You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons:

This IP address has been blocked from editing Wikipedia.
This does not affect your ability to read Wikipedia pages.
Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong. Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.

The IP address or range 44.201.0.0/16 has been blocked (disabled) by ‪ST47‬ for the following reason(s):

The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts may be blocked from editing Wikipedia.
You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN.
We recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit. For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you are using a corporate internet connection, switch to a different Wi-Fi network. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in.
If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption.

How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a web host's IP address:
If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may appeal this block by adding the following text on your talk page: ((unblock|reason=Caught by a web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. Place any further information here. ~~~~)). You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated. Your IP address can be determined here. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the unblock ticket request system. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host.

Administrators: The IP block exemption user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and they should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a CheckUser needs to take a look at the account. This can be requested most easily at SPI Quick Checkuser Requests. Unblocking an IP or IP range with this template is highly discouraged without at least contacting the blocking administrator.

This block will expire on 23:54, 31 July 2024.

Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page, as well as email administrators and other editors.

For information on how to proceed, please read the FAQ for blocked users and the guideline on block appeals. The guide to appealing blocks may also be helpful.

Other useful links: Blocking policy · Help:I have been blocked
Your IP address is in a range that has been blocked on all Wikimedia Foundation wikis. The block was made by ‪AntiCompositeNumber‬. The reason given is Open proxy/Webhost: Visit the FAQ if you are affected .
- Start of block: 13:55, 18 August 2022
- Expiry of block: 13:55, 18 April 2025
Your current IP address is 44.201.28.123. The blocked range is 44.201.0.0/16. Please include all above details in any queries you make. If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the No open proxies global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please post a request for review on Meta-Wiki. You could also send an email to the stewards VRT queue at stewards@wikimedia.org including all above details.

You can view and copy the source of this page:

((Short description|Hong Kong political groups favoring autonomy))
((Use Hong Kong English|date=December 2018))
((Use dmy dates|date=December 2018))
((Infobox political party
| name             = Localist groups
| native_name_lang = zh-hk
| native_name      = ((nobold|本土派))
| colorcode        = #002366
| party_logo       = 
| foundation       = ((circa|2010s))
| headquarters     = 
| ideology         = ((Nowrap|'''Majority:'''<br/>[[Localism (politics)|Localism]] ([[Localism in Hong Kong|Hong Kong]])<br/>[[Populism]]<br>'''Factions:'''<br>[[Anti-communism]]<br/>[[Anti-authoritarianism]]<br />[[Cultural conservatism]]<br/>[[Hong Kong independence|Hong Kong nationalism]]<br/>[[Liberalism]]<br>[[Libertarianism]]<br>[[Progressivism]]))
| seats1_title     = ((nowrap|[[Hong Kong Legislative Council|Legislative Council]]))
| seats1           = ((Composition bar|0|90|hex=#002366|per=1))
| seats2_title     = [[Hong Kong District Council|District Councils]]
| seats2           = ((Composition bar|0|470|hex=#002366|per=1))
| colours          = [[Blue]], [[Yellow]]
| country          = Hong Kong
))
((Infobox Chinese
| order = 
| t = 本土派
| j = ((Tone superscript|Bun2 tou2 paai3))
| y = 
| altname = Localist and self-determination groups
| t2 = 本土自決派
| j2 = ((Tone superscript|Bun2 tou2 zi6 kyut3 paai3))
| y2 = 
))
((Politics of Hong Kong))

'''Localist groups''',<ref>((cite news|url=http://www.hk01.com/立法會選舉/41285/-立會選戰-數據-二營對立變三分天下-本土和自決派奪兩成票|title=二營對立變三分天下 本土和自決派奪兩成票|last=梁|first=逸風|date=2016-09-05|work=香港01|access-date=2016-09-28|language=zh-HK|archive-date=5 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305003229/http://www.hk01.com/%E7%AB%8B%E6%B3%95%E6%9C%83%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89/41285/-%E7%AB%8B%E6%9C%83%E9%81%B8%E6%88%B0-%E6%95%B8%E6%93%9A-%E4%BA%8C%E7%87%9F%E5%B0%8D%E7%AB%8B%E8%AE%8A%E4%B8%89%E5%88%86%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%8B-%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%9F%E5%92%8C%E8%87%AA%E6%B1%BA%E6%B4%BE%E5%A5%AA%E5%85%A9%E6%88%90%E7%A5%A8|url-status=live))</ref> or '''localist and self-determination groups''', are the various groups with [[localism in Hong Kong|localist ideologies]] in [[Hong Kong]]. It emerged from [[Post-80s#Post-'80 in Hong Kong|post-80s]] social movements in the late [[2000s (decade)|2000s]] which centred on the preservation of the [[Hong Kong Autonomy Movement|city's autonomy]] and local lifestyles and opposed the perceived growing encroachment of the [[Government of China|Chinese government]] on the city's management of its own political, economic, and social affairs.<ref>((cite news|title=Hong Kong suffers identity crisis as China's influence grows|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/mar/23/china-hong-kong-identity-crisis|newspaper=The Guardian|date=18 April 2016|access-date=15 December 2016|archive-date=23 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223200321/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/mar/23/china-hong-kong-identity-crisis|url-status=live))</ref><ref name="timeout">((cite news|title=Localism: Why is support for the political perspective growing - and who's behind it?|url=http://www.timeout.com.hk/big-smog/features/73236/localism-why-is-support-for-the-political-perspective-growing-and-whos-behind-it.html|date=1 July 2015|access-date=22 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304190314/http://www.timeout.com.hk/big-smog/features/73236/localism-why-is-support-for-the-political-perspective-growing-and-whos-behind-it.html|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead))</ref>

