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((short description|Passenger trains that run on the London Underground))
((redirect|Tube train|pneumatic tube trains|atmospheric railway))
((Use dmy dates|date=December 2020))
[[File:09NPKDT.jpg|thumb|Two [[London Underground 2009 Stock]] trains at the [[Northumberland Park Depot]].]]
((Undergroundconnect))

'''London Underground rolling stock''' includes the [[electric multiple-unit]] trains used on the [[London Underground]]. These come in two sizes, [[London Underground infrastructure#Subsurface versus deep-level tube lines|smaller deep-level tube trains]] and larger sub-surface trains of a similar size to those on British main lines, both running on [[Standard-gauge_railway|standard gauge]] tracks. New trains are designed for the maximum number of [[standing passenger]]s and for speed of access to the cars.

The first underground passenger services started in 1863 when the [[Metropolitan Railway]] opened using [[steam locomotive]]s hauling [[Gas lighting|gas-lit]] wooden carriages, braked from a guards' compartment. In 1890, the [[City and South London Railway]] opened the world's first deep-level tube railway, using electric locomotives pulling carriages with small windows, nicknamed "[[padded cell]]s". Other tube railways opened in the early 20th century using electric multiple units known as 'gate stock', as access to them was via lattice gates at each end of the car. The earlier railways had electrified the underground sections of their lines by 1907. 

Pneumatic sliding doors were introduced on tube trains in 1919 and sub-surface trains in the late 1930s. Until the early 1960s an electric locomotive was exchanged for a steam locomotive on [[Metropolitan line]] services beyond [[Rickmansworth tube station|Rickmansworth]]. The [[Victoria line]] opened in the late 1960s using [[automatic train operation]] (ATO), and the [[London Underground 1959 Stock|last trains]] ran with a [[Conductor (rail)#Train guard|guard]] in 2000. ((As of|2013|3)), the Central, Jubilee, and Northern lines also use forms of ATO, the latter two using a system called TBTC ([[Communication-based train control|transmission-based train control]]).

The older sub-surface trains were replaced between 2010 and 2017 by new air-conditioned [[London Underground S7 and S8 Stock|S Stock]], and the replacement of the [[London Underground 1972 Stock|1972 Stock]] and the [[London Underground 1973 Stock|1973 Stock]] on the [[Bakerloo line|Bakerloo]] and [[Piccadilly line|Piccadilly]] lines respectively is currently under consideration. They will be replaced by the [[New Tube for London]].

==Current stock==
London Underground trains come in two sizes, larger sub-surface trains and smaller deep-tube trains.<ref>((cite web |url= http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/modesoftransport/londonunderground/1612.aspx |title= Rolling Stock |publisher=Transport for London |access-date=17 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606091447/https://tfl.gov.uk/corporate/modesoftransport/londonunderground/1612.aspx |archive-date=6 June 2012))</ref> Since the early 1960s all passenger trains have been [[electric multiple units]] (EMUs) with sliding doors.((sfn|Day|Reed|2010|p=159)) A train last ran with a guard in 2000.((sfn|Day|Reed|2010|p=205)) All lines use fixed-length trains with between six and eight cars, except for the [[Waterloo & City line]], which uses four cars.<ref name="RSData">((cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004231025/http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/foi/Rolling_stock_Data_Sheet_2nd_Edition.pdf |title=Rolling Stock Data Sheet |publisher=Transport for London |date=March 2007 |archive-date=4 October 2013 |url=//www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/foi/Rolling_stock_Data_Sheet_2nd_Edition.pdf |url-status=dead ))</ref> New trains, which are designed for maximum number of standing passengers and for speed of access to the cars, have [[regenerative braking]] and public address systems.<ref name="Connor">((cite news |title= Deep tube transformation |last=Connor |first=Piers |work=[[Modern Railways]] |date=January 2013 |pages=44–47))</ref>

Since 1999, all new stock has had to comply with accessibility regulations that require such things as access and room for wheelchairs, and the size and location of door controls. All underground trains are required to comply with [[Rail Vehicle Accessibility Regulations|The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (Non Interoperable Rail System) Regulations 2010]] (RVAR 2010) by 2020.<ref>((cite web |url= https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/making-transport-more-accessible-to-all/supporting-pages/accessible-transport-for-all |title= Making transport more accessible to all |publisher= [[Department for Transport]] |date=3 October 2012 |access-date=17 March 2013))</ref>((update inline|date=July 2021))

Stock on sub-surface lines is identified by a letter (such as [[London Underground S7 and S8 Stock|S Stock]], used on all subsurface lines), while tube stock is identified by the year in which it was designed (such as [[London Underground 1996 Stock|1996 Stock]], used on the Jubilee line).

