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((Short description|none))
((Use dmy dates|date=September 2019))
((Multiple issues|
((more citations needed|date=April 2010))
((original research|date=June 2015))
))

((IPA notice))
Below are listed various examples of words and phrases that have been identified as [[shibboleth]]s, a word or custom whose variations in pronunciation or style can be used to differentiate members of ingroups from those of outgroups.
((Dynamic list))

==Original shibboleth==
The term originates from the [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] word ((transliteration|hbo|shibbólet)) (((lang|hbo|((Script/Hebrew|שִׁבֹּלֶת))))), which means the part of a plant containing [[grain]], such as [[Ear (botany)|the head]] of a stalk of [[wheat]] or [[rye]];<ref name=":1">[[Gerhard Wahrig|Wahrig Deutsches Wörterbuch]], Sixth Edition and ((cite web |work=Meyers Lexikon online |title=Schibboleth |url=http://lexikon.meyers.de/meyers/Schibboleth |access-date=2007-09-26 |archive-date=2009-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429051715/http://lexikon.meyers.de/meyers/Schibboleth |url-status=dead ))</ref><ref>((cite web|work=[[American Heritage Dictionary]], Fourth Edition |title=shibboleth |url=http://www.tfd.com/shibboleth))((cite web|work=[[Merriam-Webster]] Online Dictionary |title=shibboleth |url=http://m-w.com/dictionary/shibboleth)) (this latter meaning is not in use in [[Modern Hebrew]])</ref><ref>((bibleverse|Isaiah|27:12))</ref> or less commonly (but arguably more appropriately)((efn|The context was the crossing of the River Jordan; according to ((harvnb|Speiser|1942|p=10)) the medieval Hebrew commentators and most modern scholars have understood it in this alternative sense.)) "[[flood]], [[Stream|torrent]]".<ref>((cite journal|title=The Shibboleth Incident (Judges 12:6)|last=Speiser|first=E. A.|author-link=Ephraim Avigdor Speiser|journal=Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research|date=February 1942|volume=85|issue=85|pages=10–13|publisher=University of Chicago Press|jstor=1355052|doi=10.2307/1355052|s2cid=163386740))</ref><ref>((cite journal|title=Sibilants and šibbōlet (Judges. 12:6)|last=Hendel|first=Ronald S.|journal=Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research|date=February 1996|volume=301|issue=301|publisher=University of Chicago Press|pages=69–75|jstor=1357296|doi=10.2307/1357296|s2cid=164131149))</ref>

The modern use derives from an account in the [[Hebrew Bible]], in which pronunciation of this word was used to distinguish [[Tribe of Ephraim|Ephraimites]], whose dialect used a differently sounding first consonant. The difference concerns the Hebrew letter ''[[Shin (letter)|shin]]'', which is now pronounced as ((IPA|[ʃ])) (as in ''[[voiceless postalveolar fricative|sh]]oe'').<ref name="HessBlock2016">((cite book|author1=Richard Hess|author2=Daniel I. Block|author3=Dale W. Manor|title=Joshua, Judges, and Ruth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1gzCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT352|date=12 January 2016|publisher=Zondervan|isbn=978-0-310-52759-6|page=352))</ref> In the [[Book of Judges]], chapter 12, after the inhabitants of [[Gilead]] under the command of [[Jephthah]] inflicted a military defeat upon the invading [[tribe of Ephraim]] (around 1370–1070 BC), the surviving Ephraimites tried to cross the [[Jordan River|River Jordan]] back into their home territory, but the Gileadites secured the river's fords to stop them.  To identify and kill these Ephraimites, the Gileadites told each suspected survivor to say the word ''shibboleth''. The Ephraimite dialect resulted in a pronunciation that, to Gileadites, sounded like ''sibboleth''.<ref name="HessBlock2016" /> In Judges 12:5–6 in the [[King James Bible]], the anecdote appears thus (with the word already in its current English spelling):
((blockquote|And the Gileadites took the passages of Jordan before the Ephraimites: and it was so, that when those Ephraimites which were escaped said, Let me go over; that the men of Gilead said unto him, Art thou an Ephraimite? If he said, Nay;

Then said they unto him, Say now Shibboleth: and he said Sibboleth: for he could not frame to pronounce it right. Then they took him, and slew him at the passages of Jordan: and there fell at that time of the Ephraimites forty and two thousand.|source=Judges 12:5–6<ref>((Bibleverse|Judges|12:5-6|KJV))</ref>))

==Shibboleths used in war and persecution==

===Dutch–French===
* ''Schild en vriend'': On 18 May 1302, the people of [[Bruges]] killed the [[France|French]] occupiers of the city during a nocturnal surprise attack. According to a famous legend, they stormed into the houses where they knew the tenants were forced to board and lodge French troops serving as city guards, roused every male person from his bed and forced him to repeat the challenge ''schild en vriend'' (shield and friend). The [[Flemings]] pronounced ((Wikt-lang|nl|schild)) with a separate "s" ((IPA|/s/)) and "ch" ((IPA|/x/))". Flemings would pronounce ((Wikt-lang|nl|vriend)) with a [[Dutch phonology#Consonants|voiced ''v'']] whereas French would render those as a [[French phonology#ref 2|voiceless ''f'']].

:Every Frenchman who failed the test was stabbed on the spot, still in his nightgown. Because the signal for the uprising was the [[matins]] bells of the city's churches and monasteries, this became known as the [[Bruges Matins (history)|Bruges Matins]] or ''Brugse Metten''. Like the name of the massacre, the story may have been influenced by the Sicilian uprising mentioned below.

: The problem with this legend is that in Medieval manuscripts of that time, a shield is referred to as "''skilde''" as in Norse and Norse-influenced English words. Therefore, it is sometimes said that the words must have been "'s gilden vriend" meaning "friend of the guilds." The combination of the 's and the g in "'s gilden" would be pronounced ((IPA|/sx/)).<ref>((citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iO_qLu8JossC |pages=22–3 |title=The rough guide to Bruges & Ghent |author=Phil Lee|isbn=9781858288888 |year=2002 ))</ref>

===Italian/Sicilian–French===
* ''Ciciri'' ([[chickpea]]s): This was used by native [[Sicily|Sicilians]] to ferret out [[Angevin dialect|Angevin]] [[France|French]] soldiers in the late 13th century during the [[Sicilian Vespers]], the uprising which freed the island from [[Capetian House of Anjou|Angevin]] rule. Both the Italian soft c ((IPA|/tʃ/)), and the Italian r, were (and are still) difficult for the French to pronounce as that sequence of sounds seldom appears in French; also, in French and Angevin, words are primarily stressed on the final syllable.<ref>((cite book | title=Language testing: the social dimension | last=McNamara | first=Timothy |author2=Carsten Roever  | year=2006 | publisher=John Wiley and Sons | isbn=978-1-4051-5543-4 | page=153))</ref>

=== Sardinian-Italian ===
* During [[Sardinian Vespers]], on 28 April 1794, known as ((lang|sc|sa dii de s'aciappa))<ref>[http://www.condaghes.it/scheda.asp?id=978-88-86229-23-4&ver=sa ''Sa dì de s´acciappa – Dramma storico in due tempi e sette quadri''], Piero Marcialis, 1996, Condaghes</ref> ("the day of the pursuit and capture"), people in Cagliari started chasing any Piedmontese functionaries they could find; since many of them started to wear the local robes in order to blend into the crowd, any people suspected to be from the Italian mainland would be asked by the populace to "[[Shibboleth|say chickpea]]" (((lang|sc|nara cixiri))) in Sardinian: failure in pronouncing the word correctly would give their origin away.