Many of them have distinct point of view from [[Pro-democracy camp (Hong Kong)|pan-democrats]],<ref>((cite news|url=http://news.mingpao.com/pns/dailynews/web_tc/article/20160707/s00012/1467827517628|title=從不滿政治到不滿社會：本土派和民主派支持者的差異|last=李|first=立峯|date=2016-07-07|work=Ming Pao|access-date=2016-10-04|archive-date=1 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001043308/http://news.mingpao.com/pns/dailynews/web_tc/article/20160707/s00012/1467827517628|url-status=live))</ref> and advocate for [[Hongkongers|HongKongers]]’ [[right to self-determination]], while milder elements advocate for [[Hong Kong Autonomy Movement|greater autonomy]] while remaining part of China, and the most radical call for the return to [[British Hong Kong|British rule]] or [[Hong Kong independence movement|full independence]] as a sovereign state. Certain right-wing localists also advocate for a more aggressive and militant stance against the mainland government in defending indigenous interests.<ref name="clashes">((cite news|title=Hong Kong's Clashes Over Mainland Shoppers Show Rising Cultural Tensions With China|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/hong-kongs-clashes-over-mainland-shoppers-show-rising-cultural-tensions-china-1874541|date=8 April 2015|first=Duncan|last=Hewitt|work=International Business Times|access-date=4 October 2016|archive-date=13 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413012733/https://www.ibtimes.com/hong-kongs-clashes-over-mainland-shoppers-show-rising-cultural-tensions-china-1874541|url-status=live))</ref> For that reason, they are labelled as "radicals" and "[[Separatism|separatists]]" by the Beijing government.<ref>((cite news|title=旺角騷亂 京定性本土激進分離組織策動 議員：為23條立法鋪路|newspaper=Apple Daily|date=13 February 2016|url=http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/news/art/20160213/19489666|access-date=4 October 2016|archive-date=15 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715115807/http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/news/art/20160213/19489666|url-status=live))</ref><ref>((Cite news |last=Wong |first=Alan |date=2016-02-21 |title=China Labels Protesters ‘Radical Separatists,’ and They Agree |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/21/world/asia/hong-kong-indigenous-separatism.html |access-date=2024-01-04 |issn=0362-4331))</ref>

The localists gained significant traction following [[2014 Hong Kong protests|widespread protests in 2014]] against the [[2014–15 Hong Kong electoral reform|Chinese government's decision]] to pre-screen Chief Executive candidates before allowing them to be chosen by the general public in the [[2017 Hong Kong Chief Executive election|2017 election]]. Following these protests, a number of localist political parties were formed, organising protests and participated in [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]] elections. They won a total numbers of six seats (excluding [[Claudia Mo]]) with 19 per cent of vote share (excluding [[Claudia Mo]] and [[Gary Fan]]) in the [[2016 Hong Kong legislative election|2016 Legislative Council election]].

After the election, the left-wing localists [[Nathan Law]] and [[Lau Siu-lai]], as well as the right-wing localists [[Baggio Leung]] and [[Yau Wai-ching]] of [[Youngspiration]], were unseated from the Legislative Council over the [[Hong Kong Legislative Council oath-taking controversy|oath-taking controversy]]. Since [[2019–20 Hong Kong protests|2019 Hong Kong protests]], localists were largely absorbed into the broader spectrum of the pro-democracy camp, with the notable exception of [[Civic Passion]], [[Hong Kong Resurgence Order]], [[Hong Kong Civile Party]] and other fringe activists.