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 0 auto; text-align:center;"
|+ style="margin:inherit; padding-bottom:0.25em" |<span style="color:white; font-weight: bold;">London Underground lines</span>
! Line
! Stock
! Image
! Introduced
! Refurbishment
! Driving
! Number<br>of cars
! Car Length
! Length
! Seats
! Capacity<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/cy/request/284276/response/737827/attach/6/RS%20Info%20Sheets%204%20Edition.pdf|title=Rolling Stock Information Sheets|website=London Underground|date=4 August 2015))</ref>
! Fleet<br>size
! class="unsortable" |Notes
|-
| style="background:#((rcr|London Underground|Bakerloo));"|[[Bakerloo line|<span style="color:white; font-weight: bold;">Bakerloo</span>]]
| [[London Underground 1972 Stock|1972]]
| [[File:Willesden Junction station MMB 02 1972 stock.jpg|150px]]
| 1972–1974
| 1991–1995<br/>2016–2018<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.railengineer.uk/2016/07/27/london-underground-train-life-extension/|title=London Underground train life extension|date=27 July 2016|website=Rail Engineer|access-date=12 February 2017|archive-date=22 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822113803/https://www.railengineer.uk/2016/07/27/london-underground-train-life-extension/|url-status=dead))</ref>2020-present
| OPO
| 7
| DM 16.091 m (52 ft 9.5 in)
T/UNDM 15.977 m (52 ft 5.0 in)
| ((convert|114|m|abbr=on|ftin|frac=8))
| 268
| 851
| 36
| [[New Tube for London|NTfL]]<ref name="RSData" /><ref>((cite web|url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/modesoftransport/londonunderground/rollingstock/1622.aspx |title=Rolling Stock: 1972 Stock |publisher=Transport for London |archive-date=14 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130414070829/http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/modesoftransport/londonunderground/rollingstock/1622.aspx |url-status=dead ))</ref>
|-
| style="background:#((rcr|London Underground|Central)); color:white;"|[[Central line (London Underground)|<span style="color:white; font-weight: bold;">Central</span>]]
| [[London Underground 1992 Stock|1992]]
| [[File:London Underground 1992 Stock at Theydon Bois by tompagenet.jpg|150px]]
| 1993–1995
| 2011–2012<br/>2020–present
| ATO/ATP
| 8
| 16.25 m (53 ft 4 in)
| ((convert|133|m|abbr=on|ftin|frac=8))
| 272
| 1047
| 85
| [[New Tube for London|NTfL]]<ref name="RSData"/><ref name="Data92">((cite web|url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/modesoftransport/londonunderground/rollingstock/1626.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214054804/http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/modesoftransport/londonunderground/rollingstock/1626.aspx |title=Rolling Stock: 1992 Stock |publisher=Transport for London |archive-date=14 December 2013 |url-status=dead ))</ref>
|-
| rowspan=1 style="background:#((rcr|London Underground|Circle)); color:#((rcr|London Underground|Piccadilly));"|[[Circle line (London Underground)|<span style="color:#((rcr|London Underground|Piccadilly)); font-weight: bold;">Circle</span>]]
| rowspan=3|[[London Underground S7 and S8 Stock|S7]]
| [[File:Au Morandarte Flickr S7 21330 on Circle Line, Kings Cross St Pancras (9672235591).jpg|150px]]
| 2013–2014<ref>((cite web | url=http://www.globalrailnews.com/2013/09/03/s-stock-trains-take-to-circle-line/ | title=S Stock trains take to Circle line | publisher=Global Rail News | date=3 September 2013 | access-date=3 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926042330/https://www.globalrailnews.com/2013/09/03/s-stock-trains-take-to-circle-line/ | archive-date=26 September 2017 | url-status=dead ))</ref>
| rowspan="3" | —
| rowspan=3|OPO<br/>ATO/CBTC <ref name="ATO S">((cite web|title=Commissioner's Report|url=http://www.londontransport.co.uk/cdn/static/cms/documents/board-20140924-part-1-item05-commissioners-report-september-2014.pdf|date=24 September 2014|publisher=Transport for London|access-date=30 September 2014))</ref>
| rowspan="4" |7
| rowspan="3" |
* 17.44 m (57 ft) (DM)
* 15.43 m (51 ft) (NDM)
| rowspan=3|((convert|117.5|m|abbr=on|ftin|frac=8))
| rowspan=3|256
