles, Practices, and..." Retrieved 10 April 2015.
  88. ^ "Our work in Nicaragua". Swedish International Development Corporation Agency (www.sida.se). 2009. Archived from the original on 2013-04-18.
  89. ^ "Sandinistas Find Economic Ally In Socialist Sweden". philly-archives. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
  90. ^ Castro's America Department: Coordinating Cuba's Support for Marxist-Leninist Violence in the Americas. 1988. Page 36
  91. ^ China and the Third World: Champion Or Challenger?, 1986. Page 151.
  92. ^ Uppsala Conflict Data Program conflict Encyclopedia, El Salvador, In Depth, Negotiating a settlement to the conflict, http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=51&regionSelect=4-Central_Americas# Archived 2013-10-19 at the Wayback Machine, "...US government increased the security support to prevent a similar thing to happen in El Salvador. This was, not least, demonstrated in the delivery of security aid to El Salvador", viewed on May 24, 2013
  93. ^ Hunter, Jane (1987). Israeli foreign policy: South Africa and Central America. Part II: Israel and Central America – Guatemala. pp. 111–137.((cite book)): CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  94. ^ Schirmer, 1996; pg 172
  95. ^ Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges (2007). The Congo, From Leopold to Kabila: A People's History (3rd ed.). New York: Palgrave. p. 101. ISBN 9781842770535.
  96. ^ Nugent, Paul (2004). Africa since Independence: A Comparative History. New York: Palgrave-MacMillan. p. 97. ISBN 9780333682739.
  97. ^ The secession of Katanga and South Kasai was also supported by South Africa, France and the neighbouring Central African Federation,[95] but none of these officially recognised either state.[96]
  98. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Rodrigues, Samuel (20 April 2012). "The Portuguese Colonial War: Why the Military Overthrew its Government". Archived from the original on 16 January 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
  99. ^ a b c Chirambo, Reuben (2004). ""Operation Bwezani": The Army, Political Change, and Dr Banda's Hegemony in Malawi" (PDF). Nordic Journal of African Studies. 13 (2). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 June 2018. Retrieved 12 May 2011.
  100. ^ Vanly, I. C. (1992). "The Kurds in Syria and Lebanon". In Kreyenbroek, P. G.; Sperl, S. (eds.). The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview. Routledge. pp. 151–2. ISBN 978-0-415-07265-6.
  101. ^ Michael G. Lortz. "(Chapter 1, Introduction). The Kurdish Warrior Tradition and the Importance of the Peshmerga" (PDF). pp. 39–42. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-29. Retrieved 2014-10-16.
  102. ^ a b c Fauriol, Georges A; Loser, Eva (1990). Cuba: the international dimension. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-0-88738-324-3.
  103. ^ a b The maverick state: Gaddafi and the New World Order, 1996. Page 71.
  104. ^ a b Connell, Dan; Killion, Tom (2011). Historical Dictionary of Eritrea. Scarecrow Press, Inc. ISBN 978-0-8108-5952-4.
  105. ^ Schoultz, Lars (2009). That infernal little Cuban republic: the United States and the Cuban Revolution. The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-3260-8.
  106. ^ a b Historical Dictionary of Eritrea, 2010. Page 492
  107. ^ a b Oil, Power and Politics: Conflict of Asian and African Studies, 1975. Page 97.
  108. ^ Eritrea: Even the Stones Are Burning, 1998. Page 110
  109. ^ Eritrea – liberation or capitulation, 1978. Page 103
  110. ^ Politics and liberation: the Eritrean struggle, 1961–86 : an analysis of the political development of the Eritrean liberation struggle 1961–86 by help of a theoretical framework developed for analysing armed national liberation movements, 1987. Page 170
  111. ^ Tunisia, a Country Study, 1979. Page 220.
  112. ^ African Freedom Annual, 1978. Page 109
  113. ^ Ethiopia at Bay: A Personal Account of the Haile Selassie Years, 2006. page 318.
  114. ^ Historical Dictionary of Eritrea, 2010. page 460
  115. ^ a b Spencer C. Tucker, A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East, 2009. page 2402
  116. ^ a b The Pillage of Sustainablility in Eritrea, 1600s–1990s: Rural Communities and the Creeping Shadows of Hegemony, 1998. Page 82.
  117. ^ a b c Connell, Dan (March 2005). Building a New Nation: Collected Articles on the Eritrean Revolution (1983–2002). Red Sea Press. ISBN 978-1-56902-199-6.
  118. ^ "Eritrean War of Independence 1961–1993". Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2007-09-06.
  119. ^ "A Little Help from Some Friends". Time. 1978-10-16. Archived from the original on June 11, 2008. Retrieved 2007-09-06.
  120. ^ "F-15 Fight: Who Won What". Time. 1978-05-29. Archived from the original on October 1, 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-06.
  121. ^ a b "Communism, African-Style". Time. 1983-07-04. Archived from the original on December 22, 2008. Retrieved 2007-09-06.
  122. ^ a b "Ethiopia Red Star Over the Horn of Africa". Time. 1986-08-04. Archived from the original on October 1, 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-06.
  123. ^ a b "Ethiopia a Forgotten War Rages On". Time. 1985-12-23. Archived from the original on April 16, 2009. Retrieved 2007-09-06.
  124. ^ a b c d Keneally, Thomas (1987-09-27). "In Eritrea". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-08-14.
  125. ^ Foreign Intervention in Africa: From the Cold War to the War on Terror, 2013. Page 158.
  126. ^ Chinese and African Perspectives on China in Africa 2009, Page 93
  127. ^ Ethiopia and the United States: History, Diplomacy, and Analysis, 2009. page 84.
  128. ^ a b Michael Brecher and Jonathan Wilkenfel. A Study of Crisis: p324-5. University of Michigan Press. 1997. "The four actors in the first phase of the long Yemen War were Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Egypt and Yemen"
  129. ^ a b Sandler, Stanley. Ground Warfare: The International Encyclopedia. Vol. 1 (2002): p. 977. "Egypt immediately began sending military supplies and troops to assist the Republicans... On the royalist side Jordan and Saudi Arabia were furnishing military aid, and Britain lent diplomatic support. In addition to the Egyptian aid, the Soviet Union allegedly supplied 24 Mig-19s to the republicans."
  130. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "The Dhofar Rebellion". countrystudies.us. Retrieved 5 May 2016.
