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This is a list of republics. For antiquity (or later in the case of societies that did not refer to modern terminology to qualify their form of government) the assessment of whether a state organisation is a republic is based on retrospective analysis by historians and political theorists. For more recent systems of government, worldwide organisations with a broad political acceptance (such as the United Nations), can provide information on whether or not a sovereign state is referred to as a republic.

List by period

Antiquity

State Dates of existence (BCE) Notes
Mahajanapadas[1] c. 7th/6th century – c. 345 Sixteen kingdoms or oligarchic republics that existed in ancient India from the sixth to fourth centuries BCE, during the second urbanisation period.
Licchavikas[2][3] c. 7th/6th century – c. 468 The leading confederate tribe of the Vajjika League Mahajanapada; the city of Vesālī was the republic's capital.[2][3]
Vaidehas[2][4] c. 7th/6th century – c. 468 One of the confederate tribes of the Vajjika League Mahajanapada; the city of Mithilā was the republic's capital.[2][4]
Nāyas[2][5] c. 7th/6th century – c. 468 One of the confederate tribes of the Vajjika League Mahajanapada; the city of Kuṇḍagāma was the republic's capital.[2][5]
Mallakas[2][6] c. 7th/6th century – c. 468 One of the confederate tribes of the Vajjika League Mahajanapada; the Mallakas were divided into two republics with the cities of Kusinārā and Pāvā as their respective capitals.[2][6]
Sakyas[7] c. 7th/6th century – c. 5th century
Koliyas[8] c. 7th/6th century – c. 5th century
Moriyas[9] c. 7th/6th century – c. 5th century
Bulayas[10] c. 7th/6th century – c. 5th century
Bhaggas[11] c. 7th/6th century – c. 5th/4th century
Kālāmas[12] c. 7th/6th century – c. 5th/4th century
Roman Republic 509–27
Classical Athens 508–322 Various Greek city-states under Classical Athenian influence; these loyalties and governments changed frequently (see synoecisms), and in some instances were even under the influence of Sparta without succumbing to oligarchy.
Ancient Carthage 480–146 In 308 BC, an attempted coup to restore the monarch to full power failed, which led to Carthage retaining its republican government.[13]

Middle Ages

Maritime republics

A maritime republic was a thalassocratic city-state during the Middle Ages in which the merchant class had considerable power.

Free imperial cities

A free imperial city was a self-ruling city member of the Holy Roman Empire that was represented in the Imperial Diet.

Early modernity

Sister republics

A sister republic was a client state of France established by French armies or by local revolutionaries and assisted by the First French Republic during the French Revolutionary Wars.

Modernity

19th century

Africa

North America

South America

Asia

Europe

Oceania

20th century

Africa

America

Asia

Europe

Oceania

21st century and later

List by type

In modern usage, a republican system of government is loosely applied to any state which claims this designation.[20] For example, the Dominican Republic under Rafael Trujillo is considered a republic, as is the Republic of Iraq under Saddam Hussein.

Arab republics

Confederal republics

Confederal republics are associations of sovereign states, usually having power over critical common issues such as defense and foreign policy:

Crowned republics

A crowned republic, is a form of constitutional monarchy where the monarch's role is commonly seen as largely ceremonial and where all the royal prerogatives are prescribed by custom and law in such a way that the monarch has limited discretion over governmental and constitutional issues.

Democratic republics

Main article: Democratic republic

Democratic republics are usually socialist states, although not all of them are necessarily socialist.

Federal republics

Main article: Federal republic

Federal republics are federal states in which the administrative divisions (states or provinces) theoretically retain a degree of autonomy which is constitutionally protected, and cannot be revoked unilaterally by the national government. Federal republics are not unitary states.

Islamic republics

Republics governed in accordance with Islamic law:

People's republics

Main article: People's republic

People's republics are said to be governed by the people. The name is most often (but not always) used by communist states.

Current people's republics

Former people's republics

Socialist republics

These are republics that use the word "socialist" in their official name.

Unitary republics

Unitary republics are unitary states which are governed constitutionally as one single unit, with a single constitutionally created legislature. Unitary states are not federations or confederations.

