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((Short description|Character in German Arthurian literature, son of Parzival (Percival)))
((about|the literary character|the opera by Richard Wagner|Lohengrin (opera)|other uses))
((More citations needed|date=October 2019))
[[File:Lohengrin by Walter Crane (1895).jpg|thumb|Lohengrin by [[Walter Crane]], 1895]]

'''Lohengrin''' (((IPA-de|ˈloːənɡʁiːn|lang))) is a character in [[Germany|German]] [[Arthurian]] literature. The son of [[Percival|Parzival]] (Percival), he is a knight of the [[Holy Grail]] sent in a boat pulled by [[swan]]s to rescue a maiden who can never ask his identity. His story, which first appears in [[Wolfram von Eschenbach]]'s ''[[Parzival]]'', is a version of the [[Knight of the Swan]] legend<ref name=EB1911>((cite EB1911 |wstitle=Lohengrin |volume=16 |pages=922–923))</ref> known from a variety of medieval sources. Wolfram's story was expanded in two later romances. [[Richard Wagner]]'s opera ''[[Lohengrin (opera)|Lohengrin]]'' of 1848 is based upon the legend.<ref name=EB1911/>

==Origin==
Lohengrin first appears as "Loherangrin", the son of Parzival<ref name=EB1911/> and Condwiramurs in [[Wolfram von Eschenbach]]'s ''[[Parzival]]''.<ref>[http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/germanica/Chronologie/13Jh/Wolfram/wol_pa16.html ''Parzival.'' XVI.824 ff]</ref> Wolfram's story is a variation of the [[Knight of the Swan]] tale, previously attached to the [[Crusade cycle]] of medieval literature. Loherangrin and his twin brother Kardeiz join their parents in [[Corbenic|Munsalväsche]] when Parzival becomes the [[Fisher King|Grail King]]; Kardeiz later inherits their father's secular lands, and Loherangrin remains in Munsalväsche as a Grail Knight. Members of this order are sent out in secret to provide lords to kingdoms that have lost their protectors and Loherangrin is eventually called to this duty in [[Duchy of Brabant|Brabant]], where the duke has died without a male heir. His daughter [[Elsa von Brabant|Elsa]] fears the kingdom will be lost, but Loherangrin arrives in a boat pulled by a swan and offers to defend her, though he warns her she must never ask his name. He weds the duchess and serves Brabant for years, but one day Elsa asks the forbidden question. He explains his origin and steps back onto his swan boat, never to return.

The Knight of the Swan story was previously known from the tales of the ancestry of [[Godfrey of Bouillon]], the first ruler of the [[Crusader states|Crusader]] [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]]. The story appears in the two versions of the tale ''Naissance du Chevalier au Cygne'',<ref name=EB1911/> which describes the Swan Knight Elias arriving to defend the dispossessed [[Lords of Bouillon|Duchess of Bouillon]]. They marry and have a daughter, [[Ida of Lorraine|Ida]], who becomes the mother of Godfrey and his brothers. The Knight of the Swan is not the only altered version of a popular story Wolfram uses in his narrative; he makes [[Prester John]] the son of his character [[Feirefiz]].

Graham Seal suggests that the tale of Lohengrin reworks elements from Northern European folklore.<ref>Seal, Graham. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=qfTcKDzzqvIC&dq=%22Encyclopedia+of+Folk+Heroes%22+swan+maiden&pg=PA159 Encyclopedia of Folk Heroes]''. ABC/CLIO. 2001. pp. 151-152. ((ISBN|1-57607-718-7))</ref>