  131. ^ Cheah Boon Kheng, p. 149
  132. ^ a b c Hara, Fujiol (December 2005). "The North Kalimantan Communist Party and the People's Republic of China". The Developing Economies. XLIII (1): 489–513. doi:10.1111/j.1746-1049.2005.tb00956.x. hdl:10.1111/j.1746-1049.2005.tb00956.x. S2CID 153955103.
  133. ^ Fowler, Will (2006). Britain's Secret War: The Indonesian Confrontation 1962–66. London: Osprey Publishing. pp. 11, 41. ISBN 978-1-84603-048-2.
  134. ^ Kriger, Norma J. (May 2003). Guerrilla Veterans in Post-war Zimbabwe: Symbolic and Violent Politics, 1980–1987. Cambridge University Press. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-521-81823-0.
  135. ^ a b c d Doebler, Walter (22 July 2006). "Afrikaserie: Simbabwe (Africa Series: Zimbabwe)". newsatelier.de (in German). Ottersweier. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
  136. ^ From liberation movement to government: ZANU and the formulation of the foreign policy of Zimbabwe, 1990. Page 284
  137. ^ a b Thomas, Scott (December 1995). The Diplomacy of Liberation: the Foreign Relations of the ANC Since 1960 (First ed.). London: I.B. Tauris. pp. 16–17. ISBN 978-1-85043-993-6.
  138. ^ Lawrence Greenberg (November 1986). "US Army Unilateral and Coalition Operations in the 1965 Dominican Republic Intervention" (PDF). US Army Center of Military History. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
  139. ^ Lawrence Yates (July 1988). "Power Pack:U.S. Intervention in the Dominican Republic 1965–1966" (PDF). Lawrence Papers. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
  140. ^ a b c d "Communist Insurgency In Thailand" (PDF). CIA Report. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  141. ^ a b "Anatomy of a Counterinsurgency Victory" (PDF). January 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  142. ^ a b c A. Navaratnam, pp. 3–5
  143. ^ "Thailand" (PDF). Stanford University. 19 June 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2015. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  144. ^ Cuba Annual Report: 1986, 1986. Page 538-539.
  145. ^ Land Mines in Angola, 1993. Page 6.
  146. ^ The Soviet Union and Revolutionary Warfare: Principles, Practices, and Regional Comparisons, 1988. Page 140-147
  147. ^ Namibia: the road to self-government, 1979. Page 41.
  148. ^ The foreign policy of Yugoslavia, 1973–1980, 1980. Page 125
  149. ^ Yugoslavia in the 1980s, 1985. Page 265.
  150. ^ Interparliamentary Union Conference, Sofia, Bulgaria: Report of the United States Delegation to the 64th Conference of the Interparliamentary Union, Held at Sofia, Bulgaria, 21–30 September 1977. Page 42
  151. ^ Record of Proceedings -International Labour Conference 6, 1982. Page 4.
  152. ^ Tanzania: A Political Economy, 2013. Page 355.
  153. ^ SWAPO and the struggle for national self-determination in Namibia, 1980. Page 33.
  154. ^ "Rhodesian Insurgency – Part 2". Rhodesia.nl. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
  155. ^ Imagery and Ideology in U.S. Policy Toward Libya 1969–1982, 1988. Page 70.
  156. ^ SWAPO Information Bulletin, 1983. Page 37.
  157. ^ AAPSO Presidium Committee on Africa held in Algeria, 17–18 February 1985, 1985. Page 26.
  158. ^ a b c David A. Granger. "Forbes Burnham and the Liberation of Southern Africa" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
  159. ^ Fryxell, Cole. To Be Born a Nation. p. 13.
  160. ^ Biafra Revisited, 2006. Page 5.
  161. ^ Nigeria Since Independence: The First Twenty-five Years : International Relations, 1980. Page 204
  162. ^ Genocide and the Europeans, 2010. Page 71.
  163. ^ There's A Riot Going On: Revolutionaries, Rock Stars, and the Rise and Fall of '60s Counter-Culture, 2007. Page 213.
  164. ^ The USSR in Third World Conflicts: Soviet Arms and Diplomacy in Local Wars 1945–1980, 1986. Page 91
  165. ^ Malcolm MacDonald: Bringing an End to Empire, 1995. Page 416.
  166. ^ Ethnic Politics in Kenya and Nigeria, 2001. Page 54.
  167. ^ Africa 1960–1970: Chronicle and Analysis, 2009. Page 423
  168. ^ a b Leszek Buszynski (13 September 2013). Soviet Foreign Policy and Southeast Asia (Routledge Revivals). Routledge. pp. 78–. ISBN 978-1-134-48085-2.
  169. ^ Nazar bin Talib, pp. 16–22
  170. ^ Chin Peng, pp. 479–80
  171. ^ NIE report
  172. ^ a b A. Navaratnam, p. 10
  173. ^ "AfricanCrisis". AfricanCrisis. Archived from the original on 2012-03-13. Retrieved 2013-08-18.
  174. ^ a b W. Martin James III (2011).
  175. ^ Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges; Wallerstein, Immanuel Maurice (1986). The Crisis in Zaire. pp. 193–194.
  176. ^ a b c d e Vines (1999), pp. 103–104.
  177. ^ Vines (1999), p. 106.
  178. ^ a b 앙골라 내전 : 지식백과 (in Korean). Terms.naver.com. Retrieved 2014-08-04.
  179. ^ a b c d Never Ending Wars, 2005, p. 24.
  180. ^ a b AlʻAmin Mazrui, Ali (1977). The Warrior Tradition in Modern Africa. p. 228.
  181. ^ a b Wright, George (1997). The Destruction of a Nation: United States Policy Towards Angola Since 1945. p. 110.
  182. ^ a b "In Eritrea". The New York Times. 27 September 1987. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  183. ^ a b Germany, SPIEGEL ONLINE, Hamburg (2 March 1980). ""Wir haben euch Waffen und Brot geschickt" – DER SPIEGEL 10/1980". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 10 December 2016.((cite news)): CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  184. ^ "История Кубы". Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  185. ^ a b (apakabar@clark.net), apakabar@clark.net. "[INDONESIA-L] GJA – Pro-East Timor (r)". Archived from the original on 23 August 2016. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  186. ^ Berman, Eric G.; Sams, Katie E. (2000). Peacekeeping In Africa : Capabilities And Culpabilities. Geneva: United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research. ISBN 978-92-9045-133-4. Berman and Sams cite the lower number.