See also

References

  1. ^ Vikas Nain, "Second Urbanization in the Chronology of Indian History", International Journal of Academic Research and Development 3 (2) (March 2018), pp. 538–542 esp. 539.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Sharma 1968, p. 81-84.
  3. ^ a b Sharma 1968, p. 85-135.
  4. ^ a b Sharma 1968, p. 136-158.
  5. ^ a b Sharma 1968, p. 159-168.
  6. ^ a b Sharma 1968, p. 169-181.
  7. ^ Sharma 1968, p. 182-206.
  8. ^ Sharma 1968, p. 207-217.
  9. ^ Sharma 1968, p. 219-224.
  10. ^ Sharma 1968, p. 225-227.
  11. ^ Sharma 1968, p. 227-231.
  12. ^ Sharma 1968, p. 231-236.
  13. ^ Andrew Lintott, Violence, Civil Strife and Revolution in the Classical City: 750-330 BC, Routledge, 2014, p. 66.
  14. ^ "Brief history of Novgorod". waytorussia.net. Retrieved 26 December 2007.
  15. ^ Plantet, Eugène (1889). Correspondance des deys d'Alger avec la Cour de France, 1579-1833 (PDF) (in French). Paris: F. Alcan. p. 90-92.
  16. ^ Carrington, Dorothy, "The Corsican Constitution of Pasquale Paoli (1755–1769)," The English Historical Review, July 1973, pp 481–503
  17. ^ Van de Water, Frederic Franklyn (1974). The Reluctant Republic: Vermont 1724–1791. The Countryman Press. ISBN 0-914378-02-3.
  18. ^ "Wee, Small Republics: A Few Examples of Popular Government", Hawaiian Gazette, p. 1, 1 November 1895
  19. ^ Henry St. Amant Bradsher, Afghanistan and the Soviet Union, Duke University Press, 1983.
  20. ^ Republic, Oxford English Dictionary, SECOND EDITION 1989
  21. ^ a b c d e Wells, H. G. (1 December 2005). A Short History of the World. Cosimo, Inc. ISBN 9781596055858.
  22. ^ Willoughby, Westel Woodbury; Fairlie, John Archibald; Ogg, Frederic Austin (1918). The American Political Science Review. American Political Science Association.
  23. ^ Patmore, Glenn (2009). Choosing the Republic. University of New South Wales Press. ISBN 9781742230153.
  24. ^ "Ελλάς (Πολίτευμα)" [Greece (Form of Government)]. www.anemi.lib.uoc.gr (in Greek). Athens: Pyrsos Publishing. 1934. p. 239. Retrieved 31 August 2018. Through the Constitution of 1864, constitutional monarchy, or, as it had been described, "crowned democracy", or "democratic monarchy", was consolidated as the form of government in Greece.
  25. ^ "Σύνταγμα της Ελλάδος" [Constitution of Greece] (PDF). www.hellenicparliament.gr (in Greek). Athens: Hellenic Parliament. 1952. p. 6. Retrieved 31 August 2018. Article 21: The Form of Government of Greece is that of a Crowned Republic. All powers stem from the Nation and are exercised in accordance with the Constitution.
  26. ^ Abi-Mershed, Osama (10 May 2010). Apostles of Modernity: Saint-Simonians and the Civilizing Mission in Algeria. Stanford University Press. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-8047-7472-7.
  27. ^ "The Formation of the Brazilian Republic in 1889". Archived from the original on 10 November 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2008.
  28. ^ "Mexico". The World Factbook. CIA. 2007. Retrieved 21 December 2007.
  29. ^ "Nepal declared republican state – Gorkhapatra Sansthan - State Owned Newspaper". Archived from the original on 26 July 2007.
  30. ^ Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR approved the Law of the RSFSR #2094-I of December 25, 1991 "Name Change for the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" // News of the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian SFSR and Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR. 1992. No. 2. Art. 62
  31. ^ Article 1 of the Russian Constitution
  32. ^ "United States". The World Factbook. CIA. 2007. Retrieved 21 December 2007.
  33. ^ "Korea, North". The World Factbook. CIA. 2007. Retrieved 21 December 2007.
  34. ^ "Algeria". The World Factbook. CIA. 2007. Retrieved 21 December 2007.
  35. ^ "Laos". The World Factbook. CIA. 2007. Retrieved 21 December 2007.
  36. ^ "Bangladesh". The World Factbook. CIA. 2007. Retrieved 21 December 2007.
  37. ^ "China". The World Factbook. CIA. 2007. Retrieved 21 December 2007.

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