==Later versions==
[[File:Ferdinand Leeke - Lohengrin 1916.jpg|thumb|''Lohengrin'' by [[Ferdinand Leeke]], 1916]]
The story was picked up and expanded in the late 13th-century ''Lohengrin'' by a certain "Nouhusius" or "Nouhuwius", who changed the character's name and tied the romance's Grail and Swan Knight elements into the history of the [[Holy Roman Empire]].<ref>Kalinke, Marianne E. (1991). "Lohengrin". In [[Norris J. Lacy]] (Ed.), ''The New Arthurian Encyclopedia'', pp. 281–282. New York: Garland. ((ISBN|0-8240-4377-4)).</ref> The story follows Wolfram closely but adds certain details – notably, Princess Elsa's questioning of her husband occurs only after prodding by an antagonist who spreads rumors that Lohengrin is not of noble blood – that extends the material into a full [[romance (heroic literature)|romance]]. In expanding the material, the author drew on several other medieval German literary works, including the ''[[Sächsische Weltchronik]]'', the ''[[Jüngere Titurel|Jüngerer Titurel]]'', and the ''[[Wartburgkrieg]]''.<ref>((Cite book|title=The Medieval German ''Lohengrin'': Narrative Poetics in the Story of the Swan Knight|last=Matthews|first=Alastair|publisher=Camden House|year=2016|isbn=978-1-57113-971-9|location=Rochester, NY)) ((Cite book|title=Studien zum mittelhochdeutschen 'Wartburgkrieg': Literaturgeschichtliche Stellung - Überlieferung - Rezeptionsgeschichte|last=Hallmann|first=Jan|publisher=de Gruyter|year=2015|isbn=978-3-05-006505-2|location=Berlin|pages=265–283))</ref> In the 15th century, the story was taken up again for the anonymous ''Lorengel''.<ref>Kalinke, Marianne E. (1991). "Lorengel". In Norris J. Lacy (Ed.), ''The New Arthurian Encyclopedia'', pp. 282–283. New York: Garland. ((ISBN|0-8240-4377-4)).</ref> This version does not include the taboo against asking the protagonist about his mysterious origin and Lorengel and his princess can live happily ever after.

In 1848, [[Richard Wagner]], drawing on the contemporary work of [[Ludwig Lucas]], adapted the tale into his popular [[opera]] ''[[Lohengrin (opera)|Lohengrin]]'', arguably the work through which Lohengrin's story is best known today.<ref>Toner, Frederick L. (1991). "Richard Wagner". In Norris J. Lacy, ''The New Arthurian Encyclopedia'', pp. 502–505. New York: Garland. ((ISBN|0-8240-4377-4)).</ref> While King [[Henry the Fowler]] tries to assemble forces in Brabant to combat the [[Hungarian invasions of Europe|Hungarian invasions]], Lohengrin appears on the [[Scheldt]] River to defend Princess Elsa from the false accusation of killing her younger brother Gottfried (who turns out to be alive and returns at the end of the opera). According to Wagner, the Grail imbues the Knight of the Swan with mystical powers that can only be maintained if their nature is kept secret; hence the danger of Elsa's question. The most famous piece from ''Lohengrin'' is the "[[Bridal Chorus]]" ("Here Comes the Bride"), still played at many Western weddings.

Wagner's ''Lohengrin'' was parodied in [[Victor Herbert]]'s 1906 [[Victorian burlesque|burlesque]] ''[[The Magic Knight]]'', and was reworked into [[Salvatore Sciarrino]]'s 1982 opera ''[[Lohengrin (Sciarrino)|Lohengrin]]'', which reduces the narrative to a manic hallucination.<ref>((cite news |first= Bernard|last= Holland |title= What Would Wagner Think?|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/27/arts/27lohe.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all|newspaper= [[The New York Times]]|date= April 27, 2006 |access-date=September 14, 2009))</ref>

==References==
((reflist))

==Sources==
*[[Lacy, Norris J.]] (Ed.) (1991). ''The New Arthurian Encyclopedia''. New York: Garland. ((ISBN|0-8240-4377-4)).
*Wolfram von Eschenbach; [[Arthur Thomas Hatto|Hatto, A. T.]] (translator) (1980). ''Parzival''. New York: Penguin. ((ISBN|0-14-044361-4))


==Further reading==
* Matthews, Alastair. The Medieval German Lohengrin: Narrative Poetics in the Story of the Swan Knight. NED - New edition ed., Boydell & Brewer, 2016. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.7722/j.ctt1k3s90m. Accessed 29 Apr. 2020.

==External links==
* ((Cite Collier's|wstitle=Lohengrin |short=x))

((Arthurian Legend))
((Wolfram von Eschenbach))
((German folklore))
((Authority control))

[[Category:Arthurian characters]]
[[Category:Arthurian literature in German]]
[[Category:Holy Grail]]
[[Category:Lohengrin| ]]
[[Category:Legendary German people]]
[[Category:Parzival]]

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