  187. ^ a b A Little Help from His Friends Time, 04/25/1977, Vol. 109 Issue 17, p. 57
  188. ^ War and Society: The Militarisation of South Africa, edited by Jacklyn Cock and Laurie Nathan, pp. 104-115
  189. ^ a b Sanjoy Hazarika (11 June 1989). "Bangladeshi Insurgents Say India Is Supporting Them". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  190. ^ a b A. Kabir (January 2005). "Bangladesh: A Critical Review of the Chittagong Hill Tract (CHT) Peace Accord". Working Paper No 2. The Role of Parliaments in Conflict & Post Conflict in Asia. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
  191. ^ a b Acheson-Brown, Daniel G. (2001). "The Tanzanian Invasion of Uganda: A Just War?" (PDF). International Third World Studies Journal and Review. 12: 1–11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-21. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
  192. ^ "Idi Amin and Military Rule". Country Study: Uganda. Library of Congress. December 1990. Retrieved 5 February 2010. By mid-March 1979, about 2,000 Libyan troops and several hundred Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) fighters had joined in the fight to save Amin's regime
  193. ^ a b c Geoffrey Leslie Simons, Libya and the West: from independence to Lockerbie, Centre for Libyan Studies (Oxford, England). Page 57.
  194. ^ Pike, John. "Libyan Intervention in Chad, 1980-Mid-1987". Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  195. ^ Geoffrey Leslie Simons, Libya and the West: from independence to Lockerbie, Centre for Libyan Studies (Oxford, England). Pg. 57–58
  196. ^ Barbara Crossette (7 March 1989). "India to Provide Aid to Government in Afghanistan". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  197. ^ Dijk, Ruud van; Gray, William Glenn; Savranskaya, Svetlana; Suri, Jeremi; Zhai, Qiang (13 May 2013). Encyclopedia of the Cold War. Routledge. ISBN 978-1135923112. Retrieved 10 December 2016 – via Google Books.
  198. ^ a b Goodson, P. L. (2001). Afghanistan's Endless War: State Failure, Regional Politics, and the Rise of ... University of Washington Press. pp. 147, 165. ISBN 9780295980508.
  199. ^ Barlett, Donald L.; Steele, James B. (May 13, 2003). "The Oily Americans". Time. Retrieved 2008-07-08.
  200. ^ a b "Interview with Dr. Zbigniew Brzezinski-(13/6/97)". Archived from the original on 2000-08-29. Retrieved October 2, 2014.
  201. ^ a b c Wilson, Peter (2003). Wars, proxy-wars and terrorism: post independent India. Mittal Publications, 2003. ISBN 978-81-7099-890-7.
  202. ^ ""Reagan Doctrine, 1985"". United States State Department. Retrieved 2011-02-20.
  203. ^ Interview with Dr. Zbigniew Brzezinski – (June 13, 1997). Part 2. Episode 17. Good Guys, Bad Guys. June 13, 1997.
  204. ^ Corera, Gordon (2011). MI6: Life and Death in the British Secret Service. London: Phoenix. ISBN 978-0-7538-2833-5.
  205. ^ Frederick Starr, S. (2004-03-15). Shichor. pp157–158. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 9780765631923. Retrieved October 2, 2014.
  206. ^ Crile, George (2003). Charlie Wilson's War: The Extraordinary Story of the Largest Covert Operation in History. Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN 978-0-87113-854-5.
  207. ^ "Saudi Arabia and the Future of Afghanistan". Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on October 7, 2014. Retrieved October 2, 2014.
  208. ^ Renz, Michael (October 6, 2012). "Operation Sommerregen". Die Welt (in German). No. 40. Die Welt. Retrieved 6 June 2015.
  209. ^ a b c Michael Pohly. Krieg und Widerstand in Afghanistan (in German). p. 154.
  210. ^ "Use of toxins and other lethal agents in Southeast Asia and Afghanistan" (PDF). CIA. 2 February 1982. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 September 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  211. ^ Inken Wiese (14 May 2010). "Das Engagement der arabischen Staaten in Afghanistan" (in German). Retrieved 2016-03-18.
  212. ^ a b Conrad Schetter. Ethnizität und ethnische Konflikte in Afghanistan (in German). p. 430.
  213. ^ a b c d "The History Guy: Ethiopia-Somalia Wars and Conflicts". Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  214. ^ "Somalia SOMALIA'S DIFFICULT DECADE, 1980–90 – Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, Political System". Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  215. ^ "Indira Gandhi helped train Tamil rebels, and reaped whirlwind – Firstpost". 23 May 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  216. ^ "Indira Gandhi asked Margaret Thatcher to stop helping Sri Lanka against LTTE". Indian Express.
  217. ^ "Defeating Terrorism – Why the Tamil Tigers Lost Eelam...And How Sri Lanka Won the War – JINSA Online". Archived from the original on 18 October 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  218. ^ Kaplan, Robert. Monsoon: The Indian Ocean and the Future of American Power. Random House Publishing.
  219. ^ Starr, S. Frederick (15 March 2004). Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 9780765631923. Retrieved 10 December 2016 – via Google Books.
  220. ^ Edward C. O'Dowd (16 April 2007). Chinese Military Strategy in the Third Indochina War: The Last Maoist War. Routledge. pp. 186–. ISBN 978-1-134-12268-4.
  221. ^ "Global Politician". Archived from the original on 3 May 2016. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  222. ^ "Laos' controversial exile". BBC News. 2007-06-11.
  223. ^ Benson, Brett V. (2012). Constructing International Security: Alliances, Deterrence, and Moral Hazard. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 67. ISBN 9781107027244. Russia was widely viewed as supporting the Armenian position. Much of this perception stemmed from the fact that Russia transferred military support to Armenia during the Nagorno-Karabakh War.
  224. ^ "Turkish PM: Supporting Armenia, Russia jeopardizes Azerbaijan's territorial integrity". 15 February 2016. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  225. ^ "Strategic impact". Bucharest: Romanian National Defence University "Carol I" Centre for Defence and Security Strategic Studies. 2010. p. 35. Archived from the original (ShockWave) on 2013-09-21. Greece supported Armenia both by delivering military and economic assistance and diplomatic representation by promoting the Armenia's interests in the EU and NATO.
  226. ^ "'Pakistan will continue supporting Azerbaijan on Nagorno-Karabakh'". Daily Times. 14 March 2015. Archived from the original on 23 January 2016.
  227. ^ Hunter, Shireen (2004). "Russia and the Transcaucasus: The Impact of the Islamic Factor". Islam in Russia: The Politics of Identity and Security. M.E. Sharpe. p. 349. Aliev thanked Pakistan for its support in the Karabakh conflict.
