The Low Countries in 1560.
  Habsburg Netherlands
  Prince-Bishopric of Liège
  Principality of Stavelot-Malmedy
  Prince-Bishopric of Cambrésis

This is a list of premodern wars that occurred in the Low Countries until 1560.

List

Start Finish Name of conflict Belligerents Outcome
Combatant 1 Combatant 2
58 BCE 50 BCE Gallic Wars Roman Republic Gallic tribes
Germanic tribes
Celtic Britons
Iberian tribes 		Decisive Roman victory
  • Roman Republic annexes Gaul and Belgica
54 BCE 53 BCE Ambiorix's revolt
(part of the Gallic Wars) 		Roman Republic Eburones Roman victory
  • Rebellion suppressed
12 BCE 16 CE Early Imperial campaigns in Germania
(including the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest) 		Roman Empire Germanic tribes Strategic Germanic victory
  • Roman withdrawal
28 28 Battle of Baduhenna Wood Roman Empire Frisii Indecisive; tactical Frisian victory
  • Roman withdrawal
47 47 Gannascus' revolt Roman Empire Cananefates
Chauci
Frisii 		Roman victory
  • Germanic revolt/invasion defeated
  • Temporary Roman occupation of Frisia
69 70 Revolt of the Batavi Roman Empire Batavi
Cananefates
Frisii
Lingones
Treveri 		Roman victory
  • Rebellion suppressed
286 296 Carausian Revolt Roman Empire Carausius
Franks 		Roman victory
  • Rebellion suppressed
  • Franks (temporarily?) occupy the lands between
    the Rhine and Waal rivers, and between
    the mouths of the Rhine and Scheldt[1]
c.445 c.450 Frankish conquest of Turnacum and Cameracum[2] Roman Empire Salian Franks Frankish victory
448 448 Battle of Vicus Helena Roman Empire Salian Franks Roman victory
c.450 c.450 Battle of Finnsburg? Frisii Danes Danish victory
c.525 c.525 Battle on the Rhine [nl]? Frankish Empire
Frisii? 		Danes Frankish victory
600 793 Frisian–Frankish wars Frankish Empire Frisian Kingdom Frankish victory
  • Frisian Kingdom annexed
715 718 Frankish Civil War (715–718) Carolingian faction (Austrasian)
Charles Martel
Chlothar IV (717–718)

Pippinid faction (Austrasian)
Theudoald (715–717)
Plectrude (715–717)

Neustrian faction
Ragenfrid
Dagobert III (†715)
Chilperic II
Redbad of Frisia (716–718)
Odo of Aquitaine (independent until 718) 		Carolingian victory
  • Neustrians defeat Pippinids (715)
  • Charles subjects Pippinids, enthrones Chlothar (717)
  • Carolingians defeat Neustrians (718)
  • Chlothar dies, Charles recognises Chilperic as king
    but gains de facto power as palace mayor,
    establishing the Carolingian dynasty (718)
772 804 Saxon Wars Frankish Empire
Obotrite Confederacy 		Saxons
Frisians 		Frankish victory
  • Saxons and Frisians subdued
834 891 Viking raids in the Rhineland Vikings Frankish Empire, splitting into: Frankish victory
978 980 Franco-German war Holy Roman Empire

Lower lorraine

West Francia Status quo ante bellum
1012 1018 Lower Lorrainian war of succession[3] County of Verdun
Prince-Bishopric of Liège 		County of Leuven & Brussels
County of Namur
County of Hainaut
County of Flanders 		Verdun victory
  • Battle of Florennes (1015)
  • Godfrey of Verdun becomes Duke of Lower Lorraine
  • Henry of Leuven recognises Godfrey in 1018
1018 1018 Battle of Vlaardingen West Frisia (later County of Holland) Holy Roman Empire