===Frisian–Dutch===
[[File:Nl-Schibbolet-fries.oga|thumb|right|''Bûter, brea, en griene tsiis; wa't dat net sizze kin, is gjin oprjochte Fries'']]
* ''Bûter, brea, en griene tsiis; wa't dat net sizze kin, is gjin oprjochte Fries'' (((audio|Nl-Schibbolet-fries.oga|example))) (meaning "Butter, rye bread and green cheese, whoever cannot say that is not a genuine Frisian") was used by the [[Frisians|Frisian]] [[Pier Gerlofs Donia]] during a [[Arumer Zwarte Hoop|Frisian rebellion]] (1515–1523). Ships whose crew could not pronounce this properly were usually plundered and soldiers who could not were beheaded by Donia himself.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.wunseradiel.nl/index.php?simaction=content&pagid=289&mediumid=1|publisher=Gemeente Wûnseradiel|title=Greate Pier fan Wûnseradiel|language=Western Frisian|accessdate=4 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120903223225/http://www.gemeentesudwestfryslan.nl/|archive-date=3 September 2012|url-status=dead))</ref>

===Castilian Spanish–Latin-American Spanish===
* During the [[Latin American wars of independence]], the name ((lang|es|[[Francisco]])) was used by [[Colombia]]n rebels to tell locals from Spaniards. Whoever pronounced it as ((IPA|/fɾanˈθisko/)) (as in European Spanish) as opposed to ((IPA|/fɾanˈsisko/)) would have been thrown into the [[Magdalena River]].<ref>((cite web|url=http://congresosdelalengua.es/rosario/ponencias/internacional/avila_r.htm|title=III Congreso Internacional de la Lengua Española. Paneles y ponencias. Raúl Ávila|author=Centro Virtual Cervantes|work=congresosdelalengua.es))</ref>

===English–Dutch===
* In the [[Peasants' Revolt]] of 1381, many [[Flemish people|Flemings]] "loste hir heedes at that tyme and namely they that koude nat say Breede and Chese, but Case and Brode."<ref>''Chronicles of London''; Oxford University Press, 1905; ed. C. L. Kingsford; pp. XXXVI, 15</ref>

===Finnish–Russian===
* ((lang|fi|Yksi)): [[Finnish language|Finnish]] for "[[one]]", used by the [[White Guard (Finland)|White Guard]] to separate Russians from Finns in the [[Finnish Civil War]] during the invasion of [[Tampere]]. Many of the Russians caught had changed to civilian clothing, so suspected people were rounded up, even from hospitals, and asked to say ''((lang|fi|yksi))'' ((IPA-fi|ˈyksi|)) (or made count to ten in Finnish). If the prisoner pronounced it ((IPA-fi|ˈjuksi|)), mistaking the front vowel 'y' for an [[iotation|iotated]] 'u' (ю), he was considered a Russian foreign fighter and was shot on the spot. Any Slav or Balt, Communist or not, was killed, including some members of the White Guard.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.uta.fi/koskivoimaa/valta/1918-40/venalai1.htm|title=Heikki Ylikangas, Tie Tampereelle))</ref>
* ((lang|fi|Höyryjyrä)): [[Finnish language|Finnish]] for "[[steamroller]]", used by the Finnish Army in the [[Second World War]]. This word is almost impossible to pronounce for anyone not skilled in Finnish, with the frontal 'ö' and 'y' and rolled 'r' ((IPA-fi|ˈhøy̯ryˌjyræ|)). For Russian speakers, the leading 'h' is also difficult.((citation needed|date=January 2023))

===Spanish–French and Haitian Creole===
* [[Dominican Republic|Dominican]] dictator [[Rafael Trujillo]] conducted a massacre of undocumented [[Haiti]]an settlers along the Dominican–Haitian border. The action is known as the [[Parsley Massacre]]. Suspects not fluent in Spanish either did not know or could not properly pronounce the Spanish word ''perejil'' ("parsley"). The pronunciation of the word by Haitian citizens tended to be with a [[Alveolar trill|trilled r]], unlike the native Spanish [[Alveolar tap|tapped r]], and without the 'l' at the end of the word.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.ling.upenn.edu/courses/Fall_2003/ling001/shibboleth.html|title=Untitled Document|work=upenn.edu))</ref>
<!--<ref>((cite web
  | last = McLaughlin
  | first = John J.
  | title = The shadow of Trujillo.
  | work = VIEWPOINT&nbsp;– racism fuels political violence in Dominican Republic
  | publisher = National Catholic Reporter
  | date = September 2006
  | url = http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-151974298.html
  | accessdate = 22 December 2007 ))</ref>
-->

===Azeri–Armenian===
* During the [[Sumgait Pogrom]], [[Azerbaijanis|Azeri]] rioters targeted ethnic [[Armenians]] pulled from their homes and vehicles by asking them the Azeri word for hazelnut, ''fundukh'', which Armenians typically pronounce with a ((IPA|[p])) instead of an ((IPA|[f])).<ref>
[http://transkraina.webdoc.4th-line.com Shahmuratian. Sumgait Tragedy, Interview with Vanya Bazyan, p. 159; also: Vahagn Martirosyan, interview (Alexandre Billette, Hervé Dez (2014) - Transkraïna, online, retrieved 2014.02.13]</ref>

===Polish–German===
* ''Soczewica, koło, miele, młyn'' ([[Old Polish]] pronunciation: ((IPA|[ˈs̪ɔt͡ʃɛvit͡sʲa ˈkɔɫɔ ˈmʲɛlʲɛ ˈmɫɪn̪]))), meaning "lentil, wheel, grinds [verb], mill": In 1312, the Polish Prince [[Władysław I the Elbow-high|Ladislaus the Elbow-high]] quelled the [[Rebellion of wójt Albert]] in [[Kraków]], populated mostly by [[Silesians|Silesian]], German and Czech citizens. Anyone over the age of 7 who could not pronounce these [[Polish language|Polish]] words was put to death, ejected from the city or had their property confiscated. 'Ł' (then pronounced as a [[velarized alveolar lateral approximant]], aka [[dark l]]) and dental [s̪] are both unlikely to be pronounced properly by Germans since they cannot make out the difference from their own sounds [l] and [s]. (The former was approximated by Germans as ''l'', and has evolved now into a sound similar to English ''w'').<ref>((cite web|url=http://historia.focus.pl/polska/soczewica-kolo-miele-mlyn-z-albertem-1091|title=Soczewica, Koło, Miele Młyn z Albertem|last=Węgłowski|first=Adam|date=21 June 2012|publisher=[[Focus (Polish magazine)|Focus.pl]]|language=Polish|accessdate=13 June 2016))</ref>

===Japanese–Korean===
*Following [[1923 Great Kantō earthquake|the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake]], which occurred in an area with [[Zainichi Koreans|a high Korean population]], there were rumors that the local Korean population [[Well poisoning|poisoned the wells]]. The locals accosted random people with Japanese phrases that were difficult to pronounce for non-native speakers, resulting in the killings of ethnic Koreans. Many ethnic Chinese were also killed as they were also unable to correctly pronounce the shibboleths. An [[unforeseen consequence]] of the hysteria-induced killings was that some ethnic Japanese from outlying regions, such as [[Okinawa]], were also killed as they had accents that sounded strange to the paranoid locals.<ref>[http://www.china.org.cn/opinion/2011-03/30/content_22255533_2.htm Modern values, not tradition, kept Japanese public calm. China.org.cn. Retrieved 30 May 2023]</ref> The phrase ((Nihongo|15.50 [[Japanese Yen|Yen]]|十五円五十銭|Jūgoen gojissen)) was one of the shibboleths used to Koreans, as pronouncing voiced consonants were difficult for them.<ref>[https://www.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2013/08/30/2013083000311.html <nowiki>[관동대학살 90년]</nowiki> "주고엔 고짓센(한국인이 발음 어려운 일본어·15엔 50전이란 뜻) 발음해봐"… 조선인 색출해 길거리서 칼·죽창 살해. Chosun.com. Retrieved 3 October 2023]</ref>

