Bust of Beethoven by Hugo Hagen, 1892, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

The German composer Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–1827) is among the most admired composers in the history of Western music,[1] and has been the subject of many private and public sculptures, including busts, reliefs, statues and others. The first, a bust by Franz Klein, was commissioned by Johann Andreas Streicher and created in 1812, while the composer was still alive.[2] After Beethoven's death in 1827, his hometown, Bonn, immediately began planning a monument for the following year,[3] though a cholera outbreak delayed this.[4] A design competition was eventually held, in which a submission by Ernst Julius Hähnel beat ones from Friedrich von Amerling, Gustav Blaeser and Friedrich Drake. In 1845, Hähnel's monument was erected, due to finances given by Robert Schumann, Charles Hallé, George Thomas Smart and especially Franz Liszt.[3][5] While the monument's height and simplicity were criticized, the reliefs surrounding the base were met with public approval.[5] The statue's representation of a figure standing on a decorated base with its legs slightly apart was popular at the time, and later inspired Theodore Baur's statue of c. 1895 in the Library of Congress.[6]

The Beethoven monuments that followed Hähnel's, while retaining a high pedestal,[7] began to portray the composer in a less simplistic and increasingly heroic light.[8] The most significant representative of this, and the most famous Beethoven monument from the second half of the 19th century, was Kaspar von Zumbusch's 1880 monument in Beethovenplatz [de], Vienna.[9] The city had intended to erect a monument for Beethoven since his death,[3] but serious action to do so began only in the 1870s, when a competition for a design was held and Zumbusch's winning design was created with financial support from Liszt and Brahms.[10]

In the early 20th century, the glorified portrayals of Beethoven reached their peak, with god-like representations such as Max Klinger's monument (1902), unveiled at the Vienna Secession[11] (now in the Museum der bildenden Künste),[12] and Fidus's unexecuted design for a 'Beethoven temple' (1903).[13] The 20th century also saw a brief return to the simplistic style of the 19th century, such as Robert Weigl's statue at the Heiligenstädter Park [de] in Vienna (1910) and Hugo Uher's [cs] statue in Karlsbad (1929).[14] Also at this time, Antoine Bourdelle and Naoum Aronson, both students of Auguste Rodin, began creating busts of the composer; Bourdelle was especially prolific.[15] As the century progressed, ideas on depicting Beethoven became largely ununified, and were often especially allegorical, such as Theodor von Gosen's monument in Alameda Central, Mexico City (1921).[16] In 1926, Berlin hosted a monument competition in preparation for the composer's 100th anniversary the following year; the entire competition was controversial and was eventually canceled due to criticism from the press and the committee's inability to form a consensus.[17] There had been submissions from famous sculptors including Ernst Barlach, Peter Breuer and Georg Kolbe, although Breuer and Kolbe eventually had their designs constructed in 1938 and 1948 respectively.[17] After World War II, experimentation in portraying Beethoven increased even further, exemplified by Klaus Kammerichs's [de] three-dimensonal reproduction (1986) of Joseph Karl Stieler's painted portrait and Markus Lüpertz's controversial abstract portrayal (2014).[18][19]

There is a large collection of busts in the Beethoven House, a museum and cultural institution based in Bonn that studies Beethoven's life and legacy, including ones by an unknown artist based on a sculpture by Josef Danhauser (c. 1890);[20] Fernando Cian (first quarter of the 20th century);[21] Pierre Félix Masseau (1902);[22] Aronson (1905);[15] a mask supposedly by Wilhelm Hüsgen [de] (1920–1927);[23] Eduard Merz (1945/46);[24] Lewon Konstantinowitsch Lasarew [de] (1981);[25] and Cantemir Riscutia (1998).[26]