Lower Lorraine

West Frisian victory
  • West Frisia obtains de facto autonomy
1044 1056 Revolts of Godfrey the Bearded Upper Lorraine
Pro-Godfrey Lower Lorraine
County of Flanders
County of Leuven & Brussels 		Holy Roman Empire
Pro-Gothelo II Lower Lorraine
Pro-Frederick Lower Lorraine
Bishopric of Metz 		Compromise
1070 1071 War of the Flemish succession (1070–1071) Pro-Robert Flanders
West Frisia (later County of Holland) 		Pro-Arnulf Flanders
Kingdom of France
County of Hainaut
County of Boulogne
Duchy of Normandy 		West Frisian victory
1076 1076 Battle of IJsselmonde [nl] West Frisia (later County of Holland) Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht West Frisian victory
1127 1128 War of the Flemish succession (1127–1128) Pro-William Clito Flanders Pro-Theoderic of Alsace Flanders Theoderican victory
  • William Clito died of wounds, ending the war
1132 1297 West Frisian Wars [nl][4][5][6] County of Holland West Frisians Hollandic victory
1139 1159 Grimbergen Wars [nl; fr] County of Leuven & Brussels House of Berthout Leuven victory
  • Leuven acquires the Lordship of Grimbergen
1165 1323 Flemish–Hollandic conflict over Zeeland Bewestenschelde [nl][7] County of Flanders County of Holland Hollandic victory: Treaty of Paris (1323)
  • Holland acquires Zeeland Bewestenschelde
1186 1263/5 War of the Namurois–Luxemburgish succession[8][9] House of Namur (Ermesinde)
Limburg-Luxemburg dynasty
County of Namur (contested)
County of Luxemburg (contested until 1199) 		House of Flanders (Baldwins)
County of Hainaut
County of Namur (contested)
County of Flanders 		Compromise
1202 1378 Liégeois–Brabantian Wars [nl; fr] Prince-bishopric of Liège
County of Loon 		Duchy of Brabant
Dual Lordship of Maastricht 		Compromise: Truce of Booienhoven
  • Liège acquires Moha and Loon
  • Brabant acquires Limburg and Overmaas
  • Dual Lordship of Maastricht confirmed
1203 1206 Loon War Ada and Louis II
Loon

Supported by:
France
Staufen
Flanders
Brabant
Limburg
Utrecht
Liège

William
Holland
Supported by:
England
House of Welf 		Military and long-term political victory for William
  • William recognised as count of Holland
1212 1213 War of the Moha Succession
(part of the Liégeois–Brabantian Wars) 		Duchy of Brabant Prince-Bishopric of Liège Liégeois victory
  • Moha annexed by Liège
1213 1214 Anglo-French War (1213–1214) Kingdom of France
Duchy of Burgundy
County of Champagne
County of Dreux
Znak hrabství Ponthieu County of Ponthieu
County of Saint-Pol
Duchy of Normandy
Duchy of Bretagne
Prince-Bishopric of Liège 		Angevin Empire
(England, Anjou, Normandy, Aquitaine)
Holy Roman Empire
Flanders-Namur
County of Boulogne
Hainaut-Holland
Brabant-Leuven
Duchy of Lorraine
Duchy of Limburg
Duchy of Saxony
Palatinate 		French victory
1225 1227 Drenthe–Groningen war Burgraviate of Groningen
Bishopric of Utrecht 		Burgraviate of Coevorden ("Drenthe")
Gelkingen 		Drenther victory
  • Utrecht bishop dies in battle, new bishop proclaims crusade
1228 1232 Drenther Crusade Bishopric of Utrecht
Frisian crusaders 		Burgraviate of Coevorden ("Drenthe")
Ommelander rebels 		Inconclusive
  • Drenthe retains de facto independence from Utrecht
1226/8 1231/2 War of the Succession of Breda[10]
1244 1254 War of the Flemish Succession House of Flanders
House of Dampierre
Supported by:
Anjou (3rd conflict) 		House of Avesnes
Supported by:
Holland (2nd conflict)
Zeeland (2nd conflict) 		Compromise
  • Dampierre obtains Flanders
  • Avesnes obtains Hainaut
1245/50 1273/5 Great Interregnum Hohenstaufen party Welf party Compromise
1256 1422 Friso-Hollandic Wars County of Holland Upstalsboom League
Various other Frisian factions 		Holland conquers West Frisia,
but makes no substantial gains in Middle Frisia
1272 1278 War of the Cow Prince-Bishopric of Liège County of Namur Indecisive
  • Status quo ante bellum
1283 1289 War of the Limburg Succession Duchy of Brabant
County of Loon
City of Cologne 		County of Guelders
County of Luxemburg
Electorate of Cologne 		Brabantian victory
1296 1335 Awans and Waroux War [nl; fr][11] Awans Waroux Stalemate
  • Status quo ante bellum
1297 1305 Franco-Flemish War Kingdom of France
Flemish patricians 		County of Flanders
County of Namur 		French victory
  • Flanders cedes Lille, Douai, Bethune and Orchies to France
  • Flanders remains independent
1303 1306 Brussels Revolt [nl] Brabantian artisan guilds Brabantian patrician class
Duke of Brabant 		Patrician–ducal victory
  • Rebellion suppressed
1322 1326 Bredevoorter Feud [de; nl] Prince-Bishopric of Münster County of Guelders Compromise: Peace of Wesel
  • Guelders acquires the Lordship of Bredevoort
  • Münster acquires the Lordship of Bermentfelde (in Borken)
1323 1328 Peasant revolt in Flanders 1323–1328 Kingdom of France
Flemish count and loyalists 		Flemish rebels French victory
  • Restoration of pro-French count
  • Repression of all who participated in the revolt
1336 1366 Wars of the Loon Succession
(part of the Liégeois–Brabantian Wars) 		County of Loon[12]
Supported by:
Duchy of Brabant (1337–1363)
Duchy of Luxemburg (1361–1366) 		Prince-Bishopric of Liège
Supported by:
Avignon Papacy 		Liégeois victory
1337 1453 Hundred Years' War
Valois victory
  • England permanently loses all lands in France except Calais
  • Valois-Burgundy becomes semi-independent state (1363)
  • Burgundy starts gradual acquisition of Low Countries (1384)
  • Flanders remains under French suzerainty (1453)
1350 1361 Guelderian Fratricidal War [nl] Reginald III, Duke of Guelders
Heeckeren faction 		Edward, Duke of Guelders
Bronckhorst faction 		Edwardian victory
1350 1490 Hook and Cod wars Hook league (anti-Burgundy) Cod league (pro-Burgundy) Cod victory
  • Holland remains in Burgundian hands
1352 1365 War of the Valkenburg succession[13] Reginald of Schönforst