  228. ^ Holding, APA Information Agency, APA. "Ambassador: Kyrgyzstan supports political solution to Nagorno-Karabakh conflict". Archived from the original on 23 February 2016. Retrieved 10 December 2016.((cite web)): CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  229. ^ "'Nagorno-Karabakh is Turkey's problem too,' says Erdoğan". Today's Zaman. 13 November 2013. Archived from the original on 12 October 2014. Retrieved 3 August 2014. ...Erdoğan noted that Turkey's unconditional support for Azerbaijan...
  230. ^ Özden Zeynep Oktav (2013). Turkey in the 21st Century: Quest for a New Foreign Policy. Ashgate Publishing. p. 126. ISBN 9781409476559. ...Turkey's support for Azerbaijan in the conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh...
  231. ^ Flanagan, Stephen J.; Brannen, Samuel (2008). Turkey's Shifting Dynamics: Implications for U.S.-Turkey Relations. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies. p. 17. ISBN 9780892065363. Turkey's border with Armenia has remained sealed since 1994, due to Turkish support for Azerbaijan in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.
  232. ^ Murinson, Alexander (October 2014). "The Ties Between Israel and Azerbaijan" (PDF). Mideast Security and Policy Studies No. 110. Begin–Sadat Center for Strategic Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 3, 2014. Israel supported the Azeri side in this conflict by supplying Stinger missiles to Azerbaijani troops during the war.
  233. ^ Dekmejian, Richard Hrair; Simonian, Hovann H. (2003). Troubled Waters: The Geopolitics of the Caspian Region. p. 125. ISBN 9781860649226. In addition to commercial links, Israel has given strong backing to Azerbaijan in its conflict with Armenia over Nagorno-Karabakh, which reportedly has included military assistance.
  234. ^ Murinson, Alexander (October 2014). "The Ties Between Israel and Azerbaijan" (PDF). Mideast Security and Policy Studies No. 110. Begin–Sadat Center for Strategic Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 3, 2014.
  235. ^ Azadian, Edmond Y. (1999). History on the Move: Views, Interviews and Essays on Armenian Issues. Wayne State University Press. p. 173. ISBN 9780814329160. But as subsequent events evolved it became all too apparent that Ukraine has steadfastly stood behind Azerbaijan in the Nagorno-Karabagh conflict all along. ...it was reported from Stepanakert that Ukraine had shipped 40 tanks to Azerbaijan. Later that number was raised to 59. Ukraine had also supplied Azerbaijan with Mig-21 attack places.
  236. ^ a b Aldrich, Richard J. (21 April 2002). "America used Islamists to arm the Bosnian Muslims". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  237. ^ "Iran in the Balkans: A History and a Forecast". Archived from the original on 29 November 2016. Retrieved 10 December 2016.((cite web)): CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  238. ^ Bidder, Benjamin (17 February 2008). "Russischer Einmarsch 1999: Showdown in Pristina". Der Spiegel.
  239. ^ "Europe - Fighting for a foreign land". BBC News. Retrieved 10 December 2016.[permanent dead link]
  240. ^ Smith, Helena (4 January 2003). "Greece faces shame of role in Serb massacre". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  241. ^ Zerkalo Nedeli (28 February 2002). "Paper critical of Western call on Ukraine to stop selling arms to Macedonia". Free Republic. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
  242. ^ Carlotta Gall (23 July 2001). "Rebels Secure a Base in Macedonian Town". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
  243. ^ Taras Kuzio (31 October 2001). "Ukraine Forges Military Alliance with Macedonia". The Jamestown. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
  244. ^ Muzaffar Olimov; Saodat Olimova. "Ethnic Factors and Local Self-Government in Tajikistan". eawarn.ru. Archived from the original on 2011-07-27. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
  245. ^ Jonson, Lena (2006-08-25). Tajikistan in the New Central Asia. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9781845112936. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  246. ^ Inside Al Qaeda: global network of terror, by Rohan Gunaratna, pg. 169
  247. ^ Political Construction Sites: Nation-building in Russia and the Post-Soviet States[permanent dead link], page 77
  248. ^ Duke, Lynne (20 May 1997). "Congo Begins Process of Rebuilding Nation". The Washington Post. p. A10. Guerrillas of Angola's former rebel movement UNITA, long supported by Mobutu in an unsuccessful war against Angola's government, also fought for Mobutu against Kabila's forces.
  249. ^ Scholl-Latour, S. 105
  250. ^ a b c d e Johnson, S. 76
  251. ^ Scholl-Latour, S. 109
  252. ^ a b Duke, Lynne (15 April 1997). "Passive Protest Stops Zaire's Capital Cold". The Washington Post. p. A14. Kabila's forces – which are indeed backed by Rwanda, Angola, Uganda and Burundi, diplomats say – are slowly advancing toward the capital from the eastern half of the country, where they have captured all the regions that produce Zaire's diamonds, gold, copper and cobalt.
  253. ^ a b "Rebels, Backed by Angola, Take Brazzaville and Oil Port". The New York Times. 16 October 1997. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
  254. ^ a b "Republic of Congo (Brazzaville): Information on the human rights situation and the Ninja militia". Resource Information Center. 14 November 2000. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
  255. ^ a b "Subject: CONGO-BRAZZAVILLE: Background on militia groups 1999.2.17". University of Pennsylvania. 17 February 1999. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
  256. ^ "Angola aids Congo to corral Unita". Mail Guardian. 17 October 1997. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
  257. ^ "Conflict Transformation, Guinea-Bassau, The Military Crisis in Guinea-Bassau, Terhi Lehtinen" (PDF). Conflicttransform.net. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 December 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2014.
  258. ^ a b "Guinea-Bissau" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-09. Retrieved 2014-10-12., Conflict Transformation, Guinea-Bassau, The Military Crisis in Guinea-Bassau, Terhi Lehtinen
  259. ^ Olarinmoye, Omobolaji (2005) [July 2004]. "Civil War in Guinea-Bissau: June 1998- May 1999". Global South Sephis E-magazine. 1 (3). Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  260. ^ "Cote d'Ivoire, since 2002". Acig.org. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
  261. ^ "Cote d'Ivoire, since 2002". Acig.com. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
  262. ^ "Sudan, two rebel factions discuss ways to hold peace talks on Darfur conflict". Sudan Tribune. 5 June 2016. Archived from the original on 6 June 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2016.
  263. ^ "Darfur Peace Agreement - Doha draft" (PDF). Sudan Tribune.
