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((short description|Military campaign during the Hundred Years' War))
((unreferenced|date=October 2010))
((Infobox military conflict
| conflict    = Loire Campaign
| image       = [[File:Jeanne d'Arc - Les vies des femmes célèbres.jpg|250 px]]
| caption     = [[Joan of Arc]], the leader of the campaign.
| partof      = the [[Hundred Years' War]] ([[Hundred Years' War (1415-1453)|1415–53 phase]])
| date        = 12 October 1428 – 18 June 1429
| place       = [[Loire Valley|Loire river valley]], [[Kingdom of France|France]]
| result      = French victory
*[[March to Reims]]
| combatant1  = [[Image:Arms of France (France Moderne).svg|20px]] [[Kingdom of France]] <br>[[Image:Royal Arms of the Kingdom of Scotland.svg|20px]] [[Kingdom of Scotland]]
| combatant2  = [[File:Royal Arms of England (1470-1471).svg|20px]] [[Kingdom of England]] <br>[[File:Arms of the Duke of Burgundy (1404-1430).svg|20px]] [[Burgundian State]]
| commander1  = [[File:Coat of Arms of Jeanne d'Arc.svg|20px]] [[Joan of Arc]] <br>[[File:Arms of Jean dAlencon.svg|20px]] [[Jean II, Duke of Alençon|John of Alençon]] <br>[[File:Blason Etienne de Vignolles (La Hire).svg|20px]] [[La Hire]] <br>[[File:Blason Jean Poton de Xaintrailles.svg|20px]] [[Jean Poton de Xaintrailles|Jean de Xaintrailles]] <br>[[File:Arms of jean de dunois.svg|20px]] [[Jean de Dunois]] <br>[[File:Blason Gilles de Rais.svg|20px]] [[Gilles de Rais]] <br>[[File:Blason famille Brosse.svg|20px]] [[Jean de Brosse]]
| commander2  = [[File:Talbot arms.svg|20px]] [[John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury|John Talbot]]((Surrendered)) <br>[[File:Blason Thomas de Scales.svg|20px]] [[Thomas de Scales, 7th Baron Scales|Thomas de Scales]]((Surrendered)) <br>[[File:Blason John Fastolf.svg|20px]] [[John Fastolf]] <br>[[File:Arms of De La Pole.svg|20px]] [[William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk|William de la Pole]]((Surrendered)) <br>[[File:Montacute Arms.svg|20px]] [[Thomas Montacute, 4th Earl of Salisbury|Thomas Montacute]]((KIA))
| strength1   = about 19,900 troops
| strength2   = about 11,200 troops
| casualties1 = over 2,500
| casualties2 = about 9,000
| campaignbox =
((Campaignbox Loire Campaign of the Hundred Years War))
((Campaignbox Lancastrian War))
))

The '''Loire Campaign''' was a campaign launched by [[Joan of Arc]] during the [[Hundred Years' War]]. The [[Loire Valley|Loire]] was cleared of all [[Kingdom of England|English]] and [[Burgundian State|Burgundian]] troops.

==Campaign==
[[File:Siege orleans.jpg|thumb|left|The English attack [[Joan of Arc]]'s positions at the [[Siege of Orléans]].]]
The English under [[John, Duke of Bedford]] ordered [[John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury|John, Lord Talbot]] to [[Siege of Orléans|besiege Orléans]] with his subordinates, [[William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk|the Earl of Suffolk]] and [[Thomas Montacute, 4th Earl of Salisbury|the Earl of Salisbury]]. The English nearly succeeded. However, [[Joan of Arc]] led a series of counterattacks. Joan, aided by [[Gilles de Rais]], [[Jean de Dunois]], and [[Jean de Brosse]] attacked the English siege positions. The English could not stand these attacks. Lord Talbot had to retreat and break off the siege.

=== The Battle of Jargeau ===
((Main|Battle of Jargeau))
[[File:Battle of Jargeau Martial d'Auvergne (1508).jpg|200px|thumb|left|The English are mowed down by arrows at the [[Battle of Jargeau]].]]
Then, Joan and [[John II, Duke of Alençon]] marched to capture [[Jargeau]] from the Earl of Suffolk. The English had 700 troops to face 1,200 French troops. Then, a battle began with a French assault on the suburbs. English defenders left the city walls and the French fell back. Joan of Arc used her standard to begin a French rally. The English retreated to the city walls and the French lodged in the suburbs for the night.

The following morning Joan of Arc called upon the defenders to surrender. They refused. The French followed with heavy [[artillery]] [[bombardment]] using primitive [[cannon]]s and [[siege engine]]s. One of the town's towers fell. Suffolk entered surrender nominations with a minor French captain, [[La Hire]]. This breach of protocol antagonized the French command.

Joan of Arc initiated an assault on the town walls, surviving a stone projectile that split in two against her helmet as she climbed a scaling ladder. The English suffered heavy losses. Most estimates place the number at 300–400 of some 700 combatants. Suffolk became a prisoner. The French had some 1200 troops and their losses appear to have been light. Joan moved her army to [[Meung-sur-Loire]]. There, she decided to launch an assault.