==History==
((Main|Localism in Hong Kong))

===Post-80s movements===
The localist camp emerged from the [[Post-80s#Post-'80 in Hong Kong|post-80s]] generation born in the 1980s, ([[Millennials]] in western terminology) social movements in the late 2000s. Many were inspired by the [[Hong Kong 1 July marches#2003|large-scale mass demonstration]] in 2003. [[7.1 People Pile]] was one of the groups that came to exist after the demonstration. They were upset by rapid urban development which was sweeping away old neighbourhoods and communities. They were strongly opposed to the political and economic monopoly of vested interests, collusion between business and government and questioned the nature of the capitalist system in Hong Kong.<ref name="Law"/> Coinciding with the widespread Chinese patriotism at the time was several emerging conservation movements led by young activists, such as [[Christina Chan]] and [[Land Justice League]], protesting against demolition of the [[Edinburgh Place Ferry Pier#Protest movement|Edinburgh Place Ferry Pier]], [[Queen's Pier#Preservation campaign battlefronts|Queen's Pier]], and the buildings on [[Lee Tung Street]] (known as "Wedding Card Street") in 2006 and 2007. [[Hong Kong Express Rail Link controversy|Protests]] against the construction of the Hong Kong section of the [[Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong Express Rail Link|high-speed rail link to Guangzhou]] (XRL) escalated in 2009 and 2010 and established a new high point of the localist movement.<ref name="Law">((cite journal|title=香港本土意識的前世今生|author=羅永生|journal=思想))</ref>

===Right shift of localism===
The failure of the peaceful anti-XRL protests damaged the reputation of the left-leaning moderate activists. Some turned to a more radical approach. Scholar [[Chin Wan]] published the book, ''On the Hong Kong City-State'' in 2011 which triggered fierce public debate and was popular among the young generation.<ref>((cite journal|title=Three Views of Local Consciousness in Hong Kong 香港 地元の意識、三つの視点|date=3 November 2014|journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal|volume=12|issue=44|url=http://www.japanfocus.org/-Ho_fung-Hung/4207|first=Ho Fung|last=Hung|access-date=4 October 2016|archive-date=16 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316110757/http://japanfocus.org/-Ho_fung-Hung/4207|url-status=live))</ref> In the book, Chin suggests abandoning the hope for a democratic China and positions the democracy movement in a "localist" perspective, in order to counter Beijing's "[[Neocolonialism|neo-imperialist]]" policies toward Hong Kong. It analysed the potential threat of the influx of [[Individual Visit Scheme|mainland tourists]] and [[New immigrants in Hong Kong|immigrants]] to the established institutions and social customs of Hong Kong, which he considered likely to be part of a colonisation scheme by Beijing, including the increasing use of [[Mandarin Chinese]] and [[Simplified Chinese]] in daily use and schools. Since then, it has created a paradigm shift on Hong Kong local consciousness from the left-wing discourse of reinterpreting colonial history, cherishing the inclusive and diverse nature of the Hong Kong culture to the right-wing discourse of [[anti-Chinese sentiment]] and nostalgia for British rule.<ref name="Law"/> Chin also tells his [[Hong Kong Autonomy Movement]] followers to use violent action as the means for defending Hong Kong's autonomy.

At the same time, the localists are hostile toward the [[Pro-democracy camp in Hong Kong|pan-democracy camp]], as they perceived the [[pan-democrats]]' [[cosmopolitanism]] as unrealistic and their wish for a democratic China at Hong Kong's expense, which they disagreed with the "Chinese patriotic" theme in the annual candlelight vigil for the [[1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre]] organised by the pro-democracy [[Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements of China]]. They are also dissatisfied with the perceived ineffectiveness of the pan-democrats as the opposition party for the past 20 years. On the other hand, the [[right-wing populist]] tendency of the localist movements was condemned as "xenophobic" and "nativist" by mainstream left-wing activists and the government.<ref name="Lau">((cite news|title=Independent thinker Horace Chin treads bold path|first=Stuart|last=Lau|date=10 June 2013|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1257295/independent-thinker-horace-chin-treads-bold-path|newspaper=South China Morning Post|access-date=4 October 2016|archive-date=15 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915174355/http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1257295/independent-thinker-horace-chin-treads-bold-path|url-status=live))</ref> He suggested building Hong Kong into an autonomous city-state, merging the British culture with a restored Chinese culture. The conflict between the left and the right wings of the movement resulted in great disunity of the whole democratic cause.<ref>((cite news|title=Will a democratic China harm Hong Kong?|first=Ping|last=Chang|date=9 June 2013|url=http://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1256939/will-democratic-china-harm-hong-kong|newspaper=South China Morning Post|access-date=4 October 2016|archive-date=20 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820081656/http://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1256939/will-democratic-china-harm-hong-kong|url-status=live))</ref>