Duchy of Brabant (1364–1365)

Waleran of Valkenburg Brabantian victory
  • Brabant inherited Valkenburg in 1378
1356 1357 War of the Brabantian Succession Duchy of Brabant
Duchy of Limburg
Lordship of Mechelen
Duchy of Luxemburg 		County of Flanders
County of Namur (Jun. '56–Feb. '57)

Duchy of Guelders
County of Zutphen

Flemish–Guelderian victory
  • Joanna recognised as duchess of Brabant
  • Flanders and Guelders acquire some Brabantian lands
1364 1368 First war of Guelders[14] Duchy of Brabant
Heeckeren faction
County of Holland
County of Hainaut 		Duchy of Guelders
Bronckhorst faction
County of Zutphen
Bishopric of Utrecht 		Military stalemate, diplomatic Brabantian victory
  • Brabant regains county of Megen
1371 1371 Battle of Baesweiler Duchy of Jülich
Duchy of Guelders
County of Zutphen 		Duchy of Brabant
County of Namur
County of Ligny 		Jülich–Guelderian victory
1371 1379 First War of the Guelderian Succession Duchy of Jülich
Bronckhorst faction 		Blois
Heeckeren faction 		Jülich victory
1379 1385 Revolt of Ghent (1379–1385)
(part of the Hundred Years' War) 		Kingdom of France
County of Flanders
Duchy of Burgundy (1384–5) 		Ghent rebels
Kingdom of England (1383–5) 		Franco–Burgundian victory
  • Peace of Tournai
  • Ghent recognises royal and comital authority
  • Ghent is granted amnesty
1382 1383 Despenser's Crusade
(part of the Hundred Years' War,
Revolt of Ghent and Western Schism) 		Kingdom of France
County of Flanders
Avignon Papacy 		Kingdom of England
Ghent rebels
Papal States 		Truce
  • English withdrawal
1385 1390 Second war of Guelders [nl][15][16] Duchy of Brabant
Duchy of Limburg
Duchy of Burgundy
Kingdom of France 		Duchy of Guelders
County of Zutphen
Land of Cuijk
Duchy of Jülich 		Guelderian victory
  • Land of Cuijk acquired by Guelders
1397 1399 Third war of Guelders[17][18] Duchy of Brabant Duchy of Guelders
1401 1412 Arkel Wars [nl][19] County of Holland
Gorinchem (1406–7) 		Land van Arkel
Duchy of Guelders (1409–12) 		Hollandic victory
  • Arkel sold to Holland
  • Arkel later divided between Holland and Guelders
1413 1422 Great Frisian War Vetkopers Schieringers Stalemate
  • Status quo ante bellum treaty
1423 1449 Utrecht Schism[20] Pro-Rudolf Utrecht
Lichtenbergers
Hook league
Proysen
Papal States (1432–1449) 		Anti-Rudolf Utrecht
Lokhorsten
Cod league
Duchy of Burgundy
Duchy of Guelders (1423–29)
Papal States (1423–32)
Council of Basel (1431–49)
Antipope Felix V (1439–49) 		Lichtenberger victory
  • Rudolf militarily defeats Guelders (1429)
  • Pope Martin V and Zweder van Culemborg die (1431/3)
  • Pope Eugenius IV recognises Rudolf (1432)
  • Council of Basel dissolves, Antipope steps down (1449)
  • Walraven van Meurs renounces claims (1449)
  • Rudolf recognised as Prince-Bishop of Utrecht
1438 1441 Dutch–Hanseatic War
(part of the Sound Wars) 		Duchy of Burgundy
Burgundian Netherlands 		Hanseatic League