  264. ^ "Al Bashir threatens to 'disarm Darfur rebels' in South Sudan". Radio Dabanga. 29 April 2015.
  265. ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iQbSEifJvb4 Sudan adjusting to post-Gaddafi era
  266. ^ "Uganda Signals Diplomatic Breakthrough with Sudan on Rebels". Bloomberg.com. 13 February 2015.
  267. ^ "Series of explosions at weapons cache rock town in West Kordofan". Sudan Tribune. 6 June 2016. Archived from the original on 6 June 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2016.
  268. ^ Lake, Eli (17 June 2014). "Iran Offers Iraq 'Everything it Needs' to Fight ISIS". The Daily Beast.
  269. ^ Arango, Tim; Al-Salhy, Suadad; Gladstone, Rick (12 June 2014). "Kurdish Fighters Take a Key Oil City as Militants Advance on Baghdad". The New York Times.
  270. ^ "Australia grants Lebanese Army helicopter parts". The Daily Star. February 2, 2016. Archived from the original on September 21, 2018. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
  271. ^ "UK, Canada Sign Partnership Agreement to Help Lebanese Army". Naharnet. March 2, 2016.
  272. ^ Agency, National News. "Bassil thanks Cypriot counterpart for contribution to Lebanese Army". National News Agency.
  273. ^ "Lebanon is the only country that defeated Islamic State, declared Czech FM". 12 November 2014. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
  274. ^ a b c "Saudis give $1bn to Lebanon amid fighting - Middle East". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 2014-08-12.
  275. ^ Joseph A. Kechichian Senior Writer (2 April 2016). "Aid packages reaffirm importance of Lebanese army". GulfNews. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
  276. ^ "Italy donates spare equipment, parts to Lebanese Army". Lebanese Examiner. 2015-02-14. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
  277. ^ "Jordan sends military aid to Lebanon: Army". Al-Ahram. February 24, 2015.
  278. ^ "Dutch support for Lebanon in the fight against armed extremism". 2014-10-03. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
  279. ^ "China, S.Korea, Jordan offer to help equip Lebanese Army". The Daily Star Newspaper - Lebanon. Archived from the original on 29 September 2018. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
  280. ^ "Spain pledges to help Lebanon over Syria crisis". Daily Star Lebanon. 24 November 2015. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
  281. ^ "Turkey Willing to Provide $1.1 Million Military Aid to Lebanon". Naharnet. February 20, 2016.
  282. ^ "The British watchtowers beating back jihadists". The Daily Telegraph. London. 30 November 2014.
  283. ^ "Islamic State crisis: UK gives £20m to keep Lebanon safe". BBC. 1 December 2014.
  284. ^ "Report: Clashes between Palestinian Group, Nusra Front in Bekaa". Naharnet. 22 October 2014.
  285. ^ "Reports of Amal Movement sending fighters to Syria". Syria Direct. May 11, 2015.
  286. ^ "The SSNP 'Hurricane' in the Syrian Conflict: Syria and South Lebanon Are the Same Battlefield". Al Akhbar. February 3, 2014. Archived from the original on September 27, 2016. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
  287. ^ "Gunfight in Sidon between Assir and local rivals wounds five". The Daily Star. 9 August 2012. Archived from the original on 29 September 2018. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
  288. ^ "7 Palestinians wounded in Lebanon camp clashes". Ma'an News Agency. May 14, 2014.
  289. ^ "Palestinian commander shot dead in refugee camp". Al-Araby Al-Jadeed. January 28, 2016.
  290. ^ Kullab, Samya. "Jabal Mohsen leaderless and exposed, locals say". The Daily Star.
  291. ^ Engel, Andrew (May 21, 2012). "Syria's crisis reaches Beirut". The Washington Institute for Near East Policy.
  292. ^ "Syrian air strikes kill three near Lebanese border". Reuters. 2014-02-28. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  293. ^ "Hezbollah says gets support, not orders, from Iran". Reuters. 7 February 2012.
  294. ^ "Russia Is Arming Hezbollah, Say Two of the Group's Field Commanders". The Daily Beast. January 11, 2016.
  295. ^ "Lebanese communist fighters gear up to battle ISIL". Al-Jazeera. 20 September 2015. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
  296. ^ "Renewed fighting in Lebanon Palestinian refugee camp kills one". Reuters. April 2, 2016.
  297. ^ "Fattah colonel killed in Lebanon's largest refugee camp". Al Arabiya. July 25, 2015.
  298. ^ "Egypt acts as middleman for Russia-Libya arms deal". Al-Monitor. 10 February 2015.
  299. ^ Ltd, Allied Newspapers (2 March 2015). "Libya needs international maritime force to help stop illicit oil, weapons – UN experts". Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  300. ^ a b c Kirkpatrick, David D; Schmitt, Eric (25 August 2014). "Egypt and United Arab Emirates Said to Have Secretly Carried Out Libya Airstrikes". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
  301. ^ "Egypt prepared to take lead in ensuring stability in Libya". Libya Herald. 28 August 2014. Retrieved 10 September 2014.
  302. ^ a b "Arab Nations Strike in Libya, Surprising U.S.". The New York Times. 25 August 2014.
  303. ^ "Libya's Haftar pledges to take imminent control of Benghazi and Tripoli". Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  304. ^ "Libyen: Französische Elitesoldaten machen Jagd auf IS-Kämpfer". Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  305. ^ Ahmad Ghallab: "Saudi Arabia reiterates full support for Libya". Al-Monitor. 17 November 2014.
  306. ^ Patrick Haimzadeh: "Libyen – der zweite Bürgerkrieg". Le Monde diplomatique. 10 April 2015.
  307. ^ "Libya accuses Sudan of arming rebels". Al-Jazeera.
  308. ^ a b "Rival Libyan Factions Travel to Kiev and Moscow Seeking Support". 6 February 2015.
  309. ^ "Turkey's war in Libya". Al-Monitor.
  310. ^ Youssef, Kate Brannen|Nancy A. (14 November 2015). "Exclusive: U.S. Targets ISIS in Libya Airstrike". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 14 November 2015.((cite news)): CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  311. ^ Reed 2010, p. 37.
  312. ^ Han, Enze (August 31, 2010). External Kin, Ethnic Identity and the Politics of Ethnic Mobilization in the People's Republic of China (Doctor of Philosophy). The Faculty of Columbian College of Arts and Sciences of The George Washington University. pp. 113–114.