===Ukrainian–Russian===
* ''[[Palianytsia]]'': a type of Ukrainian bread. During the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], the word ''palianytsia'' (((lang-uk|паляниця)), ((IPA|[pɐlʲɐˈnɪt͡sʲɐ]))) became one of those proposed to use to identify Russian subversive reconnaissance groups, as it is unlikely to be pronounced properly by Russians due to different phonetics of the [[Russian language]] according to apostrophe.ua.<ref>((Cite web |title=Скажи паляниця: чому саме це слово вибрали для ідентифікації російських військових |url=https://apostrophe.ua/ua/news/society/2022-02-28/skaji-palyanitsya-pochemu-imenno-eto-slovo-vyibrali-dlya-identifikatsii-russkih-voennyih/260879 |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=Апостроф |language=uk))</ref> On Russian state television, [[Russia-1]] television host [[Olga Skabeyeva]] pronounced this word as "polyanitsa" and said that it means [[strawberry]], confusing it with another Ukrainian word, ''polunytsia'' (((lang-uk|полуниця)), ((IPA|[pɔlʊˈnɪt͡sʲɐ]))).<ref>((Cite web |title="Поляніца": російська пропагандистка Скабєєва не змогла правильно вимовити "перевіркове" українське слово|url=https://tsn.ua/svit/polyanica-rosiyska-propagandistva-skabyeyeva-ne-zmogla-pravilno-vimoviti-perevirkove-ukrayinske-slovo-1992655.html|access-date=2022-03-17|website=TSN|date=March 2022 |language=uk))</ref>

===Culture, religion and language-specific shibboleths===
* English-speaking [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] personnel in Europe, during the [[Second World War]], frequently made use of passwords in which [[labio-velar approximant]]s (w-sounds) or [[voiceless dental fricative]]s (th-sounds) were prominent, as these are unusual in spoken [[German language|German]], and the letter w is normally pronounced "v" by native speakers of German. For instance, following [[Operation Overlord|D-Day]] (1944) US forces used the challenge-response "Flash" – "Thunder" – "''Welcome''".<ref>((cite book|last=Ambrose|first=Stephen E.|title=D-Day|year=1994|publisher=Touchstone|location=New York|isbn=0-684-80137-X|page=191))</ref>
* American soldiers could ferret out German infiltrators during their time in the Western Front. German spies were taught British English, which was different from American English. For example, Britons used the word ''lorry'' rather than the American term ''truck''. American soldiers used such words as a shibboleth to distinguish Nazi spies.
* [[Israel Defense Forces|Israeli forces]] during the [[1948 Palestine war]] used passwords chosen to contain [[voiceless bilabial stop]]s (p-sounds), which are not found in [[Arabic language|Arabic]], and which native speakers of Arabic often replace with a [[voiced bilabial stop]] (b-sounds).((citation needed|date=November 2012))
* In the [[Lebanese Civil War]] of 1975, Christian [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] soldiers targeted suspected [[Palestine (region)|Palestinians]] at checkpoints by asking how they pronounced the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] word for "tomato", which is pronounced "banadoura" in [[Lebanese Arabic]] and "bandoura" in [[Palestinian Arabic]]. If they said the former, they were let through; if they said the latter, they were shot on the spot.<ref>((cite book|last=Ross|first=Stuart|title=Teach Yourself - The Middle East Since 1945|publisher=Hodder Education|page=98))</ref>
* At the [[Battle of Mount Tumbledown]] in the 1982 [[Falklands War]], the [[Scots Guards]] replaced the established passwords for their night attack with  the phrase "Hey Jimmie", because the Spanish-speaking Argentinians would have difficulty pronouncing the English consonant "J".<ref>((cite book |last=Middlebrook |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Middlebrook |title=The Falklands War |year=2012 |location=Barnsley, UK |publisher=Pen & Sword Military |page=357 |isbn=978-1-84884-636-4))</ref>
* During the [[Somali people|Somali]] [[Islamic terrorism|Islamic terrorist]] group [[Al-Shabaab (militant group)|al-Shabaab]]'s [[Westgate shopping mall shooting|2013 shooting and hostage siege attack]] on the [[Westgate (Kenyan shopping mall)|Westgate shopping mall]] in [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]], the attackers asked for [[Prophets in Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]]'s mother [[Aminah bint Wahb]]'s name and the ''[[shahada]]'' as religious shibboleths to determine Muslims and non-Muslims. Muslims were freed, while non-Muslims were targeted. An Indian man who could not name Aminah was shot dead.<ref name="Westgate BBC">((cite news |title=Nairobi siege: What we know |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-24189116 |newspaper=[[BBC News]] |accessdate=22 September 2013 |quote=An Indian man who was standing next to him was asked for the name of the Prophet's mother and when he was unable to answer, he was shot dead, the witness told him.))</ref><ref name="Westgate NZH">((cite news |title=Explosions inside mall as stand-off nears end |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=11129542 |newspaper=The New Zealand Herald |date=25 September 2013 |accessdate=26 September 2013 |agency=Agence France-Presse))</ref>
* The mostly [[Christianity in the Philippines|Christian]] [[Armed Forces of the Philippines|Filipino ground troops]] fighting in the 2013 [[Zamboanga City crisis]] used the [[Lord's Prayer]] as a way to identify [[Moro insurgency in the Philippines|Moro insurgents]]. Those who could not recite the Lord's Prayer in any [[Languages of the Philippines|Philippine language]], including [[Philippine English|English]], were immediately suspected of being part of the armed [[Moro National Liberation Front]] and detained. All non-Christians, including non-combatant Muslims, would also fail the test.<ref>((cite web|author1=Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism|title=Peace groups warn of empty victory in Zambo siege|url=http://pcij.org/blog/2013/09/27/peace-groups-warn-of-empty-victory-in-zambo-siege|website=The PCIJ Blog|publisher=The Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism|accessdate=31 March 2015|date=27 September 2013))</ref>

==Other non-English shibboleths==

===Dutch===
* The sentence ''De zon in de zee zien zakken'' ([[Eye dialect]]: ''De son in de see sien sakke'') 'to see the sun go under the sea', pronounced ((IPA|[də ˈsɔn ɪn də ˈsei sin ˈsɑkə])) (or, in broader accents, ((IPA|[də ˈɕɔn ɪn də ˈɕei ɕin ˈɕɑkə]))) is used to identify speakers of the Amsterdam dialect, who lack the ((IPA|/z/)) phoneme. The standard Dutch pronunciation of that sentence is ((IPA-nl|də ˈzɔn ɪn də ˈzeː zin ˈzɑkə(n)|)). Contrary to the stereotype, any prevocalic ((angbr|z)) can be voiced in Amsterdam, but then so can any prevocalic ((angbr|s)) through the process of hypercorrection (so that ''suiker'' 'sugar', pronounced ((IPA-nl|ˈsœykər|)) in Standard Dutch may be pronounced ((IPA|[ˈzɐykər])) (spelled ''zuiker'' in eye dialect) in Amsterdam).<ref>((cite web|url=https://onzetaal.nl/de-trein-rijdt-van-zijn-naar-zijn/|title=Nu.nl-column: 'De trein rijdt van zijn naar zijn' ((!)) Genootschap Onze Taal ((!)) Onze Taal|access-date=27 March 2021))</ref>

