This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Article contains many entries that do not meet criteria for inclusion in lead. This is an article about wars, not an exhaustive list of military engagements. Please help improve this article if you can. (December 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "List of wars involving Somalia" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

This is a list of wars involving Somalia in which Somali armed forces participated after independence.

  Somalia defeat
  Somalia victory
  Another result (e.g. a treaty or peace without a clear result, result unknown or indecisive)
  Ongoing conflict
Date Conflict Allies Enemies Result
1285-1286 Ifat invasion of Shewa Sultanate[1] Sultanate of Ifat Sultanate of shewa Ifat victory
  • Gidaya, Dawaro, Sawans, Bali, and Fatagar incorporated into the Ifat Sultanate.
1529-1543 Ethiopian–Adal war[2] Adal Sultanate Ethiopian Empire Stalemate
  • Return to status quo ante bellum
1507-1542 Somali-Portuguese wars

Location: East Africa (modern Somalia)

Ajuran Sultanate
 Ottoman Empire[3][full citation needed][4] 		Kingdom of Portugal victory
  • Continued independence
1586–1589 Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts[5]  Ottoman Empire

Supported by:

Adal Sultanate

Ajuran Sultanate

Mogadishu

Barawa

Portuguese Empire Defeat Portuguese victory
1554/1557–1589 Ottoman conquest of Habesh  Ottoman Empire

Medri Bahri

Adal Sultanate

Ethiopian Empire Ethiopian Empire victory
1900–1920 Somaliland Campaign Dervish State
Supported by:
 Ottoman Empire
 Ethiopian Empire (1915-1917) 		 British Empire
 Ethiopian Empire (1900-1904)
 Italian Empire 		Defeat
1964 1964 Ethiopian–Somali Border War Somalia Somalia
Supported by:
Syria Egypt[9] 		Ethiopian Empire Ethiopia
Supported by:
United States United States[10] 		Cease-fire
  • Return to status quo ante bellum
1977–1978 Ogaden War Somalia Somalia
WSLF
Supported by:
Egypt Egypt[11]
 Saudi Arabia[12][13]
Iraq Iraq[13][14] 		 Ethiopia
 Cuba
 Soviet Union
 South Yemen[15]
Supported by:
 Israel[16][17]
 East Germany
 North Korea[18] 		Defeat[19][20]
1982 1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War  Somalia
Supported by:
United States United States 		 Ethiopia Victory
  • Ethiopian invasion halted[22][23]
  • Ethiopia occupies the border towns of Galdogob and Balanbale until 1988[24]
  • The United States delivers emergency military and economic aid to Somalia[22][25]
1981/1988/1991 (disputed) – present Somali Civil War  Somalia
 United States [26][27]
Supported by:
Italy[28]
Turkey[29]
United Kingdom[30] 		Al-Qaeda

Islamic State (from 2015)[31][32]