  313. ^ Nebehay, Stephanie (2021-06-22). "Canada leads call on China to allow Xinjiang access - statement". Reuters. Retrieved 2021-10-15.
  314. ^ ICI.Radio-Canada.ca, Zone Politique- (18 June 2021). "Canada leads international coalition calling on China to allow investigators free access to Xinjiang". Radio-Canada.ca (in Canadian French). Retrieved 2021-10-15.
  315. ^ Ziabari, Kourosh (2021-02-21). "Why Iran won't cross China on the Uighurs". Asia Times. Retrieved 2021-10-15.
  316. ^ Karsh, Efraim: The Cautious Bear: Soviet Military Engagement in Middle East Wars in the Post-1967 Era
  317. ^ Pollack, Kenneth, M., Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, University of Nebraska Press, (2002), pp. 93–94, 96.
  318. ^ Lewan, Kenneth M. (July 1975). "How West Germany Helped to Build Israel". Journal of Palestine Studies. 4 (4): 41–64. doi:10.2307/2535601. JSTOR 2535601.
  319. ^ "Recent UN vote not a shift in Canada's 'steadfast' support for Israel: Trudeau". Global News. Retrieved 2020-02-15.
  320. ^ Colin Rubenstein (13 March 2008). "Australia and Israel: a unique friendship". ABC. Archived from the original on 2014-05-04. Retrieved 2020-02-15.
  321. ^ Tahhan, Zena. "Egypt-Israel relations 'at highest level' in history". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2020-02-15.
  322. ^ a b c B Raman (25 January 2003). "Iraq's shadow on Balochistan". Asia Times. Archived from the original on 23 April 2005. Retrieved 21 December 2010.
  323. ^ Aryan, Hossein (22 October 2009). "Iran Offers Short-Term Solutions To Long-Term Problems Of Baluch Minority – Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty 2010". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on 25 November 2010. Retrieved 21 December 2010.
  324. ^ "Iranian group makes kidnap claim – Middle East". Al Jazeera. 10 October 2010. Retrieved 21 December 2010.
  325. ^ "China, Pakistan agree to further increase military cooperation". DAWN News. 16 March 2017.
  326. ^ Siddique, Abubakar (24 February 2010). "Jundallah: Profile Of A Sunni Extremist Group – Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty 2010". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on 26 November 2010. Retrieved 21 December 2010.
  327. ^ "China Affirms Support for Myanmar On Rakhine Issue". The Irrawaddy. 27 September 2017.
  328. ^ "Israel refuses to end arms sales Burma military amid ongoing violence against Rohingya Muslims | The Independent | The Independent". Independent.co.uk. 27 September 2017.
  329. ^ "Amid uproar, Israel halts arms sales to Myanmar — report | The Times of Israel". The Times of Israel.
  330. ^ "Myanmar working with China, Russia, to avoid UN rebuke over persecution of Muslims". Business Insider.
  331. ^ "Into Myanmar's Stalled Peace Process Steps China | Voice of America - English". Archived from the original on 2019-11-23.
  332. ^ Thant Myint-U (2006). The River of Lost Footsteps--Histories of Burma. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 274–289. ISBN 978-0-374-16342-6.
  333. ^ Taylor, Rob (27 March 2007). "Australia risks Papua conflict role -- activists". Reuters. Thomson Reuters. Retrieved 17 January 2019.
  334. ^ Rollo, Stuart (28 October 2013). "Ending our pragmatic complicity in West Papua". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 17 January 2019.
  335. ^ Pearson, Elaine (5 November 2016). "Australia should go to Papua and see the human rights situation for itself". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 January 2019.
  336. ^ J. Venkatesan. "Salwa Judum is illegal, says Supreme Court". The Hindu. Retrieved 16 August 2022.
  337. ^ Namrata Goswami (27 November 2014). Indian National Security and Counter-Insurgency: The use of force vs non-violent response. Routledge. pp. 126–. ISBN 978-1-134-51431-1.
  338. ^ "A new twist to Ranvir Sena killings". The Hindu. 20 June 2000. Archived from the original on 30 April 2018. Retrieved 25 December 2017.
  339. ^ Narula, Smita; (Organization), Human Rights Watch (1999). Broken People: Caste Violence Against India's "untouchables". Human Rights Watch. ISBN 9781564322289. Archived from the original on 25 December 2017. Retrieved 24 December 2017.
  340. ^ "Maoist gunned down in Jharkhand encounter, Jaguar official injured - the New Indian Express". 11 September 2021.
  341. ^ "3 People's Liberation Front of India members held for demanding levy from CMPDI officials". 2 September 2020.
  342. ^ V. Venkatesan (22 April 2010). "Can a Governor withhold assent without reasons?". Frontline. Archived from the original on October 13, 2018. Retrieved 21 May 2014. Alt URL
  343. ^ "Maoists in India enjoying regular support from Pakistan and China". Business Standard. 2 September 2018. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
  344. ^ a b "Maoists building weapons factories in India with help from North Korea". India Today. 26 April 2012. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
  345. ^ a b "The Naxalites: India's Extreme Left-Wing Communists" (PDF). Central Intelligence Agency. 26 October 1970. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 March 2018.
  346. ^ a b c "Pakistan and the Naxalite Movement in India". Stratfor. 18 November 2010. Archived from the original on 30 March 2018.
  347. ^ Al Labita (11 April 2010). "Philippine reds export armed struggle". Asia Times. Archived from the original on 2012-04-14. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
  348. ^ "'Bangla Maoists involved in plan to target PM'". The Sunday Guardian. 9 June 2018. Archived from the original on 7 September 2018. Retrieved 7 September 2018.
  349. ^ Stewart-Ingersoll, Robert (2012). Regional Powers and Security Orders. Routledge. p. 240.
  350. ^ a b c d e "Philippines-CPP/NPA (1969 – first combat deaths)". August 2014. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
  351. ^ Ivan Molloy (1985). "Revolution in the Philippines – The Question of an Alliance Between Islam and Communism". Asian Survey. 25 (8): 822–833. doi:10.2307/2644112. JSTOR 2644112.
  352. ^ AYROSO, DEE (25 June 2015). "Revolutionary Moro group calls for intensified armed struggle". Bulatlat.com. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  353. ^ Karlos Manlupig. "Mamasapano: Sleepy town roused by SAF-MILF clash". Rappler. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
  354. ^ Tan, Andrew T/H. (2009). A Handbook of Terrorism and Insurgency in Southeast Asia. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 230, 238. ISBN 978-1-84720-718-0.