==English shibboleths for native speakers or local natives==

((See also|Regional accents of English|Regional vocabularies of American English))
* ''[[Fish and chips]]'': The accents of [[Australia]]ns and [[New Zealand]]ers seem very similar, and the term ''fish and chips'' is sometimes evoked to illustrate a major difference between the two. In [[New Zealand English#Vowels|New Zealand pronunciation]] short ''i'' is a central vowel, ((IPA|[ɘ])). This vowel sound is sometimes caricatured as "fush and chups" by Australians. The [[Australian English phonology|Australian pronunciation]] has the front vowel ((IPA|[ɪ])) (which is more common in most [[varieties of English]]) which, due to an overall [[vowel shift]] in New Zealand, sounds like "feesh and cheeps" to the ears of a New Zealander,<ref>((citation |url=http://ir.canterbury.ac.nz/handle/10092/985 |title=Identification of New Zealand English and Australian English based on stereotypical accent markers |author=Ilka Ludwig |year=2007|page=22|doi=10.26021/4611 ))</ref><ref>((citation |title=New Zealand English: phonology |author=Laurie Bauer, Paul Warren |isbn=978-3-11-019637-5 |year=2008))</ref> sounding like an instance of the "[[Fill–feel merger]]".
* Pronunciation of letters of the [[alphabet]]:
** ''[[H]]'': in [[Northern Ireland]] pronounced 'aitch' by [[Protestant]]s, and 'haitch' by [[Catholic]]s,<ref>((cite book|author1=Philippe Laplace|author2=Eric Tabuteau|title=Cities on the Margin, on the Margin of Cities: Representations of Urban Space in Contemporary Irish and British Fiction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wnFz_ZIfBgsC&pg=PA186|year=2003|publisher=Presses Univ. Franche-Comté|isbn=978-2-84867-018-8|page=186))</ref> per [[Hiberno-English]].<ref>((cite book|author=Cynthia Cockburn|title=The Space Between Us: Negotiating Gender and National Identities in Conflict|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gPGDLH5gUvAC&pg=PA51|year=1998|publisher=Zed Books|isbn=978-1-85649-618-6|page=51))</ref> Also often pronounced 'haitch' in dialects of English spoken in former colonies of Africa, Asia, and the [[Oceania|Pacific]], usually among non-native English speakers, but in the case of [[Australia]], also among native speakers, especially those of Irish descent.<ref>((cite web|url=http://andc.anu.edu.au/sites/default/files/Ozwords%20June%201998.pdf|title=AB(H)OMINABLE (H)AITCH|author=Frederick Ludowyk|work=Ozwords|publisher=Australian National Dictionary Centre))</ref>
** ''[[Z]]'': pronounced ''zee'' in the [[United States]] and the [[Philippines]]; typically ''zed'' in the Commonwealth. Known in [[American history]] and [[popular culture]] for distinguishing American males who fled to Canada from the US to escape the [[draft dodger|military draft]] in the 1950s and 60s.<ref>((cite book|title=Think|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bcUOAQAAMAAJ|year=1958|publisher=International Business Machines Corp.|page=9))</ref><ref>((cite book|title=Science Digest|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NbgPAAAAIAAJ|year=1958|publisher=Science Digest, Incorporated|page=44))</ref> The Canadian pronunciation was featured in the [[Molson]] [[Molson Canadian|Canadian]] ''[[I Am Canadian]]'' advertisement in 2000.<ref>[http://adage.com/article/news/blame-canada-molson-brilliant-rant-states/15731/ Blame Canada and Molson for brilliant 'Rant' at States], ''[[Advertising Age]]'', 8 May 2000</ref>

===Place-name pronunciations===
((Main|List of irregularly spelled English names))

====In Australia====
* [[Castlemaine, Victoria]]: pronounced ((IPAc-en|ˈ|k|æ|s|əl|m|eɪ|n)) ((respell|KASS|əl|mayn)) by the locals and ((IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɑː|s|əl|m|eɪ|n)) ((respell|KAH|səl|mayn)) by those Australians who have a more extensive [[trap-bath split]] (see [[Variation in Australian English]]).
* [[Melbourne]], Victoria: Generally pronounced locally as ((IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɛ|l|b|ə|n)), non-Australians, particularly from the UK or USA often pronounce it as ((IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɛ|l|b|ɔːr|n)), as in [[Melbourne, Derbyshire]].<ref name=":0">((cite book|title=Macquarie Dictionary, Fourth Edition|year=2005|publisher=The Macquarie Library Pty Ltd.|location=Melbourne|isbn=1-876429-14-3))</ref><ref>((Cite book|last=Wells, J. C. (John Christopher)|title=Longman pronunciation dictionary|date=2008|publisher=Pearson Education Limited/Longman|isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0|edition=3rd|location=Harlow, England|oclc=213400485))</ref>
* [[Newcastle, New South Wales]]: pronounced ((IPAc-en|ˈ|nj|uː|k|ɑː|s|əl)) ((respell|NEW|kah|səl)) by the locals and ((IPAc-en|ˈ|nj|uː|k|æ|s|əl)) ((respell|NEW|kass|əl)) by [[Victoria, Australia|Victorians]].