===Umbrella Revolution and aftermath===
((Further|2014 Hong Kong protests))
The [[2014 Hong Kong protests|79-day large-scale occupation protest]] was perceived to boost the local consciousness of the Hongkongers. Many new localist labelled "Umbrella groups" were formed after the protest. notably [[Youngspiration]] and [[Hong Kong Indigenous]]. Youngspiration took part in the [[2015 Hong Kong local elections|2015 District Council election]] with many other newcoming "Umbrella soldiers" and eventually won one seat out of nine candidates.<ref>((cite news|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/1881920/out-old-two-big-name-pan-democrats-ousted-tight-district|title=Out with the old: Two big-name pan-democrats ousted in tight district council election races|newspaper=South China Morning Post|date=23 November 2015|access-date=4 October 2016|archive-date=20 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151220202844/http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/1881920/out-old-two-big-name-pan-democrats-ousted-tight-district|url-status=live))</ref> Hong Kong Indigenous is notable for its protest style, in which it calls for a "militant" approach with "some kind of clash", as opposed to pan-democrats' "gentle approach" of non-violent civil disobedience.<ref name="clashes"/>

There were also disaffection toward the [[Hong Kong Federation of Students]] (HKFS), the leading figure in the protests, resulted in a great split in the student federation. The localists launched a campaign quitting the HKFS. By the end of 2015, four of the eight student unions consisting the federation, the [[Hong Kong University Students' Union]] (HKUSU), the Hong Kong Polytechnic University Students' Union (HKPUSU), the Hong Kong Baptist University Students' Union (HKBUSU) and the City University of Hong Kong Students' Union (CityUSU), broke up with the HKFS.

The [[2016 New Territories East by-election|Legislative Council by-election]] in [[New Territories East (constituency)|New Territories East]] on 28 February 2016 was a milestone of the localist movements, as it was the first attempt for them to contest for the [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]] under localist banner.<ref>((cite news|url=http://www.hk01.com/01%E5%8D%9A%E8%A9%95/9730/-%E9%A6%AC%E5%B6%BD-%E8%A9%95%E6%96%B0%E6%9D%B1%E8%A3%9C%E9%81%B8-66-524%E7%A5%A8%E5%BE%9E%E4%BD%95%E8%80%8C%E4%BE%86-|title=【馬嶽．評新東補選】66,524票從何而來？|date=29 February 2016|work=HK01|access-date=4 October 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304010620/http://www.hk01.com/01%E5%8D%9A%E8%A9%95/9730/-%E9%A6%AC%E5%B6%BD-%E8%A9%95%E6%96%B0%E6%9D%B1%E8%A3%9C%E9%81%B8-66-524%E7%A5%A8%E5%BE%9E%E4%BD%95%E8%80%8C%E4%BE%86-|url-status=live))</ref> [[Edward Leung]] of [[Hong Kong Indigenous]] received a better-than expected result in the [[2016 New Territories East by-election|New Territories East by-election]] in February 2016 by taking more than 66,000 votes and gaining about 15 percent of the total votes. After the election, Leung claimed localism had gained a foothold as the third most important power in local politics, standing side by side with the pan-democracy and pro-Beijing camps.<ref>((cite news|title=All Around Town: So which Hong Kong politician keeps gunning for losing candidate?|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/1919713/all-around-town-so-which-hong-kong-politician-keeps-gunning|date=2 March 2016|newspaper=South China Morning Post|first=Kang-chung|last=Chung|access-date=4 October 2016|archive-date=3 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403090554/http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/1919713/all-around-town-so-which-hong-kong-politician-keeps-gunning|url-status=live))</ref>