  355. ^ Isak Svensson (27 November 2014). International Mediation Bias and Peacemaking: Taking Sides in Civil Wars. Routledge. pp. 69–. ISBN 978-1-135-10544-0.
  356. ^ "Philippines (New Peoples Army) (1972– )" (PDF). Political Economy Research Institute. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  357. ^ "Libyan terrorism: the case against Gaddafi". thefreelibrary.com.
  358. ^ "WikiLeaks cable: Gaddafi funded, trained CPP-NPA rebels". Wikileaks. 9 July 2011. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
  359. ^ "Khadafy admits aiding Muslim seccesionists". Philippine Daily Inquirer. 5 August 1986. p. 2.
  360. ^ a b Paul J. Smith (21 September 2004). Terrorism and Violence in Southeast Asia: Transnational Challenges to States and Regional Stability. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 194–. ISBN 978-0-7656-3626-3.
  361. ^ William Larousse (1 January 2001). A Local Church Living for Dialogue: Muslim-Christian Relations in Mindanao-Sulu, Philippines : 1965–2000. Gregorian Biblical BookShop. pp. 151 & 162. ISBN 978-88-7652-879-8.
  362. ^ Michelle Ann Miller (2012). Autonomy and Armed Separatism in South and Southeast Asia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 291–. ISBN 978-981-4379-97-7.
  363. ^ "Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF)". Accessed 10 February 2014.
  364. ^ "World Tribune.com-Front Page: Report: North Korea armed Islamic group in Philippines" Archived 2014-02-17 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 10 February 2014.
  365. ^ "1990 Global Terrorism: State-Sponsored Terrorism". fas.org.
  366. ^ "Justice and Peace group airs concern vs Alsa Masa smear campaign". Minda2010.timonera.com. Retrieved 12 October 2014.
  367. ^ "New People's Army". Stanford University. 22 August 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
  368. ^ "Rumored French Aid to Cabinda Liberation Movement". Wikileaks. 25 October 1974. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
  369. ^ "Cabinda". Wikileaks. January 16, 1976. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
  370. ^ a b "CSIS Africa Notes" (PDF). CSIS. June 1992. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
  371. ^ "Angola: Information on an anti-government group called Frente Liberaccion d'Enclave Cabinda (FLEC)". Refworld. 1 November 1995. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
  372. ^ "57. Angola/Cabinda (1975–present)". University of Central Arkansas. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
  373. ^ "Война на чужбине". Вечерка. 15 February 2014. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
  374. ^ a b c d Faucompret, Erik; Konings, Jozef (2008). Turkish Accession to the EU: Satisfying the Copenhagen Criteria. Hoboken: Taylor & Francis. p. 168. ISBN 978-0-203-92896-7. The Turkish establishment considered the Kurds' demand for the recognition of their identity a threat to the territorial integrity of the state, the more so because the PKK was supported by countries hostile to Turkey: Soviet Union, Greece, Cyprus, Iran and especially Syria. Syria hosted the organization and its leader for twenty years, and it provided training facilities in the Beka'a Valley of Syrian-controlled northern Lebanon.
  375. ^ Shapir, Yiftah (1998). The Middle East Military Balance, 1996. Jerusalem, Israel: Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies, Tel Aviv University. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-231-10892-8. The PKK was originally established as a Marxist party, with ties to the Soviet Union
  376. ^ Shapir, Yiftah (1998). The Middle East Military Balance, 1996. Jerusalem, Israel: Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies, Tel Aviv University. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-231-10892-8. The PKK was originally established as a Marxist party, with ties to the Soviet Union
  377. ^ a b "III. International Sources of Support". Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
  378. ^ Bal, İdris (2004). Turkish Foreign Policy In Post Cold War Era. Boca Raton, Fl.: BrownWalker Press. p. 359. ISBN 978-1-58112-423-1. With the explicit supports of some Arab countries for the PKK such as Syria...
  379. ^ Mannes, Aaron (2004). Profiles In Terror: The Guide To Middle East Terrorist Organizations. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 185. ISBN 978-0-7425-3525-1. PKK has had substantial operations in northern Iraq, with the support of Iran and Syria.
  380. ^ "Ocalan: Greeks supplied Kurdish rebels". BBC News. 2 June 1999. Retrieved 21 July 2013.
  381. ^ "Turkey says Greece supports PKK". Hürriyet Daily News. 1 July 1999. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 21 July 2013.
  382. ^ Phillips, David L. (2009). From Bullets to Ballots: Violent Muslim Movements in Transition. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers. p. 129. ISBN 978-1-4128-1201-6. Iran's Revolutionary Guards (Pasdaran) trained the PKK in Lebanon's Beka'a Valley. Iran supported the PKK despite Turkey's strict neutrality during the Iran-Iraq War (1980–1988).
  383. ^ "Syria and Iran 'backing Kurdish terrorist group', says Turkey". The Telegraph. 3 September 2012. Retrieved 17 October 2012.
  384. ^ "Terrorism Havens: Iraq". Council on Foreign Relations. December 1, 2005. Archived from the original on September 28, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  385. ^ Ciment, James (2015). World Terrorism: An Encyclopedia of Political Violence from Ancient Times to the Post-9/11 Era. Routledge. p. 721. Other groups that have received Libyan support include the Turkish PKK...
  386. ^ a b "Tupac amaru Revolutionary Movement: Growing Threat to US interests in Peru" (PDF). CIA.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 25, 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  387. ^ Mahir Zeynalov (6 September 2009). "Turkey-Abkhazia relations may harm Turkish-Georgian friendship". Today's Zaman. Archived from the original on 2016-01-16. Retrieved 2015-08-07.
  388. ^ Ganguly, Sumit; Paul Kapur (7 August 2012). India, Pakistan, and the Bomb: Debating Nuclear Stability in South Asia. Columbia University Press. pp. 27–28. ISBN 978-0-231-14375-2.
  389. ^ a b Gall, Carlotta (2007-01-21). "At Border, Signs of Pakistani Role in Taliban Surge". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-12-01.
  390. ^ "Hizb-ul-Mujahideen". Institute For Conflict Management.
  391. ^ "Security Crisis As Uganda Faces ADF Insurgency". 18 March 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
  392. ^ Wikileaks Cable: Government Demands Action Against Ugandan Rebels In Congo. Embassy Kampala (Uganda): Wikileaks. 2007-04-03. Archived from the original on 2012-11-14. Retrieved 2013-02-18.