====In Canada====
*[[Calgary]], [[Alberta]]: citizens distinctively pronounce the name without the middle syllable of its spelling, thus: ((IPAc-en|ˈ|k|æ|l|g|r|iː)) ((respell|KAL|gree)).<ref>((cite web |title=How you say ‘Calgary’ says a lot |date=2015-02-20 |website=[[The Globe and Mail]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718145315/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/alberta/how-you-say-calgary-says-a-lot/article23138241/ |archive-date=2022-07-18 |url-status=live |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/alberta/how-you-say-calgary-says-a-lot/article23138241/))</ref>
*[[Montreal|Montréal]], [[Quebec|Québec]]: Anglophone Montrealers pronounce the name of their city with the ((sc2|STRUT)) vowel in the first syllable, thus: ((IPAc-en|ˌ|m|ʌ|n|t|r|i|ˈ|ɔː|l)) ((respell|MUN|tree|AWL)). The tendency of English speakers from elsewhere in North America, especially the US, to pronounce the first syllable with the ((sc2|LOT)) vowel (thus ((IPAc-en|ˌ|m|ɒ|n|t|r|i|ˈ|ɔː|l)) ((respell|MON|tree|AWL))), immediately marks them as non-Montrealers to local ears. (However, ''Francophone'' Montrealers pronounce it ((IPA-fr|mɔ̃ʁeal|)), at least in their native French.)
* [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]]: Some outsiders pronounce the island name almost as if it were three separate words, ((IPAc-en|nj|uː|ˈ|f|aʊ|n|d|l|ə|n|d)) ((respell|new|FOWND|lənd)) rather than the local pronunciation, ((IPAc-en|ˌ|nj|uː|f|ən|ˈ|l|æ|n|d)) ((respell|NEW|fən|LAND)), rhyming with "understand".<ref>Story, George Morley, et al., ''Dictionary of Newfoundland English'' (Toronto, University of Toronto Press:1982), "Newfoundland", p. 344.</ref>
*[[Regina, Saskatchewan|Regina]], [[Saskatchewan]]: Pronounced ((IPAc-en|r|ɪ|ˈ|dʒ|aɪ|n|ə)) ((respell|rij|EYE|nə)),<ref>((citation|author=Merriam-Webster Audio File|title=Regina|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/audio.php?file=ggregi01&word=Regina&text=))</ref> rhyming with "vagina". Familiarity with the standard pronunciation may in some cases distinguish Canadians from Americans.<ref>((cite news|date=2 February 2015|title=You heard what? Because Jon Ryan went to University of Regina|newspaper=[[CJME]]|url=http://cjme.com/story/you-heard-what-because-jon-ryan-went-university-regina/531688|url-status=dead|access-date=14 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416021613/http://cjme.com/story/you-heard-what-because-jon-ryan-went-university-regina/531688|archive-date=16 April 2016))</ref>
*[[Saskatchewan]]: Most Canadians will pronounce the name of this province with a [[schwa]] in all syllables except the second, where the stress is placed: ((IPAc-en|audio=Saskatchewan.ogg|s|ə|ˈ|s|k|æ|tʃ|ə|w|ə|n|)) ((respell|sə|SKATCH|ə|wən)), while locals, especially in rural areas, often condense the name even further down to two syllables: ((IPAc-en|s|k|æ|tʃ|w|ə|n|)) ((respell|SKATCH|wən)). In contrast, outsiders frequently stress the first syllable and fully pronounce all of its vowels: ((IPAc-en|ˈ|s|æ|s|k|æ|tʃ|u|ɒ|n|)) ((respell|SASK|atch|choo|on)).<ref>((Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166321297|title=Saskatchewan book of everything : everything you wanted to know about Saskatchewan and were going to ask anyway|date=2007|publisher=MacIntyre Purcell Pub|others=Riess, Kelly.|isbn=978-0-9738063-9-7|location=Lunenburg, N.S.|oclc=166321297))</ref>
*[[Toronto]], [[Ontario]]: Toronto is sometimes pronounced with the first syllable elided as if it were a two-syllable word: ((IPAc-en|ˈ|t|r|ɒ|n|t|oʊ)) "Tronto". Stronger local forms are ((IPAc-en|t|ə|ˈ|r|ɒ|n|t|ə)) "Toronta" and ((IPAc-en|ˈ|t|r|ɒ|n|t|ə)) "Tronta", with the ((sc2|GOAT)) vowel reduced to a schwa.<ref name="UTC">((cite web|title=Urban '''Toronto''' ''How do you pronounce 'Toronto' — '''Where is this Trawna thing coming from?'''''|url=https://urbantoronto.ca/forum/threads/post-how-do-you-pronounce-toronto.4133/)) Compiled by Rob Roberts of the ‘[[National Post]]’, with citations from [[Judy Maddren]] of the [[CBC Radio|CBC]], and Jack Chambers, Professor of Linguistics at the [[University of Toronto]]</ref> but they are both more noticeable and generally less approved of, possibly because they deviate far enough from the spelling as to make the speaker sound potentially semiliterate.<ref name="JKC">((cite web|title=J.K. (Jack) Chambers, Professor of Linguistics, University of Toronto|url=http://homes.chass.utoronto.ca/~chambers/)) 1967-70 Ph.D. [[University of Alberta]]. General Linguistics</ref><ref name="JCCV">((cite web|title=Curriculum Vitae for J.K. (Jack) Chambers, Ph.D.|url=http://homes.chass.utoronto.ca/~chambers/CV.pdf)) Professor of Linguistics, University of Toronto; (in .PDF format and current to January 2020).</ref><ref name="NPC">((Cite news|url=https://nationalpost.com/news/national-post-day-oner-rob-roberts-appointed-as-its-new-editor-in-chief-im-a-postie-to-my-bones|title=National Post Day-Oner Rob Roberts appointed new editor-in-chief: 'I'm a Postie to my bones'|first=Meagan|last=Campbell|newspaper=National Post |date=9 July 2019))</ref><ref name="BNNB">((Cite web|url=https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/postmedia-names-rob-roberts-editor-in-chief-of-national-post-1.1284060|title=Postmedia names Rob Roberts editor-in-chief of National Post - BNN Bloomberg|agency=The Canadian Press|date=8 July 2019|website=BNN))</ref> This shibboleth was referenced in the Oscar-winning movie ''[[Argo (2012 film)|Argo]]''.

====In Ireland====
*[[Dublin]] has several places with counterintuitive pronunciations:
**[[Aungier Street]]: pronounced ((IPAc-en|ˈ|eɪ|n|dʒ|@r)) to rhyme with "danger."<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.dublinlive.ie/whats-on/seven-dublin-place-names-people-12815793|title=Seven Dublin place names people ALWAYS get wrong|first=Kayla|last=Walsh|date=March 29, 2017|website=DublinLive))</ref>
**[[D'Olier Street]]: pronounced ((IPAc-en|d|ə|ˈ|l|ɪər)) (((respell|də|LEER)))<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.jjon.org/joyce-s-words/pronunciations|title=Pronunciations - James Joyce Online Notes|website=www.jjon.org|access-date=9 October 2021|archive-date=4 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804191435/http://www.jjon.org/joyce-s-words/pronunciations|url-status=dead))</ref>
**[[Dorset Street, Dublin|Dorset Street]]: pronounced ((IPAc-en|d|ɔr|ˈ|s|ɛ|t)) with [[stress (linguistics)|stress]] on the second syllable, although placing the stress on the first syllable (like [[Dorset|the English county]]) is increasingly common.<ref name="auto">((Cite web|url=https://lovin.ie/entertainment/19-irish-place-names-that-tourists-will-absolutely-love|title=19 Irish Place Names That Tourists Will Absolutely Love|website=Lovin.ie))</ref>
**[[Iveagh Gardens]] and other places in Dublin named for the [[Earl of Iveagh|Earls of Iveagh]] are generally pronounced ((IPAc-en|ˈ|ai|v|iː)) (like "ivy"), although in Ulster "Iveagh" is typically pronounced ((IPAc-en|ˈ|aɪ|v|ə)) ((respell|EYE|və)).<ref>dublin.ie/live/stories/dublin-treasures-the-iveagh-gardens</ref>
**[[Jobstown]]: pronounced ((IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|oʊ|b|z|.|t|aʊ|n)), like the Biblical [[Job (Bible)|Job]].<ref name="auto"/>
**[[Ranelagh]]: Locals, especially longtime residents, pronounce it ((IPAc-en|ˈ|r|ɛ|n|əl|ə)) (((Respell|REN|əl|ə))), while others, including the [[Luas]] (tram) announcer, pronounce it ((IPAc-en|ˈ|r|æ|n|əl|ə)) ((respell|RAN|əl|ə)).<ref>((Cite web|url=https://lovindublin.com/news/debate-how-do-you-pronounce-ranelagh|title=DEBATE: How Do YOU Pronounce Ranelagh?|website=LovinDublin.com))</ref> 
**[[Tallaght]]: ((IPAc-en|ˈ|t|æ|l|ə))
*[[Drogheda]]: mostly pronounced ((IPAc-en|ˈ|d|r|ɔː|d|ə)) by locals whereas outsiders typically pronounce it ((IPAc-en|ˈ|d|r|ɒ|h|ə|d|ə|))

====In Malaysia====
* [[Genting Highlands]]: [[Malaysians]] pronounce it as ((IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ə|n|t|ɪ|ŋ)) (with a hard ((IPA|/ɡ/))), whereas in English tends to be ((IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|ɛ|n|t|ɪ|ŋ)).<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.blackpoolgazette.co.uk/news/business/local-business/casino-shuffles-the-pack-with-revamp-1-6275895|title=Casino shuffles the pack with revamp|work=blackpoolgazette.co.uk))</ref>

====In New Zealand====
* [[Bluff, New Zealand|Bluff]]: The town of Bluff is almost always referred to by locals with the definite article as "The Bluff".
* [[Central Otago]]: Whereas most New Zealanders would talk about travelling to Central Otago or being in Central Otago, locals refer to travelling or being "up Central".
* [[Otago]]: Older residents will often end and begin the regions name with a [[schwa]] as ((IPA|/ə.'tɑː.gə/)) rather than the usual rounded "o" (((IPA|/oʊ.'tɑː.goʊ/))).
* [[Saint Arnaud, New Zealand|Saint Arnaud]]: While the official pronunciation is the same as would be expected from a French-language name (((IPA|/'ɑː.noʊ/))), locals often voice the name's end as ((IPA|/'ɑː.nəd/)).
* [[Waiwera South]]: Officially pronounced as ((IPA|/waɪ.'wɛər.ə/)), older locals will often use the non-standard ((IPA|/'waɪ.vrə/)).
* [[West Coast, New Zealand|West Coast]] and [[Gisborne Region|East Coast]]: Without context or further description, among New Zealanders "The East Coast" usually refers to the northeast of the North Island, whereas "The West Coast" usually refers to the west coast of the South Island.