===2016 Legislative Council election===
((Further|2016 Hong Kong legislative election))
((See also|2016 Hong Kong LegCo candidates' disqualification controversy))
A day after the 2016 New Territories East by-election, three localist groups, [[Wong Yuk-man]]'s [[Proletariat Political Institute]], [[Wong Yeung-tat]]'s [[Civic Passion]] and [[Chin Wan]]'s [[Hong Kong Resurgence Order]], announced to run in the September [[2016 Hong Kong legislative election|Legislative Council election]] under the alliance "[[Civic Passion–Proletariat Political Institute–Hong Kong Resurgence Order|CP–PPI–HKRO]]".<ref name="localist">((cite news|title=本土組織將派5人出選立會 陳雲或出戰新界東|date=29 February 2016|newspaper=Apple Daily|url=http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/realtime/news/20160229/54812833|access-date=4 October 2016|archive-date=27 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727042006/http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/realtime/news/20160229/54812833|url-status=live))</ref> On 10 April 2016. six localist groups [[Youngspiration]], [[Kowloon East Community]], [[Tin Shui Wai New Force]], [[Cheung Sha Wan Community Establishment Power]], [[Tsz Wan Shan Constructive Power]] and Tuen Mun Community, formed an electoral alliance under the name "[[ALLinHK]]" planned to field candidates in four of the five geographical constituencies with the agenda to put forward a referendum on Hong Kong's [[self-determination]],<ref name="youngspiration">((cite news|url=https://www.thestandnews.com/politics/%E9%9D%92%E5%B9%B4%E6%96%B0%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%89%E5%85%AD%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94-%E7%B5%84%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F%E6%88%B0%E7%AB%8B%E6%9C%83-%E5%80%A12021%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E8%87%AA%E6%B1%BA%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%95/|title=青年新政等六組織 組聯盟戰立會 倡2021香港自決公投|date=10 April 2016|work=Stand News|access-date=4 October 2016|archive-date=26 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160726055100/http://www.thestandnews.com/politics/%E9%9D%92%E5%B9%B4%E6%96%B0%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%89%E5%85%AD%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94-%E7%B5%84%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F%E6%88%B0%E7%AB%8B%E6%9C%83-%E5%80%A12021%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E8%87%AA%E6%B1%BA%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%95/|url-status=live))</ref> while Hong Kong Indigenous and another new pro-independence [[Hong Kong National Party]] also stated that they will run in the upcoming election. [[Demosisto]], a left-leaning political party formed by Umbrella Revolution leaders [[Joshua Wong Chi-fung|Joshua Wong]], Oscar Lai of the [[Scholarism]] and [[Nathan Law]] of the [[Hong Kong Federation of Students]] was also formed on the same day. The political party aimed to field candidates in the upcoming election with the platform of "self-determination" of Hong Kong future. It allied with veteran activist [[Eddie Chu]] who rose to fame in the 2006 [[Edinburgh Place Ferry Pier]] protest and university lecturer [[Lau Siu-lai]] who held class in the occupation sites in the 2014 occupy protest.

On 14 July 2016, the [[Electoral Affairs Commission]] (EAC) announced its plan to require all candidates to sign an additional "confirmation form" in the nomination to declare their understanding of Hong Kong being an inalienable part of China as stipulated in the [[Basic Law of Hong Kong|Basic Law]], in response to many potential localist candidates advocating or promoting Hong Kong independence.<ref name="cant run">((cite news|title='Accept Hong Kong is part of China or you can't run in Legco elections'|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/1989910/accept-hong-kong-part-china-or-you-cant-run-legco-elections|date=14 July 2016|newspaper=South China Morning Post|first1=Joyce|last1=Ng|last2=Ng|first2=Kang-chung|access-date=4 October 2016|archive-date=16 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160716102211/http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/1989910/accept-hong-kong-part-china-or-you-cant-run-legco-elections|url-status=live))</ref> After the end of the nomination period, six localist candidates received emails from the EAC which said their nominations were "invalidated". New Territories East constituency returning officer Cora Ho Lai-sheung rejected Leung's nomination on the basis that she did not trust Leung "genuinely changed his previous stance for independence."<ref name=scmp1998201>((cite news|title=Hong Kong Indigenous' Edward Leung disqualified from Legco elections|newspaper=South China Morning Post|date=2 August 2016|first=Joyce|last=Ng|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/1998201/hong-kong-indigenous-edward-leung-disqualified-legislative|access-date=4 October 2016|archive-date=30 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130213916/http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/1998201/hong-kong-indigenous-edward-leung-disqualified-legislative|url-status=live))</ref><ref name=20160802hongkongfp>((cite news|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2016/08/02/edward-leung-not-genuinely-switched-pro-independence-stance-says-election-official/|title=Edward Leung has not genuinely switched from pro-independence stance, says election official|first=Kris|last=Cheng|work=Hong Kong Free Press|date=2 August 2016|access-date=4 October 2016|archive-date=22 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722061142/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2016/08/02/edward-leung-not-genuinely-switched-pro-independence-stance-says-election-official/|url-status=live))</ref>

The localists scored a great victory in the election, winning six seats (excluding [[Claudia Mo]]) and securing of 19 per cent of the vote share (excluding [[Claudia Mo]] and [[Gary Fan]]). Occupy student leader Nathan Law of the Demosisto became the youngest ever candidate to be elected, Polytechnic University lecturer Lau Siu-lai and Eddie Chu, were returned in the [[geographical constituencies]].<ref>((cite news|title=Rise of localists in Hong Kong polls set to bring headaches for Beijing, analysts say|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/2015349/rise-localists-hong-kong-polls-set-bring-headaches-beijing|date=5 September 2016|newspaper=South China Morning Post|access-date=4 October 2016|archive-date=9 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009083754/http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/2015349/rise-localists-hong-kong-polls-set-bring-headaches-beijing|url-status=live))</ref>