Sculptures

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.
Sculptures of Ludwig van Beethoven
Image Type Location Date[a] Sculptor Ref(s)
Bust Kunsthistorisches Museum
Vienna, Austria Austria 		1812 Franz Klein [2]
External image
image icon Anton Dietrich's Bust, on the Google Arts & Culture website
 Bust La Scala
Milan, Italy Italy 		First half of the 19th century Anton Dietrich [27]
Statue Münsterplatz [de]
Bonn, Germany Germany 		12 August 1845 Ernst Julius Hähnel [3][5][28]
Relief Liceu
Barcelona, Spain Spain 		March 1847 Agapit Vallmitjana i Barbany [29]
External image
image icon Dorcière's relief, on the Statues – Hither & Thither website
 Relief Conservatoire de Musique de Genève
Geneva, Switzerland Switzerland 		1856–58 Louis Dorcière [30]
Bust Beethovengang, Heiligenstadt
Vienna, Austria Austria 		15/23 June 1863 Anton Dominik Fernkorn [31]
Bust Walhalla
Donaustauf, Germany Germany 		1866 Arnold Hermann Lossow after Anton Dietrich [32]
External image
image icon Schaller's bust, on the Royal Society of Musicians of Great Britain's website
 Bust Royal Philharmonic Society
London, United Kingdom United Kingdom 		1871 Johann Nepomuk Schaller [33][34]
Relief Frieze of Parnassus
Albert Memorial
London, United Kingdom United Kingdom 		1872 Henry Hugh Armstead [35]
Statue Royal Museum of Fine Arts
Antwerp, Belgium Belgium 		1874 Jacques de Braekeleer [nl] [36][37]
Other sculpture Galleria d'Arte Moderna
Milan, Italy Italy 		1874 Giuseppe Grandi [38]
External image
image icon Giuseppe Grandi's sculpture, on the Google Arts & Culture website
 Other sculpture Galleria Civica d'Arte Moderna e Contemporanea
Turin, Italy Italy 		1874 Giuseppe Grandi [39]
External image
image icon Bust by Bertheauld, on the Statues – Hither & Thither website
 Bust Grand Théâtre de Genève
Geneva, Switzerland Switzerland 		1879 Bertheauld? [40]
Statue Beethovenplatz [de]
Vienna, Austria Austria 		1 May 1880 Kaspar von Zumbusch [9]
External image
image icon Relief on the Alte Oper, on the Statues – Hither & Thither website
 Relief Alte Oper
Frankfurt, Germany Germany 		1880 Unknown [41]
Bust Central Park
New York, New York, US United States 		22 July 1884 Henry Baerer [42][43][44]
External image
image icon Ferdinand Freiherr von Miller's bust, on the Tower Grove Park website
 Bust Tower Grove Park
St. Louis, Missouri, US United States 		1884 Ferdinand Freiherr von Miller [45]
External image
image icon Johannes French's bust, on the Statues – Hither & Thither website
 Bust Concertgebouw
Amsterdam, Netherlands Netherlands 		1888 Johannes French [46]
Bust Beethoven House
Bonn, Germany Germany 		c. 1890 Unknown
(based on a sculpture by Josef Danhauser) 		[20]
Bust Library of Congress
Washington, D.C., US United States 		1892 Hugo Hagen [47]
Bust Prospect Park
New York, New York, US United States 		20 October 1894 Henry Baerer [48]
Statue Naples, Italy Italy 1895 Francesco Jerace [49]
Statue Library of Congress
Washington, D.C., US United States 		c. 1895 Theodore Baur [6]
Bust ?[b]
Last seen in Lincoln Park
Chicago, Illinois, US United States 		1897 Johannes Gelert [50]
Relief Helenental [de]
Baden bei Wien, Austria Austria 		1899 Josef Valentin Kassin [de] [51]
External image
image icon Thomas Crawford's statue, on the Digital Commonwealth Massachusetts Collections Online
 Statue New England Conservatory of Music
Boston, Massachusetts, US United States 		1900 Thomas Crawford [52]
Bust Garden of the Beethoven House
Bonn, Germany Germany 		First quarter of the 20th century Fernando Cian[c] [21]
Bust Garden of the Beethoven House
Bonn, Germany Germany 		1902 Pierre Félix Masseau [22]
Statue Museum der bildenden Künste
Leipzig, Germany Germany 		1902 Max Klinger [12][53][54]