Various town and street names are pronounced in counter-intuitive ways. These include:
* Antigua Street, Christchurch: pronounced ((IPA|/æn.'tɪ.giːu.ər/)).
* [[Eltham, New Zealand|Eltham]]: Although named after [[Eltham]] in England, the town's name is pronounced ((IPA|/'ɛl.θəm/)), not ((IPA|/'ɛl.thəm/)).
* Filleul Street, Dunedin: pronounced ((IPA|/fɪ.'luː.əl/)).
* Jervois Street, Dunedin: pronounced ((IPA|/'dʒər.vɔɪs/)).
* [[Levin, New Zealand|Levin]]: pronounced ((IPA|/lə.'vɪn/)).
* [[Te Puke]]: pronounced ((IPA|/te.'pʊ.ke/)).

====In the United Kingdom====
* Belvoir Park, [[Belfast]]: Another French derived place name in Belfast. Belfast locals pronounce it ((IPAc-en|ˈ|b|iː|v|ər)) ((respell|BEE|vər)), as in "beaver", instead of the French-influenced pronunciation such as ((IPAc-en||b|ɛ|l|ˈ|v|w|ɑːr)) ((respell|bel|VWAR)).
* Boucher Road, [[Belfast]]: Despite its derivation from the French word for 'butcher', Belfast locals pronounce it ((IPAc-en|ˈ|b|aʊ|tʃ|ər)) ((respell|BOW|chər)), as in "voucher", instead of a French-influenced pronunciation such as ((IPAc-en|b|uː|ˈ|ʃ|eɪ)) ((respell|boo|SHAY)).
* [[Kingston upon Hull]], [[Sunderland]], and many other cities and towns in Northern England and the Midlands are pronounced with ((IPAc-en|ʊ)) by the locals (((IPAc-en|ˈ|h|ʊ|l)) ((respell|HUUL)), ((IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ʊ|n|d|ər|l|ə|n|d)) ((respell|SUUN|dər|lənd))) and ((IPAc-en|ʌ)) in Scotland, Southern England and most of Wales (((IPAc-en|ˈ|h|ʌ|l)) ((respell|HUL)), ((IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ʌ|n|d|ər|l|ə|n|d)) ((respell|SUN|dər|lənd))).
* [[Magdalene College, Cambridge|Magdalene College]] and Magdalene Bridge, [[Cambridge]]: In both cases, locals pronounce Magdalene as ((IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɔː|d|l|ɪ|n)) ((respell|MAWD|lin)).
* [[Magdalen Street]], [[Oxford]]: The street is pronounced as ((IPAc-en|ˈ|m|æ|ɡ|d|əl|ɪ|n)) ((respell|MAG|dəl|in)) while the name of the [[Magdalen College, Oxford|College]] is always ((IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɔː|d|l|ɪ|n)) ((respell|MAWD|lin)). This inconsistency has non-locals mispronouncing one or the other, regardless of their default way of pronouncing the name.<ref>Jones, Daniel, eds. P.Roach, J.Setter and J.Esling ''Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary'', 18th Edition, 2011, Cambridge University Press</ref>
* [[Newcastle Upon Tyne]]: The name is pronounced with penultimate stress and a short ((IPAc-en|æ)) in the region (((IPAc-en|nj|uː|ˈ|k|æ|s|əl))  ((respell|new|KASS|əl))), whereas in the southeast of England it has an initial stress and a long ((IPAc-en|ɑː)): ((IPAc-en|ˈ|nj|uː|k|ɑː|s|əl)) ((respell|NEW|kah|səl)).