===Oath-taking controversy and disqualification===
((Main|Hong Kong Legislative Council oath-taking controversy))
On 12 October 2016 the inaugural meeting of the Legislative Council, two [[Youngspiration]] legislators [[Baggio Leung]] and [[Yau Wai-ching]] took the oaths of office as the opportunity to make their pro-independence statement. The two first claimed that "As a member of the Legislative Council, I shall pay earnest efforts in keeping guard over the interests of the Hong Kong nation," displayed a "Hong Kong is not China" banner, inserted their own words into the oaths and mispronounced "People's Republic of China" as "people's re-fucking of [[Shina (word)|Chee-na]]".<ref>((cite news|title=Declaration of war as Hong Kong's newly elected lawmakers plunge opening session into chaos|date=12 October 2016|newspaper=South China Morning Post|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/2027526/declaration-war-hong-kongs-newly-elected-lawmakers-plunge|access-date=15 November 2016|archive-date=8 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108061713/http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/2027526/declaration-war-hong-kongs-newly-elected-lawmakers-plunge|url-status=live))</ref> Their oaths were invalidated by the LegCo secretary-general [[Kenneth Chen]] and was subsequently challenged by the government in the court. On 7 November 2016, the [[National People's Congress Standing Committee]] (NPCSC) interpreted the Article 104 of the [[Basic Law of Hong Kong]] to "clarify" the provision of the legislators to swear allegiance to Hong Kong as part of China when they take office. The spokesman of the [[Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office]] stated that "[Beijing] will absolutely neither permit anyone advocating secession in Hong Kong nor allow any pro-independence activists to enter a government institution."<ref name="bar">((cite news|title=Hong Kong will move on controversial security law, CY Leung says, as Beijing bars independence activists from Legco|date=7 November 2016|newspaper=South China Morning Post|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/2043556/beijing-passes-interpretation-hong-kongs-basic-law-legco|access-date=15 November 2016|archive-date=2 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202132955/http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/2043556/beijing-passes-interpretation-hong-kongs-basic-law-legco|url-status=live))</ref> As a consequence, the court disqualified the two legislators on 15 November.<ref>((cite news|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/2046162/hong-kong-court-rules-localist-lawmakers-must-vacate-legco|title=Hong Kong court rules localist lawmakers must vacate Legco seats|newspaper=South China Morning Post|date=15 November 2016))</ref>

==Factions==
((More citations needed section|date=November 2020))