External image
image icon Sculpture by an unknown artist, on the Statues – Hither & Thither website
 Relief (architectural) Burschenschaftsdenkmal [de]
Eisenach, Germany Germany 		1902 Unknown [55]
Other sculpture Museum of Fine Arts
Boston, Massachusetts, US United States 		After 1902 Max Klinger [56]
Other sculpture Tiergarten
Berlin, Germany Germany 		1904 Rudolf and Wolfgang Siemering [57]
Bust Garden of the Beethoven House
Bonn, Germany Germany 		1905 Naoum Aronson [15]
Other sculpture Museum der bildenden Künste
Leipzig, Germany Germany 		1907 Max Klinger [58]
Statue Aston Webb Building, University of Birmingham
Birmingham, United Kingdom United Kingdom 		1907 Henry Alfred Pegram [59]
Statue Heiligenstädter Park [de]
Döbling, Vienna, Austria Austria 		1910 Robert Weigl [14][60]
Bust Golden Gate Park
San Francisco, California, US United States 		6 August 1915 Henry Baerer [61]
Bust Parque de la Independencia
Rosario, Argentina Argentina 		1917 Erminio Blotta [62]
Mask Garden of the Beethoven House
Bonn, Germany Germany 		1920–1927 Wilhelm Hüsgen? [de][d] [23]
Statue Alameda Central
Mexico City, Mexico Mexico 		1921 Theodor von Gosen [16]
Relief Ungargasse 5
Vienna, Austria Austria 		7 May 1924 Anton Grath [de] [63]
Relief Malá Strana
Prague, Czech Republic Czech Republic 		March 1927 Otakar Španiel [64]
Bust Sauerhof [de]
Baden bei Wien, Austria Austria 		10 May 1927 Hans Mauer [de] [65]
Bust Martonvásár, Hungary Hungary 1927 Jànos Pàsztor [66]
Statue Nuremberg, Germany Germany 1927 Konrad Roth [67]
Statue Monument to Ludwig van Beethoven [cs]
Karlovy Vary, Czech Republic Czech Republic 		29 September 1929 Hugo Uher [cs] [68]
Statue Budapest, Hungary Hungary 1932 János Horvay [69][70]
Statue Pershing Square
Los Angeles, California, US United States 		14 October 1932[e] Unknown [71]
Relief Rostock, Germany Germany 1934 Paul Wallat [72]
Statue [de] Alter Zoll [de]
Bonn, Germany Germany 		1938 Peter Breuer [73]
Other sculpture Plaza Lavalle [es]
Buenos Aires, Argentina Argentina 		15 November 1944 José Fioravanti [74]
Bust Garden of the Beethoven House
Bonn, Germany Germany 		1945/46 Eduard Merz [24]
Statue(s) Frankfurt, Germany Germany 1948 Georg Kolbe [75]
Bust Redoute, Bad Godesberg
Bonn, Germany Germany 		1955 Franz Rotter [76]
Other sculpture Doblhoff Park
Baden bei Wien, Austria Austria 		1969 Matija Vuković [77]
Bust Graz Opera
Graz, Austria Austria 		1969 Fred Pirker [78]
Relief Hegyvidék (District XII)
Budapest, Hungary Hungary 		1970 László Csontos [79]
Other sculpture Hlohovec, Slovakia Slovakia c. 1970 Unknown [80]
Statue Jan Kochanowski Park
Bydgoszcz, Poland Poland 		1970s Witold Marciniak [77]
Statue Siolim
Goa, India India 		1 May 1976 Cypriano Fernandes [81]
Bust Parque de Berlín
Madrid, Spain Spain 		1981 Unknown [82]
Bust Garden of the Beethoven House
Bonn, Germany Germany 		1981 Levon Lazarev [de] [25]
Other sculpture Beethovenhalle
Bonn, Germany Germany 		1986 Klaus Kammerichs [de]
after Joseph Karl Stieler 		[18]
Statue Naruto, Tokushima, Japan Japan 1997 Peter Kuschel [de] [83]
Bust Garden of the Beethoven House
Bonn, Germany Germany 		1998 Cantemir Riscutia [26]
Statue Jesús de Monasterio Park
Santander, Spain Spain 		1999 Ramón Ruiz Lloreda [84]
External image
image icon Yuan Xikun's bust, on the Google Arts & Culture website
 Bust Jintai Art Museum
Beijing, China China 		2004 Yuan Xikun [85]
External image
image icon Burkhard Mohr's bust, on the Statues – Hither & Thither website
 Bust Bad Godesberg
Bonn, Germany Germany 		before 2008 Burkhard Mohr [de] [86]
Other sculpture Stadtgarten [de]
Bonn, Germany Germany 		30 March 2014 Markus Lüpertz [19][87]
Statue(s) Martonvásár, Hungary Hungary 31 December 2014 Nagy János [88]

