This list presents individuals prior to the beginning of contemporary history (which began after World War II) and gathers published estimates of their (inflation-adjusted) net worth.

For the period after the Industrial Revolution, wealth can be measured more or less objectively via inflation adjustment. For the periods of history before that, comparison of wealth becomes more problematic, principally due to the inaccuracy or unreliability of records, and also due to the difficulty of comparing a pre-industrial economy to a modern one, and especially in the presence of an absolute monarchy, where an entire kingdom or empire is considered the ruler's personal property.

Excluding monarchs and autocrats, the wealthiest private individuals in the history of capitalism are variously identified as Jakob Fugger, who was of the early modern Fugger family of merchants and bankers,^[1] prominent figures of India's Delhi Sultanate, Bengal Sultanate and the Mughal Empire and early-20th-century American entrepreneurs Andrew Carnegie^[2] and John D. Rockefeller.

While the Rothschild family rose to the status of the wealthiest family of bankers in the 19th century, their wealth was distributed among a number of family members, preventing them from appearing among the wealthiest of individuals. The richest among the Rothschilds was the head of its English branch—Nathan Mayer Rothschild—the richest person of his time.^[3] Bernstein and Swan in All the Money in the World (2008) mention the top four richest Americans ever—all tycoons of the Gilded Age—respectively: John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, Cornelius Vanderbilt, and William Henry Vanderbilt. Henry Ford was ranked only the 12th.^[4]

According to Close (2016), the wealthiest woman in the history of capitalism, excluding monarchs, was L'Oréal heiress Liliane Bettencourt, whose net worth was $40.7 billion in 2015.^[5] Including monarchs, he mentions Wu Zetian for antiquity, Razia Sultana and Isabella I of Castile for the Middle Ages, and Catherine the Great for modern history.^[6]

Private individuals

Name	Principal country of residence	Lifetime	Net worth modern equivalent (billion US $)	Description
Jakob Fugger	Imperial City of Augsburg ( Holy Roman Empire)	1459–1525 (66 years)	$221–400 billion[7][8][9]	German merchant, mining entrepreneur and banker, referred to as "Fugger the Rich". He expanded the Fugger family's assets by spreading their operations across Europe. At one point, Fugger and his family had an almost monopolistic hold on the European copper market.[10] At his death, Jakob Fugger bequeathed to his nephew Anton Fugger company assets totaling 2,032,652 guilders.[11] American journalist Greg Steinmetz has estimated his overall wealth to be around US$400 billion in today's money, equivalent to 2% of the GDP of Europe at that time.[8][12]
Stephen Girard	United States	1750–1831 (81 years)	$105–120 billion[13][14]
John Jacob Astor	United States	1763–1848 (85 years)	$120–138 billion[14]	German-American businessman, merchant, opium smuggler, fur trader, and investor. In 1801, Astor's nominal wealth was some $250,000, and by the time of his death in 1848 his fortune had grown to $20 million, making him America's first multi-millionaire.[15][16][17]
Cornelius Vanderbilt	United States	1794–1877 (82 years)	$105–205 billion[18][14]	American business magnate and philanthropist who built his wealth in railroads and shipping.
William Henry Vanderbilt	United States	1821–1885 (64 years)	$105–205 billion[19][14]	Railroad owner. Inherited much of his wealth from his father, Cornelius Vanderbilt,[13] who initiated the Vanderbilt family's involvement in railroad and shipping business. He doubled his father's fortune, to an amount estimated between $52 billion and $239 billion (inflation adjusted).[20]
Andrew Carnegie	United States	1835–1919 (83 years)	$310 billion[21]	Scotland-born Carnegie founded the Carnegie Steel Company, which was the most extensive integrated iron and steel operations in the United States; in 1901, Carnegie sold his company for $480 million to J.P. Morgan, who then merged his company into U.S. Steel.[22] Capitalized at $1.4 billion at the time, U.S. Steel was the first billion-dollar company in the world. In his final years, Carnegie's net worth was $475 million, but by the time of his death in 1919 he had donated most of his wealth to charities and other philanthropic endeavors and had only $30 million left to his personal fortune. Carnegie's hundreds of millions accounted for about 0.60% of the U.S. annual GDP and has a real value estimated at about $75 billion adjusted for the late 2000s (decade).[15][16]
John D. Rockefeller	United States	1839–1937 (97 years)	$318–420 billion[21]	On September 29, 1916, Rockefeller became the first person ever to reach a nominal personal fortune of $1 billion (equivalent to $17 billion in 2021).[23] Rockefeller amassed his fortune from the Standard Oil company, of which he was a founder, chairman and major shareholder. By the time of his death in 1937, estimates (if using his wealth as a percentage of US GDP) place his net worth in the range of $300 billion to $400 billion. Using the inflation model, in adjusted dollars for May 2022, his net worth would be $26.1 billion.[24][25]
Henry Ford	United States	1863–1947 (84 years)	$188–199 billion	Henry Ford was an American automotive engineer, entrepreneur, and founder of the Ford Motor Company. By designing the Model T Ford with mass production in mind and employing the assembly line method of rapid production, he was able to radically lower the base price of his automobiles and reach a wider market. As production increased, Ford further reduced prices and increased salaries to reduce worker turnover. This resulted in a rapid increase in output, with Ford production rising from roughly 18,000 cars in 1909 to over 1 million cars in 1920. Despite Ford stating that his focus was increasing Ford Motor Company's benefit to society, and its employees, even at one point being sued by the Dodge brothers based on this premise, his company was massively profitable. His highest earnings were recorded at age 57. He died at age 83 in 1947 with a net worth of $188.1 billion (inflation-adjusted value in 2008 dollars).[26]