Despite the controversies over "who are localists?" due to the vague concept of localism and the vague platforms of the localist camp, the localist camp can be loosely categorised into the following factions:
* '''Against Mainlandisation''' – rejects influx of mainland culture, immigrants and Communist oppression on Hong Kong people's civil liberties and ways of life.
** Represented party and MPs – [[HK First]] ([[Claudia Mo]], [[Gary Fan]]), a moderate parliamentary faction,<ref>((Cite news |date=2013-02-01 |title=「香港本土」成立 拒絕大陸化 |pages=12 |work=Metro Daily))</ref> categorised into the pan-democracy camp due to their background although carrying a localist agenda.
* '''Democratic self-determination''' – rooted from the left-wing social activism and student movements within the [[pro-democracy camp]]. They formed the Local Action during the [[Post-80s#Post-'80 in Hong Kong|post-80s]] conservation movements in the late 2000s which rose to its peak in the [[Hong Kong Express Rail Link controversy|anti-Express Rail Link protest]]. They generally hold left-wing agenda, supporting universal retirement protection scheme and sympathising with the [[new immigrants in Hong Kong|new immigrants]].<ref>((Cite web |date=2016-04-10 |title=香港新政黨「香港眾志」成立 黃之鋒任秘書長 |url=https://tw.appledaily.com/international/20160410/74CAWYVTIHEFDGRAZP76EEWOUA/ |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=蘋果新聞網 |language=zh-tw))</ref> On the autonomy of Hong Kong, they advocate for "democratic self-determination", contrasting the right-wing localists' notion of "national self-determination".<ref>((cite news |date=7 September 2016 |title=立會票王朱凱廸：他們要民族自決，我要民主自決 |work=The Initium |url=https://theinitium.com/article/20160907-hongkong-eddiechu/ |url-status=live |access-date=4 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917200016/https://theinitium.com/article/20160907-hongkong-eddiechu/ |archive-date=17 September 2016))</ref> They usually have warmer relationship with the pan-democrats.
** Represented party and MPs – [[Land Justice League]] ([[Eddie Chu]]), positioned as the progressive wing of the pro-democracy camp after the oath-taking controversy; [[Demosisto]] ([[Nathan Law]]), formed in 2016, was led by the student leaders from the two leading groups in the [[2014 Hong Kong protests]], the [[Hong Kong Federation of Students]] (HKFS) and [[Scholarism]]; [[Democracy Groundwork]] ([[Lau Siu-lai]]).
** Advocating members – [[Alex Chow]], [[Joshua Wong]], [[Lester Shum]], [[Gwyneth Ho]], [[Sunny Cheung]], [[Tiffany Yuen]]
* '''Hong Kong independence''' – a faction encompassing the political spectrum that strives for [[Hong Kong independence]] by both parliamentary and militant means. "Hong Kong independence, the only way out" has become a popular chant in the [[2019–2020 Hong Kong protests|2019 widespread protests]].<ref>((cite news|url=https://tmhk.org/2020/01/26/旺角年初一爆警民衝突-街頭硝煙迫退商販市民/|title=旺角年初一爆警民衝突 警放催淚彈商販市民爭相走避|date=26 January 2020|newspaper=TMHK|access-date=23 June 2021|archive-date=23 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123034737/https://tmhk.org/2020/01/26/%E6%97%BA%E8%A7%92%E5%B9%B4%E5%88%9D%E4%B8%80%E7%88%86%E8%AD%A6%E6%B0%91%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81-%E8%A1%97%E9%A0%AD%E7%A1%9D%E7%85%99%E8%BF%AB%E9%80%80%E5%95%86%E8%B2%A9%E5%B8%82%E6%B0%91/|url-status=live))/</ref>
** Represented party – [[Hong Kong National Party]]; [[Hong Kong Independence Party]]; [[Studentlocalism]].<ref>((cite news |date=26 August 2016 |title=Why Beijing's headache over calls for Hong Kong's independence has only just begun |newspaper=South China Morning Post |url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/2009538/why-beijings-headache-over-calls-hong-kongs-independence-has-only |url-status=live |access-date=1 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201202711/https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/2009538/why-beijings-headache-over-calls-hong-kongs-independence-has-only |archive-date=1 February 2020))</ref>
** Advocating members –  Student leaders and academics including ((Ill|Paladin Cheng|zh-yue|鄭俠)), Billy Fung, [[Lam Wing-kee]], [[Joe Chung]]<ref>((cite news |date=15 January 2015 |title=I support independence over autonomy |newspaper=Stand News |url=https://www.thestandnews.com/politics/我傾向香港獨立而不是自治/ |url-status=live |access-date=23 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122170234/https://www.thestandnews.com/politics/%E6%88%91%E5%82%BE%E5%90%91%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8D%E6%98%AF%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB/ |archive-date=22 January 2021))/</ref>
* '''National self-determination''' – emerged from the [[Umbrella Revolution]] among other "post-Umbrella organisations" and participated in several protests including the "[[Localism in Hong Kong#Siu Yau-wai case|anti-Siu Yau-wai protest]]". They advocate for a Hong Kong national identity and a national self-determination over the Hong Kong sovereignty and although do not officially support Hong Kong independence. They generally take the anti-immigration stance against the influx of mainland immigrants and tourists. They advocate for a more radical and "militant" approach and also "parliamentary path" under [[ALLinHK]] alliance.
** Represented party and MPs – [[Youngspiration]] ([[Baggio Leung]], [[Yau Wai-ching]])
** Ideological leader – [[Hong Kong Indigenous]] ([[Edward Leung]], [[Ray Wong]])
* '''Restoration of the British rule''' – calls for the restoration of the British rule.
** Represented party – [[Conservative Party (Hong Kong)|Conservative Party]]; [[Alliance of Resuming British Sovereignty over Hong Kong and Independence]], second political group to advocate a breakaway from China established on 26 June 2016, aims to gain independence as the ultimate goal, but seeks to return to British rule as a transitional phase<ref>((cite news |date=23 June 2015 |title=HK activists seek return to British rule as first step to independence |newspaper=The Straits Times |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/hk-activists-seek-return-to-british-rule-as-first-step-to-independence |url-status=live |access-date=4 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828181512/http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/hk-activists-seek-return-to-british-rule-as-first-step-to-independence |archive-date=28 August 2016))</ref>
** Advocating members – [[Chip Tsao]] and others
* '''Sustaining of the Basic Law''' – takes "City-state theory" by Chin Wan which calls for a city-state status of Hong Kong through the amendment of the [[Hong Kong Basic Law]] mandated by all citizens through a ''de facto'' referendum. After the amendment was accepted by the [[Chinese Communist Party]], the autonomy of Hong Kong would be guaranteed even after the original deadline of 2047. They advocated for a "militant" protest style and are hostile toward the pan-democrats and the left-wing localists, opposed the leadership of the pan-democrat-friendly [[Occupy Central with Love and Peace|Occupy Central]] trio and left-wing activist groups Scholarism and HKFS. After the electoral defeat of the [[Civic Passion–Proletariat Political Institute–Hong Kong Resurgence Order|CP–PPI–HKRO]] alliance, the platform was announced to be dropped.
** Represented party and MPs – [[Civic Passion]] ([[Cheng Chung-tai]]); [[Proletariat Political Institute]] ([[Wong Yuk-man]])
** Ideological leader – [[Hong Kong Resurgence Order]] ([[Chin Wan]], author of ''On the Hong Kong City-State'' and "[[City-state]] theory")