Bourdelle's sculptures

The French sculptor Antoine Bourdelle (1861–1929) greatly admired Beethoven, of whom he created at least 45 sculptures from 1893 to the end of his life.[89][90][f]

Sculptures by Antoine Bourdelle
Image Type Location Date Ref(s)
External image
image icon Antoine Bourdelle's study, on the Smithsonian Institution website
 Bust
(a study) 		Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden
Washington, D.C., US United States 		1889 [91]
Bust Cleveland Museum of Art
Cleveland, Ohio, US United States 		1891 [92]
Bust Musée Ingres
Montauban, France France 		1891 [93][94]
External image
image icon Antoine Bourdelle's mask, on the List Visual Arts Center website
 Mask List Visual Arts Center
Cambridge, Massachusetts, US United States 		1901 [95]
Bust Musée Ingres
Montauban, France France 		1901–1902 [96][97]
Bust Beethovenhalle
Bonn, Germany Germany 		1902 [98]
External image
image icon Antoine Bourdelle's bust, on Google Arts & Culture
 Bust Beethoven House
Bonn, Germany Germany 		1902 [99]
Bust Strasbourg Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art
Strasbourg, France France 		1903 [100]
Bust Musée d'Orsay
Paris, France France 		1903 [101]
External image
image icon Antoine Bourdelle's statue, on the Courtauld Institute of Art's website
 Statue Musée Bourdelle
Paris, France France 		1904–1908 [102]
External image
image icon Antoine Bourdelle's bust, on the Metropolitan Museum of Art's website
 Bust Metropolitan Museum of Art
New York, New York, US United States 		c. 1926 [1902] [103]
External image
image icon Antoine Bourdelle's statue, on a website dedicated to Beethoven
 Bust Montevideo, Uruguay Uruguay 25 December 1927 [104]
Other sculpture Musée Ingres
Montauban, France France 		1927–1928 [105]
External image
image icon Antoine Bourdelle's statue, on the Princeton University Art Museum website
 Statue Princeton University Art Museum
Princeton, New Jersey, US United States 		1929 [106]
Bust Jardin du Luxembourg
Paris, France France 		1978 [1902] [107]
External image
image icon Antoine Bourdelle's bust, on the Ohara Museum of Art website
 Bust Ohara Museum of Art
Kurashiki, Japan Japan 		Undated [108]

Unexecuted sculptures

Unexecuted sculptures
Sketch Date Sculptor Ref(s)
c. 1840 Gustav Blaeser [8]
1840s Friedrich von Amerling [3]
c. 1840–1845 Friedrich Drake [7]
c. 1890 Emil Eugen Sachse [8]
1903 Fidus [13]
1926 Ernst Barlach [17][109]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ For public monuments the approximate date the work was unveiled is given if available; for other works the approximate time of creation is given.
  2. ^ The bust was stolen in 1970; only fragments remain.[50]
  3. ^ The portrait bust is based on a sculpture by Fernando Cian and is presumed to have been executed by Cian himself.[21]
  4. ^ Wilhelm Hüsgen [de] is the presumed creator of the mask.
  5. ^ Installed to honor William Andrews Clark Jr., founder of the Los Angeles Philharmonic[71]
  6. ^ So as not to overwhelm the list with sculptures by Bourdelle, the sculptures have been put in a separate section and limited.

References

General
Specific
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