====In the United States====
* [[Albany, New York|''Albany'']], New York: Locals pronounce the first syllable as "all" (((IPAc-en|audio=Albany.ogg|ˈ|ɔː|l|b|ən|i)) ((respell|AWL|bən|ee))), whereas many non-locals pronounce the first syllable like the male name "Al."
* ''[[Appalachia]]'': Residents of the region pronounce it as ((IPAc-en|ˌ|æ|p|ə|ˈ|l|æ|tʃ|ə)), with short vowels, but non-locals rather pronounce it as ((IPAc-en|ˌ|æ|p|ə|ˈ|l|eɪ|tʃ|ə|,_|-|ʃ|ə)). The name was originally Native American, but came to English via Spanish as the local pronunciation is based on the Spanish equivalent.<ref>Walls, David (2006). "Appalachia." ''The Encyclopedia of Appalachia'' (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press), pp. 1006–07.</ref><ref>''Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged'' (Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, 1993), p. 102.</ref>
* [[Auchentoroly Terrace Historic District|''Auchentoroloy'' Terrace]] is a neighborhood and street [[Baltimore]], Maryland which is often cited as a name that people from outside the city are unlikely to know how to pronounce.<ref name="bsun">((cite news|title=Neighborhood tour may shed light on Druid Hill Park's 'under-appreciated jewel'|newspaper=Baltimore Sun|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1992-04-29-1992120162-story.html|date=1992-04-29|last=Kelley|first=Jacques))</ref>
* [[Boise, Idaho|''Boise'']], Idaho: The city's name is commonly pronounced ((IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ɔɪ|z|i)) ((respell|BOY|zee)). However, locals actually pronounce it as ((IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ɔɪ|s|i)) ((respell|BOY|see)).<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.boiseweekly.com/boise/idaho-pronunciation-guide/Content?oid=1749831|title=Idaho Pronunciation Guide – Say it like a local|date=25 August 2010|last=Green|first=Julia|publisher=[[Boise Weekly]]))</ref>
* [[Buena Vista, Colorado|''Buena Vista'']], Colorado. Unlike other places bearing this name in the United States (typical pronunciations include ((IPAc-en|ˌ|b|w|ɛ|n|ə|_|ˈ|v|ɪ|s|t|ə|,_|ˌ|b|w|eɪ|-|,_|-|ˈ|v|iː|s|-)) ((respell|BWEN|ə|_|VISS|tə|,_|BWAY|-,_-|VEESS|-))) the town in Colorado is called ((IPAc-en|ˌ|b|j|uː|n|ə|_|ˈ|v|ɪ|s|t|ə)) ((respell|BEW|nə|_|VISS|tə)) by locals. [[Buena Vista, Virginia]], is pronounced the same way.
* [[Portland, Oregon]]'s ''Couch'' Street is ((IPAc-en|k|uː|tʃ)), rhyming with "pooch," unlike the identically spelled sofa synonym pronounced ((IPAc-en|k|aʊ|tʃ)).<ref name="greiner">((cite journal |last1=Greiner |first1=Tony |last2=Bridgewater |first2=Rachel |title=Portland: An eclectic introduction |journal=College & Research Libraries News |volume=75 |issue=8 |date=2014 |pages=422–426|doi=10.5860/crln.75.8.9173 |doi-access=free ))</ref>
* [[Dacula, Georgia|''Dacula'']], Georgia: Residents local to [[Gwinnett County, Georgia|Gwinnett County]] pronounce the city as ((IPAc-en|d|ə|ˈ|k|j|uː|l|ə)) ((respell|də|KEW|lə)) while those unfamiliar with the area may pronounce the name of the town as ((IPAc-en|ˈ|d|æ|k|ʊ|l|ə)) ((respell|DAK|uul|ə)).
* ''[[Detroit]]'': Most residents (as well as most speakers of [[African-American Vernacular English]]) pronounce it as ((IPAc-en|ˈ|d|iː|t|r|ɔɪ|t)) with the stress on the first syllable, while non-locals pronounce it as (((IPAc-en|d|ɪ|ˈ|t|r|ɔɪ|t)), with the stress on the second syllable.
* ''[[Forked River]]'', [[New Jersey]]: Locals pronounce the first word as ((IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ɔːr|k|ɪ|d)) ((respell|FOR|kid)), while most visitors pronounce it as ((IPAc-en|f|ɔːr|k|t)) ((respell|FORKT)).
* [[Houston Street (Manhattan)|''Houston'' Street]], [[New York City]]: Locals pronounce the first syllable identically with "house" (((IPAc-en|ˈ|h|aʊ|s|t|ən)) ((respell|HOW|stən))), while most visitors will employ the same pronunciation as in [[Houston|Houston, Texas]] (((IPAc-en|ˈ|h|juː|s|t|ən|audio=En-us-Houston.ogg)) ((respell|HEW|stən))). Houston Street is actually a corruption of the original name of Houstoun Street, named after [[Continental Congress]] Delegate [[William Houstoun (lawyer)|William Houstoun]], who pronounced his name in this way.<ref>((cite news|title=New York Bookshelf; An Oddly Named Street, A Dark Night, a Gamy Club|date=8 February 2004|work=The New York Times|page=CY12))</ref>
* [[Hull, Massachusetts|''Hull'']], Massachusetts, would seem to be pronounced ((IPAc-en|h|ʌ|l)), as in the exterior of a ship, but locals will invariably render it ((IPAc-en|h|ɔː|l)) homophonous to "hall", as in a corridor.
* [[Hurricane, West Virginia|''Hurricane'']], West Virginia: Residents pronounce it as ((IPAc-en|ˈ|h|ɜːr|ʌ|k|ɪ|n)) (((respell|HUR|uh|kin))), while non-residents pronounce it like the weather phenomenon, ((IPAc-en|ˈ|h|ɝ|ɪ|k|eɪ|n)) (((respell|HUR|i|cayn))).<ref>((Cite news |last=Kirk |first=Sam |date=2022-01-04 |title=West Virginia place names you might be saying wrong |url=https://www.wboy.com/news/west-virginia/west-virginia-place-names-you-might-be-saying-wrong/ |access-date=2023-04-21 |work=[[WBOY-TV]] |location=Clarksburg, West Virginia))</ref>
* ''[[Long Island]]'', [[New York (state)|New York]]: Residents pronounce it as ((IPAc-en|l|ɔː|ŋ|ˈ|ɡ|aɪ|l|ə|n|d)), while non-residents pronounce it as ((IPAc-en|l|ɔː|ŋ|_|ˈ|aɪ|l|ə|n|d)).
* Kuykendahl Road, Houston, Texas: Non-locals will try to sound this out, but most locals know to pronounce it as ((respell|KIRK|en|doll)) or ((IPAc-en|k|ɜːr|k|ɪ|n|d|ɔː|l)).<ref>((Cite news |date=2020-09-17 |title=Ask 2: Why is Kuykendahl pronounced ‘kEr ken-dAHl?' |url=https://www.click2houston.com/news/local/2020/09/15/ask-2-why-is-kuykendahl-pronounced-ker-ken-dahl/ |access-date=2023-12-28 |work=[[KPRC-TV]] |location=Houston, Texas))</ref>
* [[Louisville, Kentucky|''Louisville'']], Kentucky: The name is pronounced by locals as ((IPAc-en|audio=Loouhvull.ogg|ˈ|l|uː|ɪ|v|ɪ|l)) ((respell|LOO|iv|il)). However, non-locals will usually use ((IPAc-en|audio=Looeevil.ogg|ˈ|l|uː|iː|v|ɪ|l)) ((respell|LOO|ee|vil)).
* [[Manvel, Texas|''Manvel'']], Texas: Pronounced by locals as ((IPAc-en|ˈ|m|æ|n|v|ɪ|l)) ((respell|MAN|vil)), though outsiders will mispronounce as  ((IPAc-en|ˈ|m|æ|n|v|ɛ|l)) ((respell|MAN|vel)).
* [[Miami, Oklahoma|''Miami'']], Oklahoma: Locals from northeastern Oklahoma pronounce the name as ((IPAc-en|m|aɪ|ˈ|æ|m|ə)) ((respell|my|AM|ə)), while others pronounce the name like the city in Florida, ((IPAc-en|m|aɪ|ˈ|æ|m|i)) ((respell|my|AM|ee)).<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.bigorrin.org/miami_kids.htm |title=Facts for Kids: Miami Indians (Miamis) |publisher=Bigorrin.org |accessdate=31 July 2018))</ref><ref>((Cite web |url=http://www.hicksville-ohio.com/History/history2.htm |title=Indian History at Hicksville-Ohio.com |access-date=11 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123090544/http://www.hicksville-ohio.com/History/history2.htm |archive-date=23 January 2018 |url-status=dead))</ref><ref>((Cite web |url=http://www.miamination.com/faq.html |title=Faq |access-date=11 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509061308/http://www.miamination.com/faq.html |archive-date=9 May 2008 |url-status=dead  ))</ref>
* ''[[Moyock]]'', [[North Carolina]]: Locals pronounce it as ((IPAc-en|ˈ|m|oʊ|j|ɒ|k)) ((respell|MOH|yok)), while most visitors pronounce it as ((IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɔɪ|ɒ|k)) ((respell|MOY|ok)).
* [[Natchitoches, Louisiana|''Natchitoches'']], Louisiana: Locals will recognize the city and parish name as being pronounced ((IPAc-en|ˈ|n|æ|k|ə|t|ɪ|ʃ)) ((Respell|NAK|ə-tish))<ref>((cite news|title=Natchitoches native makes Company's 'Steel Magnolias' bloom with authenticity|last=Dorman|first=Jim|date=February 4, 2020|work=The Patriot Ledger|location=Worcester, Massachusetts|url=https://www.patriotledger.com/entertainmentlife/20200204/theater-natchitoches-native-makes-companys-steel-magnolias-bloom-with-authenticity))</ref><ref>((cite news|title=Natchi — What's It Now? A Local Sets Us Straight|date=January 23, 2014|last=Block|first=Melissa|work=All Things Considered|url=https://www.npr.org/2014/01/23/265358227/natchi-whats-it-now-a-tour-guide-sets-us-straight|access-date=March 21, 2021))</ref> while people unfamiliar with the name may pronounce it as ((IPAc-en|ˌ|n|æ|t|ʃ|ɪ|ˈ|t|oʊ|ʃ|ɪ|z)) ((respell|NATCH|ih|TOH|shiz)) or similar.
* ''[[Nevada]]'': Nevadans (and other people who live in the Western US) say ((IPAc-en|n|ɪ|ˈ|v|æ|d|ə)) ((respell|niv|AD|ə)). Visitors from outside the Western US often say ((IPAc-en|n|ɪ|ˈ|v|ɑː|d|ə)) ((respell|niv|AH|də)). Additionally, there are a number of smaller towns in other states bearing the name Nevada pronounced yet another way, such as ((IPAc-en|n|ɪ|ˈ|v|eɪ|d|ə)) ((respell|niv|AY|də)) in [[Nevada, Missouri]], and [[Nevada County, Arkansas]].<ref>((cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=794|title=Nevada County - Encyclopedia of Arkansas|encyclopedia=encyclopediaofarkansas.net))</ref>
* [[Newark, Delaware|''Newark'']], [[Delaware]]: The town is pronounced ((IPAc-en|ˈ|nj|uː|ɑr|k)) ((respell|NEW|ark)) though many outsiders will conflate the pronunciation with [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]], [[New Jersey]], pronounced ((IPAc-en|ˈ|nj|uː|ər|k)) ((respell|NEW|ərk)).
* [[Hampton Roads]], [[Virginia]]: Locals pronounce the name of [[Norfolk, Virginia|''Norfolk'']], Virginia, as ((IPAc-en|ˈ|n|ɔːr|f|ʊ|k)) ((respell|NOR|fuuk)), while most visitors pronounce it as ((IPAc-en|ˈ|n|ɔːr|f|oʊ|l|k|)) ((respell|NOR|fohlk)). Similarly, [[Suffolk, Virginia|''Suffolk'']], Virginia, is pronounced as ((IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ʌ|f|ʊ|k)) ((respell|SUF|uuk)) by locals and as ((IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ʌ|f|oʊ|l|k)) ((respell|SUF|ohlk)) by visitors (but not British visitors, who are likely to render the names as ((IPAc-en|ˈ|n|ɔːr|f|ə|k)) ((IPAc-en|ˈ|n|ɔːr|f|ə|k)) ((respell|NOR|fək)) and ((IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ʌ|f|ə|k)) ((respell|SUF|ək)), following the British pronunciation of the counties in [[East Anglia]]).
* [[Pierre, South Dakota|''Pierre'']]: South Dakotans read the name as ((IPAc-en|p|ɪər)) rhyming with "beer," not like the French given name ((IPA-fr|pjɛʁ)).
* [[Punta Gorda, Florida|''Punta Gorda'']], Florida: Locals will pronounce it ((IPAc-en|ˌ|p|ʌ|n|t|ə|_|ˈ|ɡ|ɔːr|d|ə)) ((respell|PUN|tə|_|GOR|də)) whereas others tend to pronounce the first component as ((IPAc-en|ˌ|p|ʊ|n|t|ə)) ((respell|PUUN|tə)), more in line with its Spanish origin.
* [[Quincy, Massachusetts|''Quincy'']], Massachusetts: The city's name is commonly pronounced by non-locals as ((IPAc-en|ˈ|k|w|ɪ|n|s|i)) ((respell|KWIN|see)). However, [[South Shore (Massachusetts)|locals]] will pronounce it ((IPAc-en|ˈ|k|w|ɪ|n|z|i)) ((respell|KWIN|zee)).<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.quincyma.gov/Utilities/faq.cfm#15 |title=Quincy, MA - 404 |publisher=Quincyma.gov |accessdate=31 July 2018))</ref>
* [[Schuylkill River]], Pennsylvania: Located in eastern Pennsylvania, this name of this river is said to be a Dutch translation of the original Leni Lenape name.<ref name=":1" /> Outsiders often have great difficulty pronouncing the name — and, when sounded out, say [[Help:IPA/English|skuːlkɪl/]][[Help:Pronunciation respelling key|''SKOOL-kil'']]. Locals, however, pronounce the name as [[Help:IPA/English|/ˈskuːkəl/]] [[Help:Pronunciation respelling key|''SKOO-kəl'']]. 
* The US state of Oregon is home to a county, city, river, bay, state forest, museum, Native American tribe, and dairy processing company called [[Tillamook (disambiguation)|''Tillamook'']]. Residents pronounce it as ((IPAc-en|ˈ|t|ɪ|l|ə|m|ʊ|k)), while nonresidents often mistakenly say ((IPAc-en|ˈ|t|ɪ|l|ə|m|uː|k)).<ref>((cite journal |last=Connelly |first=Dolly |date=1 March 1970 |title=Mush!...And Then Some: A Tour of the Great Northwest |journal=Los Angeles Times West Magazine |location=Los Angeles|pages=20–30))</ref>
* ''[[Tulalip]]'', [[Washington (state)|Washington]]: Locals pronounce it with the stress on the penultimate: ((IPAc-en|t|ʊ|ˈ|l|eɪ|l|ɪ|p)) ((respell|tuu|LAY|lip)). Some non-locals analyze it by extension from ''tulip'' and try ((IPAc-en|ˈ|t|uː|l|ə|l|ɪ|p)) ((respell|TOO|lə|lip)).
* [[Zion National Park|''Zion'' National Park]]: [[Utah]], particularly [[St. George, Utah|Southern Utah]] locals typically pronounce the park as ((IPAc-en|z|aɪ|ˈ|ʌ|n)), rhyming with "lion," while interstate or international visitors will often pronounce it as ((IPAc-en|z|aɪ|ˈ|ɔː|n)), rhyming with "lawn."