Lüneburg
Mecklenburg
Pomerania
Holstein
Brandenburg

Stalemate; compromise
1442 1446 Hollandic–Bremer war County of Holland
County of Zeeland
County of Flanders
Frisian lands 		Bremen Peace of Harderwijk (1446)
1449 1453 Revolt of Ghent (1449–1453) Duchy of Burgundy
Burgundian Netherlands 		Ghent rebels Burgundian victory
  • Rebellion suppressed
1456 1458 Utrecht war (1456–1458) Duchy of Burgundy
Burgundian Netherlands
Graauwerts
Cod league 		Van Brederode
Van Montfoort
Lichtenbergers
Hook league 		Burgundian victory
1458 1464 Donia War [nl][21] Harinxmas (Schieringers) Donias (Vetkopers) Successive reconciliations between warring clans
1459 1459 Revolt against Arnold[22] Pro-Adolf Guelders
Duchy of Burgundy
Burgundian Netherlands 		Pro-Arnold Guelders Arnoldian victory
  • Adolf reconciles with Arnold, but continues plotting
1465 1468 Wars of Liège Prince-Bishopric of Liège
Duchy of Burgundy
Burgundian Netherlands 		Liégeois rebels
Green Tent Companions
Kingdom of France 		Burgundian victory
  • Burgundy de facto annexes Liège
1465 1468 War in Guelders[22] Pro-Adolf Guelders
Duchy of Burgundy
Burgundian Netherlands
Electorate of Cologne 		Pro-Arnold Guelders
Duchy of Cleves
County of Mark 		Adolfian victory (Battle of Straelen [de])
  • Adolf imprisons Arnold (1465–1471)
  • Adolf becomes Duke of Guelders
  • Guelders reclaims Wachtendonk
1473 1473 Burgundian conquest of Guelders[23] Duchy of Burgundy
Burgundian Netherlands
Duchy of Cleves
County of Mark 		Duchy of Guelders
County of Zutphen 		Burgundian victory
  • Burgundy inherits and conquers Guelders
  • Adolf remains in Burgundian prison (1471–1477)
1474 1477 Burgundian Wars Duchy of Burgundy
Burgundian Netherlands
Duchy of Savoy 		Duchy of Lorraine
 Swiss Confederates 		Franco–Swiss victory
1477 1482 War of the Burgundian Succession Habsburg:
 Habsburg Monarchy
Duchy of Burgundy
Burgundian Netherlands 		Valois-Orléans:
Kingdom of France
 Swiss Confederates
Duchy of Guelders 		Treaty of Arras (1482), Treaty of Senlis (1493)
  • Habsburg acquires Burgundian Netherlands and more
  • France annexes the Duchy of Burgundy, Picardy and more
  • Swiss Confederacy annexes some Burgundian lands
1477 1499 Guelderian War of Independence [nl]
(1477–82, 1494–9)
(part of the War of the Burgundian Succession) 		Habsburg:
 Habsburg Monarchy
Duchy of Burgundy (1477–82)
Burgundian Netherlands
Duchy of Cleves (1498–9)
Duchy of Jülich (1498–9) 		Guelders:
Duchy of Guelders
Supported by:
Kingdom of France 		Guelderian victory
  • De facto Guelderian independence
1481 1483 Utrecht war of 1481–83
(part of the Hook and Cod Wars) 		Cod league
Duchy of Burgundy 		Hook league
Duchy of Cleves 		Cod victory
  • Utrecht remains in Habsburg Burgundian hands
1483 1492 Flemish revolts against Maximilian  Habsburg Monarchy
Habsburg Netherlands 		County of Flanders Habsburg victory
  • City walls of Bruges demolished, loses economic position
1488 1490 Jonker Fransen War [nl]
(part of the Hook and Cod Wars) 		Cod league (pro-Habsburg)
 Habsburg Monarchy
Habsburg Netherlands 		Hook league (anti-Habsburg) Cod–Habsburg victory
  • Holland remains in Habsburg hands
1491 1492 Bread and Cheese Revolt  Habsburg Monarchy
Habsburg Netherlands 		Bread and Cheese folk Habsburg victory
  • Rebellion suppressed
1502 1543 Guelders Wars Habsburg:
 Habsburg Monarchy
Spain Spanish Empire (incl. Netherlands)