Post-antiquity heads of state

Absolute rulers or conquerors are sometimes listed for the territory they controlled rather than for their immediate personal wealth.^[27] Davidson (2015) for TIME.com listed the four Mughal emperors (Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb) and their ancestors Genghis Khan and Timur as being the wealthiest historical figures based on their imperial possessions, while Alan Rufus is listed as one of the wealthiest historical figures for his immediate possessions within the feudal system of Norman England.^[21]

Name	Principal country of residence	Lifetime	Description
William the Conqueror	Normandy England  France (included parts of modern-day  France, the  United Kingdom)	c. 1028–1087	William the Conqueror became personally enormously wealthy from spoils of war during the Norman Conquest of England.[28]
William de Warenne, 1st Earl of Surrey	England  France (included parts of modern-day  France, the  United Kingdom)	d. 1088	Fought alongside William the Conqueror at the Battle of Hastings and was rewarded with considerable land holdings in England.[13][28][29]
Alan Rufus	England Normandy Brittany  France (included parts of modern-day  France	c. 1040–1093	Alan Rufus, 1st Lord of Richmond, was a relative and companion of William the Conqueror (Duke William II of Normandy) during the Norman Conquest of England. By 1086 he had become one of the richest and most powerful men of England.[28]
Musa I of Mali	Mali Empire	c. 1280 – c. 1337	Mansa Musa or Musa I of Mali is considered one of the richest people ever. Musa was the ninth emperor of the Mali Empire, one of the prosperous Sahelian kingdoms that developed along the trans-saharan trade routes in the later medieval period. Musa made his fortune by exploiting his country's salt and gold production, along with the slave and ivory trade.[30][21][31][32][33] Musa is said to have brought several tonnes of gold to Mecca when he made a pilgrimage there in 1324, deflating the value of gold across much, if not all, of North Africa. Reported as being inconceivably rich by contemporaries, "There's really no way to put an accurate number on his wealth."[34]
Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel	England  France (included parts of modern-day  France, the  United Kingdom	c. 1306–1376	English nobleman and admiral. Succeeded to the Earldom of Surrey in 1347 (adding to his wealth) and made very large loans to King Edward III.[13]
John of Gaunt	England  France (included parts of modern-day  France, the  United Kingdom	1340–1399	Third son of King Edward III of England. Duke of Lancaster. Owned land in almost every county in England, with a household comparable to that of a monarch.[35]
Akbar the Great	Mughal Empire (Included parts of modern-day  India,  Pakistan,  Afghanistan,  Bangladesh)	1542-1605 (63 years)	Controlled an empire that accounted for about one-fourth of global economic output.[21][36]
Joseph Stalin	Soviet Union	Leader of the Soviet Union from 1924 to 1953	National dictator controlling 9.6% of global GDP, Stalin had absolute power to direct the wealth of the Soviet Union toward any end he wanted. The modern equivalent to what he controlled would be nearly $8.5 trillion (inflation-adjusted value in 2022 dollars).[37][21]
Mir Osman Ali Khan	Hyderabad State (Present-day  India)	1886–1967 (81 years)	The last Nizam of Hyderabad State in British India, he is regarded as the wealthiest person in the world during his lifetime; his portrait was on the cover of Time magazine in 1937.[38] As a semi-autonomous monarch, he had his own mint, printing his own currency, the Hyderabadi rupee, and had a private treasury that was said to contain £100m in gold and silver bullion, and a further £400m of jewels (in 2008 terms). The major source of his wealth was the Golconda mines, the only supplier of diamonds in the world at that time.[39][40] Among them was the Jacob Diamond, valued at some £50m (in 2008 terms),[41][42][43] and used by the Nizam as a paperweight.[44]

Antiquity

For classical antiquity, even more than for the High Middle Ages, the definition of personal wealth becomes difficult to compare with the modern period; especially in the case of divine kings such as the pharaohs and Roman emperors, where an entire empire might be considered the personal property of a deified emperor.

Name	Principal country of residence	Lifetime	Description
Augustus	Rome	63 BC – AD 14	Listed by Time Magazine with "$4.6 trillion" because he "personally owned all of Egypt".[21] According to Stanford history professor Ian Morris, the Roman Empire under Augustus was responsible for 25% to 30% of the world's economic output and Augustus himself at one point held personal wealth equivalent to one-fifth of his empire's economy.[21]
Marcus Licinius Crassus	Rome	115 BC – 53 BC	Crassus inherited a fortune of 7 million sesterces after the death of his father in 87 BC, Publius Licinius Crassus. After several years of exile, Crassus was able to rebuild his family fortune by seizing the property of executed convicts for himself.[45] Crassus also expanded his wealth by trading in slaves and by purchasing whole neighborhoods of Rome as they burned, for drastically less than market value. Crassus was known in Rome as Dives, meaning "The Rich". It is believed that Crassus expanded his personal fortune to 170 million sesterces, while Pliny the Elder surmised his fortune to be valued even higher, at 200 million sesterces. This would place Crassus's net worth equal to the total annual budget of the Roman treasury. Crassus has often been listed among the "wealthiest individuals in history", although depending on the estimate of the "adjusted value" of a Roman sesterce, his net worth may also be placed in the range of $200 million to $20 billion.[46]
Alexander the Great	Macedonia (Ancient kingdom)	356–323 BC	Alexander's exact wealth is unknown, but historians believe that he is one of history's richest people.[47]