== Electoral performance ==

=== Legislative Council elections ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"
|-align=center
! '''Election'''
! Number of<br />popular votes
! % of<br />popular votes
! [[Geographical constituency|GC]]<br />seats
! [[Functional constituency (Hong Kong)|FC]]<br />seats
! [[Election Committee (constituency)|EC]]<br />seats
! Total seats
! +/−
|-
! [[2016 Hong Kong legislative election|2016]]
| 411,893
| 19.00
| 6
| 0
| ((n/a))
| ((Composition bar|6|70|hex=#002366))
| 5((increase))
|-
|-
! [[2021 Hong Kong legislative election|2021]]
| align=center colspan=2 | ''did not contest''
| 0
| 0
| 0
| ((Composition bar|0|90|hex=#002366))
| 6((decrease))
|}

===District Council elections===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"
|-align=center
! '''Election'''
! Number of<br />popular votes
! % of<br />popular votes
! Total seats
! +/−
|-
! [[2015 Hong Kong local elections|2015]]
| 44,334
| 3.07
| ((Composition bar|6|458|hex=#002366))
| 6((increase))
|-
|-
! [[2019 Hong Kong local elections|2019]]
|
|
| ((Composition bar|126|479|hex=#002366))
| 120((increase))
|}

== See also ==
*[[Pro-democracy camp (Hong Kong)]]
*[[Pan-Green Coalition]] (Taiwan)
*[[Pro-Beijing camp (Hong Kong)]]
*[[Hong Kong Autonomy Movement]]
*[[Localism in Hong Kong]]

==References==
((reflist|30em))
((Hong Kong political parties))

[[Category:Politics of Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Localism in Hong Kong|*]]
[[Category:Political parties in Hong Kong|*]]

Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page (help):

Localist camp (edit)
Template:Ambox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Both (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Circa (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Cite journal (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite news (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite web (view source) (protected)
Template:Color (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Composition bar (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Hong Kong (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:DMCA (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Dated maintenance category (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Dated maintenance category (articles) (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Decrease (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Flagicon (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Flagicon/core (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Further (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Has short description (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Hlist (view source) (protected)
Template:Hlist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:Hong Kong political parties (edit)
Template:If empty (view source) (protected)
Template:Ill (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Increase (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Infobox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Infobox Chinese (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Infobox political party (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Interlanguage link (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Main (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Main other (view source) (protected)
Template:Min (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:More citations needed (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:More citations needed section (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:N/a (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Navbox with collapsible groups (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Nobold (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Nobold/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Nowrap (view source) (protected)
Template:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Template:Order of magnitude (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:PAGENAMEBASE (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Template:Politics of Hong Kong (edit)
Template:Portal-inline (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Reflist (view source) (protected)
Template:Reflist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Template:See also (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Separated entries (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Short description (view source) (protected)
Template:Short description/lowercasecheck (view source) (protected)
Template:Sidebar with collapsible lists (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Sp (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Template other (view source) (protected)
Template:Tone superscript (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:Trim (view source) (protected)
Template:Use Hong Kong English (view source) (extended confirmed protected)
Template:Use dmy dates (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Yesno (view source) (protected)
Template:Yesno-no (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Arguments (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/blacklist (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/shared (view source) (protected)
Module:Check for unknown parameters (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1 (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Disambiguation/templates (view source) (protected)
Module:Exponential search (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Format link (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:GetParameters (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote list (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:If empty (view source) (protected)
Module:Infobox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Infobox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:InfoboxImage (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Infobox multi-lingual name (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Infobox multi-lingual name/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Labelled list hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/ISO 639 synonyms (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana languages (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana regions (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana suppressed scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana variants (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:List (view source) (protected)
Module:Math (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox with collapsible groups (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:Portal (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal-inline (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal/images/h (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Separated entries (view source) (protected)
Module:Sidebar (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Sidebar/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Sidebar/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:String2 (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Tone superscript (view source) (semi-protected)
Module:Unicode data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unicode data/scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

Return to Localist camp.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Localist_camp"