County of Holland
County of Flanders
Duchy of Brabant
Duchy of Luxemburg

Imperial Frisia (Saxony) (1514–15)

Bishopric of Utrecht (1508–28)

Guelders:
Duchy of Guelders
Groningen & Ommelanden (1514–36)
Frisian rebels (1514–23)
Jülich-Cleves-Berg (1538–43)

Supported by:
Kingdom of France

County of East Frisia (1514–17)

Utrecht rebel groups (1520–28)

Habsburg victory
  • Guelders, Utrecht, Frisia and Groningen annexed
  • Overijssel and Drenthe detached from Utrecht
  • Jülich and East Frisia remain independent
1514 1517 Saxon feud
(part of the Guelders Wars) 		Imperial Frisia (Saxony) (1514–15)

Habsburg Netherlands (1515–17)

24 German princes

County of East Frisia

City of Groningen
Ommelanden
Frisian rebels

Duchy of Guelders

Compromise
1531 1534 Guelderian feud [de]
(part of the Guelders Wars) 		County of East Frisia Duchy of Guelders
Harlingerland

Lordship of Jever

Guelderian victory; Peace of Logum
  • Jever becomes Habsburg vassal (1531)
  • Harlingerland becomes Guelderian vassal
  • East Frisia pays war indemnity to Guelders
1539 1540 Revolt of Ghent (1539)  Habsburg Monarchy
Spain Spanish Empire (incl. Netherlands) 		Ghent rebels Habsburg victory
  • Rebellion suppressed
1542 1546 Italian War of 1542–1546  Holy Roman Empire

Spain Spanish Empire (incl. Netherlands)
 Kingdom of England

 Kingdom of France

Ottoman Empire
Jülich-Cleves-Berg

Inconclusive
  • Treaty of Crépy (1544)
  • Treaty of Ardres (1546)
1551 1559 Italian War of 1551–1559
Spanish and Imperial (Habsburg) victory
Frankish Civil War (715–718)Battle of FinnsburgChauci#Roman war against Gannascus, c. 47Gallic WarsDorestadViking raids in the RhinelandCarausian RevoltRevolt of the BataviAmbiorix's revoltSaxon WarsBattle of Vicus HelenaEarly Imperial campaigns in GermaniaFrisian–Frankish warsChlodioFlevumBattle of Baduhenna Wood
Guelders WarsThird war of GueldersSecond war of GueldersFirst war of GueldersWar of the Limburg SuccessionAnglo-French War (1213–1214)War of the Burgundian SuccessionBurgundian WarsSix hundred FranchimontoisWars of LiègeWar of the Brabantian SuccessionAwans and Waroux WarBattle of SteppesGrimbergen WarsGuelderian War of IndependenceUtrecht SchismLiégeois–Brabantian WarsGodfrey III, Duke of Lower LorraineBread and Cheese RevoltBattle of BaesweilerBrussels RevoltWar of the CowGuelderian feudUtrecht war of 1481–83Donia WarGuelderian Fratricidal WarDrenther CrusadeDrenther Crusade#Drenthe–Groningen warSaxon feudUtrecht war (1456–1458)#Aftermath (1470–1474)First War of the Guelderian SuccessionFranco-Flemish WarFranco-Flemish WarWar of the Flemish SuccessionJonker Fransen WarUtrecht war (1456–1458)Arkel WarsWars of the Loon SuccessionInterregnum (Holy Roman Empire)William ClitoRevolt of Ghent (1539–1540)Revolt of Ghent (1449–1453)Revolt of Ghent (1379–1385)Peasant revolt in Flanders 1323–1328Battle of Cassel (1071)Flemish revolts against MaximilianDespenser's CrusadeHundred Years' WarDutch–Hanseatic WarSound WarsGreat Frisian WarFriso-Hollandic WarsLoon WarBattle of IJsselmondeItalian War of 1551–1559Italian War of 1542–1546Hook and Cod warsBredevoorter FeudWest Frisian WarsBattle of Vlaardingen