Ongoing

References

  1. ^ Lewis, I. M. (2000). "Richard Pankhurst, The Ethiopian Borderlands: essays in regional history, from ancient times to the end of the eighteenth century.Lawrenceville NJ: Red Sea Press, 1997, 489 pp., £12.99, ISBN 0 932415 19 9". Africa. 70 (1): 167–168. doi:10.3366/afr.2000.70.1.167. ISSN 0001-9720.
  2. ^ Gilkes, Patrick (2002-06-01). "Guerres dans la Corne de l'Afrique et le démantèlement de l'État somalien". Cadernos de Estudos Africanos (2): 89–102. doi:10.4000/cea.1280. hdl:10071/3126. ISSN 1645-3794.
  3. ^ The Portuguese period in East Africa – p. 112[full citation needed]
  4. ^ Welch, Sidney R. (1950). Portuguese rule and Spanish crown in South Africa, 1581–1640. Juta. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-8426-1588-4.
  5. ^ Sewell, Bernadette; Farr, Angela; Akbari, Ashley; Carson-Stevens, Andrew; Dale, Jeremy; Edwards, Adrian; Evans, Bridie Angela; John, Ann; Torabi, Fatemeh; Jolles, Stephen; Kingston, Mark; Lyons, Jane; Lyons, Ronan A.; Porter, Alison; Watkins, Alan (2023-11-26). "The cost of implementing the COVID-19 shielding policy in Wales". BMC Public Health. 23 (1): 2342. doi:10.1186/s12889-023-17169-3. ISSN 1471-2458. PMC 10680245. PMID 38008730.
  6. ^ Stanley, Bruce (2007). "Mogadishu". In Dumper, Michael; Stanley, Bruce E. (eds.). Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 253. ISBN 978-1-57607-919-5.
  7. ^ Knappert, Jan (1979). Four Centuries of Swahili Verse: A Literary History and Anthology. Heinemann. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-435-91702-9.
  8. ^ Orhonlu, C. (1965). Osmanlıların Habeşistan Siyaseti 1554-1560. Tarih Dergisi, 15(20), 39-54.
  9. ^ Mekonnen, Teferi (2018). "The Nile issue and the Somali-Ethiopian wars (1960s–78)". Annales d'Éthiopie. 32: 271–291. doi:10.3406/ethio.2018.1657.
  10. ^ Lefebvre, Jeffrey (1998). "The United States, Ethiopia and the 1963 Somali-Soviet Arms Deal: Containment and the Balance of Power Dilemma in the Horn of Africa". The Journal of Modern African Studies. 36 (4): 611–643. doi:10.1017/S0022278X98002870. JSTOR 161927. S2CID 154644957.
  11. ^ Mekonnen, Teferi (2018). "The Nile issue and the Somali-Ethiopian wars (1960s–78)". Annales d'Éthiopie. 32: 271–291. doi:10.3406/ethio.2018.1657.
  12. ^ Tareke 2000, p. 656.
  13. ^ a b Fitzgerald, Nina J. (2002). Somalia; Issues, History, and Bibliography. Nova Publishers. p. 64. ISBN 9781590332658.
  14. ^ Malovany, Pesach (21 July 2017). Wars of Modern Babylon. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 9780813169453.
  15. ^ "Ogaden Area recaptured by Ethiopian Forces with Soviet and Cuban Support -International Ramifications of Ethiopian-Somali Conflict – Incipient Soviet and Cuban Involvement in Ethiopian Warfare against Eritrean Secessionists -Political Assassinations inside Ethiopia". Keesing's Record of World Events (formerly Keesing's Contemporary Archives). 1 May 1978.
  16. ^ Lefebvre, Jeffrey Alan. Arms for the horn : U.S. Security Policy in Ethiopia and Somalia. University of Pitsburg Press. p. 188.
  17. ^ "Arms and Rumors From East, West Sweep Ethiopia". Washington Postt. Retrieved 9 September 2022.
  18. ^ "North Korea's Military Partners in the Horn". The Diplomat. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
  19. ^ Lapidoth, Ruth (1982). The Read Sea and the Gulf of Aden. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 9024725011.
  20. ^ Szajkowski, Bogdan (18 June 1981). Marxist Governments_ A World Survey_ Mozambique-Yugoslavia. Springer. p. 656. ISBN 9781349043323.
  21. ^ Gorman 1981, p. 208
  22. ^ a b Cowell, Alan (8 October 1982). "Ethiopian Drive Against Somalia Bogs Down". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 October 2018.
  23. ^ "Ethiopian and Somali Forces Withdrawn Under Agreement". The New York Times. 26 April 1988.
  24. ^ "The History Guy: Ethiopia-Somalia Wars and Conflicts". Retrieved 21 July 2017.
  25. ^ "Somalia: Status of the Armed Forces" (PDF). Central Intelligence Agency. March 1982. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
  26. ^ "Al-Shabaab leader's fate unclear after suspected U.S. drone strike". CNN. Archived from the original on June 30, 2015. Retrieved September 2, 2014.
  27. ^ "U.S. drone strike in Somalia targets al-Shabab leader". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 19, 2017. Retrieved September 12, 2017.
  28. ^ "US special forces base, Italian army convoy attacked in Somalia". Al Jazeera. 30 September 2019.
  29. ^ Liddon, Paul (13 July 2019). "The significance of Turkey's overseas military bases". AhvalNews. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  30. ^ "First British troops arrive in Somalia as part of UN mission". The Guardian. 2 May 2016. Archived from the original on 2 May 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
  31. ^ "ISIL's First East African Affiliate Conducts Attacks in Somalia, Kenya". DefenseNews. December 29, 2015.
  32. ^ "Somalia: Pro-ISIL militants, Al Shabaab clash in deadly Puntland infighting". Garowe Online. December 24, 2015. Archived from the original on January 26, 2016. Retrieved January 28, 2016.

Sources

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