===Place-name terms===
* In [[Southern California]], locals generally use the article "the" preceding the number of a [[freeway]]. [[Northern California]] locals generally do not use "the" before a numerical freeway name. For example, Southern Californians usually refer to [[U.S. Route 101|Highway 101]] as "The 101," whereas Northern Californians will refer to it as simply "101."<ref>((cite journal|title="The" Freeway in Southern California|journal=American Speech|volume=76|issue=2|pages=221–224|doi=10.1215/00031283-76-2-221|year=2001|last1=Geyer|first1=G.|s2cid=144010897))</ref><ref>((cite web|url=http://www.mercurynews.com/mr-roadshow/ci_29015047/roadshow-debate-highway-names-roars|title=Roadshow: The Debate on Highway Names Roars On|work=The San Jose Mercury News|date=23 October 2015))</ref> By comparison, people in the rest of the United States more often precede a freeway's route number with its highway classification, as in "U.S. 101" for a Federal highway or "Interstate 5" or "I-5" for an interstate highway.<ref>((cite web|url=http://mentalfloss.com/article/71459/why-southern-californians-say-freeway-numbers|title=Why Southern Californians Say "The" Before Freeway Numbers|work=Mental Floss|date=21 November 2015))</ref>
* Long-time and/or Democratic residents of [[Washington, D.C.]], often refer to [[Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport|Reagan National Airport]] by its older nickname, "National," out of habit or political pique, while Republicans and visitors are more likely to call it “Reagan National”.<ref>((cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/express/wp/2015/03/31/national-reagan-dca-17-years-later-locals-still-cant-agree-on-the-name-of-the-airport-in-question/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513174426/http://www.washingtonpost.com/express/wp/2015/03/31/national-reagan-dca-17-years-later-locals-still-cant-agree-on-the-name-of-the-airport-in-question/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2015-05-13|title=National? Reagan? DCA? 17 years later, locals still can't agree on the name of the airport in question.|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=2017-02-12))</ref>
* Additionally, some residents of the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area will refer to it as "The DMV" (the ''' District, Maryland,''' and '''Virginia''', specifically referencing the [[Fairfax County, Virginia|Fairfax]], [[Alexandria, Virginia|Alexandria]], and [[Arlington County, Virginia|Arlington]] Counties of Virginia; the city itself; and the [[Montgomery County, Maryland|Montgomery]] and [[Prince George's County, Maryland|Prince George's]] Counties of Maryland). This frequently leads to outsiders confusing it with the local [[Department of Motor Vehicles]] or "Delmarva", the portmanteau of [[Delaware]], [[Maryland]], and [[Virginia]] (referring to the combined areas of the [[Eastern Shore of Maryland]], [[Eastern Shore of Virginia]], and Delaware), both of which can also be abbreviated to "DMV".((citation needed|date=March 2023))
* In the [[San Francisco Bay Area]], [[San Francisco]] is generally referred to by its full name, "SF" or as “the City”. In contrast, new residents and people from other parts of the US will often say "San Fran", clearly distinguishing transplants from locals.((citation needed|date=March 2023))

==See also==
* [[Language analysis for the determination of origin]]
* [[List of names in English with counterintuitive pronunciations]]

==Notes==
((notelist))

==References==
((reflist|colwidth=30em))

((DEFAULTSORT:List of Shibboleths))
[[Category:Authentication methods]]
[[Category:Shibboleths]]

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