References

  1. ^ Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "Franken". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.
  2. ^ According to Lanting & van der Plicht (2010), the conquest of Turnacum and Cameracum probably happened in the period 445–450. Lanting, J. N.; van der Plicht, J. (2010). "De 14C-chronologie van de Nederlandse Pre- en Protohistorie VI: Romeinse tijd en Merovische periode, deel A: historische bronnen en chronologische thema's". Palaeohistoria 51/52 (2009/2010) (in Dutch). Groningen: Groningen Institute of Archaeology. pp. 46–47. ISBN 9789077922736. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
  3. ^ Timothy Reuter (ed.), The New Cambridge Medieval History. Volume 3, c.900–c.1024 (1999), p. 321.
  4. ^ Nieuwenhuijsen, Kees (2018). De Slag bij Vlaardingen 1018: Strijd om het graafschap Holland. Utrecht: Uitgeverij Omniboek. p. 289. ISBN 9789401912693. Retrieved 5 January 2020.
  5. ^ 't Jong, Henk (2018). De dageraad van Holland: De geschiedenis van het graafschap 1100-1300. Utrecht: Uitgeverij Omniboek. p. 123. ISBN 9789020534870. Retrieved 5 January 2020.
  6. ^ "Resten West-Friese moordpartij gevonden". NOS. 25 November 2011. Retrieved 5 January 2020.
  7. ^ Graaf, R. de: Oorlog om Holland 1000-1375 (Verloren, Hilversum, 2004), ISBN 9065508074, p. 156, 167.
  8. ^ Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "Namen [geschiedenis]. §1. Regeerders". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.
  9. ^ Coppens, Thera (2019). Johanna en Margaretha: Gravinnen van Vlaanderen en prinsessen van Constantinopel. Meulenhoff Boekerij. p. 348, footnote 315. ISBN 9789402313956. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
  10. ^ Boeren, P.C. (1962). Hadewych en Heer Hendrik Van Breda (in Dutch). Leiden: E.J. Brill. pp. 28–29. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
  11. ^ Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "Awans-en-Waroux-oorlog". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.
  12. ^ One must keep in mind that Arnold and Godfrey were also quarreling amongst themselves, and did not constitute a united front against the Liégeois prince-bishop.
  13. ^ Boffa, pp. 13–15.
  14. ^ Boffa, pp. 15–17.
  15. ^ Boffa, Sergio (2004). Warfare in Medieval Brabant, 1356-1406. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell & Brewer. pp. 30–35. ISBN 9781843830610. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  16. ^ Eads, V.; Rogers, Clifford J. (2010). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology: Volume I. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 218. ISBN 978-0195334036. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  17. ^ Boffa, "Contents" (page v).
  18. ^ Houthuys, Astrid (2009). Middeleeuws kladwerk: de autograaf van de Brabantsche yeesten, boek VI (vijftiende eeuw). Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren. p. 261. ISBN 9789087040635. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
  19. ^ Brouwer, Maria (2016). Governmental Forms and Economic Development: From Medieval to Modern Times. Switzerland: Springer Publishing. p. 161. ISBN 9783319420400. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  20. ^ van Engen, Hildo (2006). De derde orde van Sint-Franciscus in het middeleeuwse bisdom Utrecht: Een bijdrage tot de institutionele geschiedenis van de Moderne Devotie. Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren. pp. 137–138. ISBN 9789065509208.
  21. ^ J. Frieswijk e.o., Fryslân, staat en macht (Hilversum 1999) pp. 53–60.
  22. ^ a b Nuyens, Willem Jan Frans (1873). Algemeene geschiedenis des Nederlandschen volks, van de vroegste tijden tot op onze dagen, Deel 2. Amsterdam. pp. 91–98.((cite book)): CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  23. ^ Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "Karel [Bourgondische gewesten]. §1. Buitenlandse politiek". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.
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