=== The Battle of Meung-sur-Loire ===
((Main|Battle of Meung-sur-Loire))
Then, Joan began her attacks. English defenses at [[Meung-sur-Loire]] consisted of three components: the walled town, the fortification at the bridge, and a large walled castle just outside the town. The castle served as headquarters to the English command of John, Lord Talbot and [[Thomas de Scales, 7th Baron Scales|Thomas, Lord Scales]].

Joan of Arc and Duke [[John II of Alençon]] controlled a force that included captains [[Jean de Dunois|Jean d'Orléans]], [[Gilles de Rais]], [[Jean Poton de Xaintrailles]], and [[La Hire]]. Estimates of numerical strength vary with the Journal du Siège d'Orléans citing 6000 - 7000 for the French. A number that large probably counts noncombatants. The English force's numbers remain uncertain, but are lower than the French. They were led by Lord Talbot and Lord Scales. Bypassing the city and the castle, they staged a frontal assault on the bridge fortifications, conquered it in one day, and installed a garrison. This hampered English movement south of the Loire.

=== The Battle of Beaugency ===
((Main|Battle of Beaugency (1429)))
[[File:Chateau Beaugency ballon.jpg|200px|thumb|right|The Castle at [[Beaugency]] still stands today.]]
Then, Joan continued her campaign. She launched an attack on [[Beaugency]]. Joan of Arc and Duke John II of Alençon controlled a force that included captains [[Jean de Dunois|Jean d'Orléans]], [[Gilles de Rais]], [[Jean Poton de Xaintrailles]], and [[La Hire]]. John Talbot led the English defense. Breaking with siege warfare custom, the French army followed the 15 June capture of the bridge at Meung-sur-Loire not with an attack on that town or its castle but with an assault on neighboring Beaugency the next day.

Unlike Meung-sur-Loire, the main stronghold at Beaugency was inside the city walls. It survives to the modern age and forms an imposing rectangular citadel. During the first day of fighting the English abandoned the town and retreated into the castle. The French bombarded the castle with artillery fire. That evening [[Arthur III, Duke of Brittany|de Richemont]] and his force arrived.

Hearing news of an English relief force approaching from [[Paris]] under Sir [[John Fastolf]], [[Jean II, Duke of Alençon|d'Alençon]] negotiated the English surrender and granted them safe conduct out of Beaugency. The [[Battle of Patay]] followed on open territory on 18 June.

=== The Battle of Patay ===
((Main|Battle of Patay))
[[File:Patay.JPG|200px|thumb|left|The French and English joust into battle. In reality, the English had no horse in the battle.]]
An English reinforcement army under Sir John Fastolf departed from Paris following the defeat at Orléans. The French had moved swiftly, capturing three bridges and accepting the English surrender at Beaugency the day before Fastolf's army arrived. The French, in the belief that they could not overcome a fully prepared English army in open battle, scoured the area in hopes of finding the English unprepared and vulnerable.

The English reconnoitered with remaining defenders at Meung-sur-Loire. The French had taken only the bridge at this location, not the neighboring castle or the town. Retreating defenders from Beaugency joined them. The English excelled at open battles; they took up a position whose exact location is unknown but traditionally believed to be near the tiny village of [[Patay, Loiret|Patay]]. Fastolf, [[John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury|John Talbot]] and Sir [[Thomas de Scales, 7th Baron Scales|Thomas de Scales]] commanded the English.

The standard defensive tactic of the English longbowmen was to drive [[Archer's stake|pointed stakes]] into the ground near their positions. This prevented [[Charge (warfare)#Cavalry charges|cavalry charges]] and slowed [[infantry]] long enough for the [[English longbow|longbows]] to take a decisive toll on the enemy line. However, the English archers inadvertently disclosed their position to French scouts before their preparations were complete when a lone stag wandered onto a nearby field and the archers raised a hunting cry.

On hearing the news of the English position, about 1,500 men under captains [[La Hire]] and [[Jean Poton de Xaintrailles]], composing the heavily armed and armoured cavalry vanguard of the French army, attacked the English. The battle swiftly turned into a rout, with every Englishman on a horse fleeing while the infantry, consisting mostly of longbowmen, were cut down in droves. Longbowmen were never intended to fight armoured knights unsupported except from prepared positions where the knights could not charge them, and they were massacred. For once the French tactic of a large frontal cavalry assault had succeeded, with decisive results.

Captain Jean Dagneau captured the famous general John Talbot. After this feat of arms, Dagneau was ennobled in March 1438 by [[Charles VII of France|Charles VII]], [[List of French monarchs|King of France]], which is at the origin of the family name of Dagneau de Richecour.

== Aftermath ==
Joan had won a great victory over the English at all of the battles. The campaign drove the English out of the [[Loire|Loire river]], and routed Fastolf back to [[Paris]] where he had departed from. The French pushed on to victory, pointing the finger at [[Joan of Arc]].
((Use dmy dates|date=June 2017))

((Joan of Arc))

[[Category:1429 in England]]
[[Category:1420s in France]]
[[Category:Battles of the Hundred Years' War]]
[[Category:Joan of Arc]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1428]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1429]]
[[Category:Hundred Years' War, 1415–1453]]
[[Category:Military campaigns involving France]]
[[Category:Gilles de Rais]]

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