  393. ^ "ADF-NALU's Lost Rebellion" (PDF). 19 December 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 November 2013. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
  394. ^ "Patrick Cockburn on U.S. Plans to Arm Syrian Rebels: Where is the Skepticism About Chemical Weapons?". Democracy Now!. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  395. ^ "'The Cold War never ended...Syria is a Russian-American conflict' says Bashar al-Assad". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 24 January 2017.
  396. ^ a b c Patrick Cockburn on U.S. Plans to Arm Syrian Rebels: Where is the Skepticism About Chemical Weapons? (mp4). Democracy Now!. June 14, 2013. Event occurs at 15:20. Retrieved June 15, 2013.
    :JUAN GONZÁLEZ: And the concerns in some circles that this is really developing into a proxy war with Iran and Hezbollah, rather than actually trying to deal with the situation internally within Syria? :PATRICK COCKBURN: Yeah, it already has turned into a proxy war. You can see that with—Hezbollah and Iran were involved, but also the U.S. was—had already combined with Qatar to send weapons. Qatar has sent up to $3 billion to the rebels, 70 loads of flights of weapons, organized by—with the CIA.
  397. ^ "Resurgent Russia takes on tenacious Turkey". Al Jazeera. 9 December 2015. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
  398. ^ Richard Galpin (10 January 2012). "Russian arms shipments bolster Syria's embattled Assad". BBC News. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
  399. ^ "Russian military presence in Syria poses challenge to US-led intervention". The Guardian, 23 December 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
  400. ^ "Vladimir Putin confirms Russian military involvement in Syria's civil war". Telegraph.co.uk. 4 September 2015. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
  401. ^ "Syrian crisis: Pakistan against any attempt to topple Bashar al-Assad". 24 December 2015.
  402. ^ "Pakistan and Syria: Rebuilding a Fractured Relationship".
  403. ^ "China enters fray in Syria on Bashar al-Assad's side". The Irish Times. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  404. ^ "An der Seite Putins: China unterstützt Russland in Syrien-Krieg". Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  405. ^ "Report: Iran, North Korea Helping Syria Resume Building Missiles". Retrieved 18 November 2014.
  406. ^ Ryall, Julian (6 June 2013). "Syria: North Korean military 'advising Assad regime'". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
  407. ^ "North Korea violating sanctions, according to UN report". The Telegraph. 3 July 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2012.
  408. ^ "Top Cuban general, key forces in Syria to aid Assad, Russia, sources say". Fox News. 14 October 2015. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  409. ^ Paragga, Mariana (16 February 2012). "Exclusive: Venezuela ships fuel to war-torn Syria: traders". Reuters. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
  410. ^ Parraga, Mariana. "Venezuela to ship more fuel to Syria as crackdown spreads". Thomson Reuters Foundation. Archived from the original on 13 July 2015. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
  411. ^ Solomon, Jay (9 July 2012). "To power Syria, Chavez sends diesel". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
  412. ^ "Chavez supports Syrian President Bashar al-Assad". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-14. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
  413. ^ "After the Arab Spring: Algeria's standing in a new world". Archived from the original on 2016-07-02. Retrieved 2015-11-26.
  414. ^ "Gewalt in Syrien: Russische Waffen für Assads Truppen". 19 March 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2016 – via Sueddeutsche.de.
  415. ^ "Report: Syrian regime being aided from 12 countries". Foreign Policy. 15 March 2013.
  416. ^ "Egypt sends Assad secret arms aid, including missiles, with Russian funding". debka.com.
  417. ^ "Egypt voices support for Russia's moves in Syria". Reuters. 2015-10-04. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
  418. ^ "Peshmarga Meets YPG to Protect Kurdish Border Areas". Archived from the original on 7 April 2017. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  419. ^ "SOMALIA: Somalia finally pledges support to Saudi-led coalition in Yemen – Raxanreeb Online". RBC Radio. 7 April 2015. Archived from the original on 7 April 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  420. ^ Whitlock, Craig (17 March 2015). "Pentagon loses track of $500 million in weapons, equipment given to Yemen". The Washington Post. Retrieved 9 April 2015.
  421. ^ "UN Report: UAE, Saudi Using Eritrean Land, Sea, Airspace and, Possibly, Eritrean Troops in Yemen Battle". November 2, 2015.
  422. ^ Loveluck, Louisa (11 September 2015). "Britain 'fuelling war in Yemen' through arms sales, says charity". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 31 October 2015.
  423. ^ Borger, Julian (5 June 2015). "Saudi-led naval blockade leaves 20m Yemenis facing humanitarian disaster". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 October 2015.
  424. ^ McDowall, Angus (3 May 2015). "Saudi-led coalition probably used cluster bombs in Yemen: HRW". Reuters U.S. Archived from the original on 7 January 2016.
  425. ^ "Senegal to support Yemen campaign". BBC News. 5 May 2015. Archived from the original on 8 May 2015.
  426. ^ "Saudi-led strikes target Houthi positions on border with Yemen". france24.com. Reuters. 6 May 2015. Archived from the original on 6 January 2016.
  427. ^ "Canadian rifles may have fallen into Yemen rebel hands, likely via Saudi Arabia". CBC. 22 Feb 2016.
  428. ^ "Dışişleri Bakanlığı, Husi terörüne karşı Yemen'e destek verdi". 26 March 2015. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  429. ^ "Deutschland verkauft weiter Waffen an Kriegsallianz im Jemen". DW.com. Deutsche Welle. 1 April 2020. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
  430. ^ "Germany sells arms to members of Saudi-led Yemen coalition". DW.com. Deutsche Welle. 2 April 2020. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
  431. ^ Grahn, Sarah Lena (24 September 2021). "Rüstungsindustrie verkauft Kriegswaffen für 4,5 Milliarden Euro". Die Zeit. Zeit Online. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
  432. ^ "Faktencheck: Deutschland liefert doch Waffen in Krisengebiete". DW.com. Deutsche Welle. 7 February 2022. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
  433. ^ "Iranian support seen crucial for Yemen's Houthis". Reuters. 15 December 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  434. ^ "North Korea's Balancing Act in the Persian Gulf". The Huffington Post. 17 August 2015. Retrieved 17 August 2015. North Korea's military support for Houthi rebels in Yemen is the latest manifestation of its support for anti-American forces.
  435. ^ "Yemen accuses Russia of supplying weapons to Houthi rebels". Ukraine Today. 6 April 2015. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  436. ^ "Syrian regime coordinates military training with Yemeni Houthis". ARA News. 9 March 2015. Archived from the original on 13 March 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
Categories