| rowspan=3|1045
| rowspan="3" | 113 (shared between lines)
| rowspan="3" | <ref name="S Stock">((cite web|url=//www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/66598/response/170252/attach/5/S%20Stock%20information%20sheet%20July%202010.pdf |title=S Stock |publisher=Transport for London via whatdotheyknow.com |date=July 2010 |access-date=30 September 2014 ))<br/>((cite web|url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/modesoftransport/londonunderground/rollingstock/21815.aspx |title=Rolling Stock: S Stock |publisher=Transport for London |archive-date=29 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229052317/http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/modesoftransport/londonunderground/rollingstock/21815.aspx |url-status=dead ))</ref>
|-
| style="background:#((rcr|London Underground|District)); color:white;"|[[District line|<span style="color:white;">'''District'''</span>]]
| [[File:LondonUnderground-S7-DistrictLine-Olympia.JPG|150px]]
| 2013–2017((efn|The first S7 Stock train entered passenger service between Olympia and West Ham on the District line on 2 September 2013.<ref name="District pips Circle to the post">((cite journal | title=District pips Circle to the post | journal=Modern Railways | volume= 70 |issue= 781 |page=12 | date=October 2013))</ref>))<ref name="District pips Circle to the post"/>
|-
| style="background:#((rcr|London Underground|Hammersmith & City)); color:#((rcr|London Underground|Piccadilly));"|[[Hammersmith & City line|<span style="color:#((rcr|London Underground|Piccadilly)); font-weight: bold;">Hammersmith & City</span>]]
| [[File:S7 Stock at West Ham, July 2013.jpg|150px]]
| 2012–2014
|-
| style="background:#((rcr|London Underground|Jubilee)); color:white;"|[[Jubilee line|<span style="color:white; font-weight: bold;">Jubilee</span>]]
| [[London Underground 1996 Stock|1996]]
| [[File:LUL 1996 Tube Stock at Stratford.jpg|alt=|150x150px]]
| 1997–1998<br/>2005–2006
| 2017–2019<ref>((cite web |title=London Underground Rolling Stock Renewals Programme |url=https://content.tfl.gov.uk/06-lu-rolling-stock.pdf |website=Transport for London |publisher=Programmes and Investment Committee |access-date=22 October 2022 |page=21 |date=8 March 2017 ))</ref>
| ATO/TBTC
| 17.77 m (58 ft 4 in)
| ((convert|126|m|abbr=on|ftin|frac=8))
| 234
| 964
| 63
| <ref name="RSData"/><ref>((cite web | url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/modesoftransport/londonunderground/rollingstock/1630.aspx | title=Rolling Stock: 1996 Stock | publisher=Transport for London | archive-date=16 December 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131216013610/http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/modesoftransport/londonunderground/rollingstock/1630.aspx))</ref>
|-
| style="background:#((rcr|London Underground|Metropolitan)); color:White;"|[[Metropolitan line|<span style="color:white; font-weight: bold;">Metropolitan</span>]]
| [[London Underground S7 and S8 Stock|S8]]
| [[File:LUL-S-Stock-at-Watford.jpg|150px]]
| 2010–2012
| —
| OPO<br/>ATO/CBTC <ref name="ATO S"/>
| 8
|
* 17.44 m (57 ft) (DM)
* 15.43 m (51 ft) (NDM)
| ((convert|134|m|abbr=on|ftin|frac=8))
| 306
| 1176
| 58
| <ref name="S Stock"/>
|-
| style="background:#((rcr|London Underground|Northern)); color:white;"|[[Northern line|<span style="color:white; font-weight: bold;">Northern</span>]]
| [[London Underground 1995 Stock|1995]]
| [[File:Brent Cross tube station MMB 05 1995 Stock.jpg|150px]]
| 1998–2000
| 2013–2015
| ATO/TBTC<ref name="Connor"/>
| rowspan="2" | 6
| 17.77 m (58 ft 3.6 in)
| ((convert|108|m|abbr=on|ftin|frac=8))
| 248
| 752
| 106
| <ref name="RSData"/><ref>((cite web|url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/modesoftransport/londonunderground/rollingstock/1628.aspx |title=Rolling Stock: 1995 Stock |publisher=Transport for London |archive-date=5 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105200302/http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/modesoftransport/londonunderground/rollingstock/1628.aspx |url-status=dead ))</ref>
|-
| style="background:#((rcr|London Underground|Piccadilly)); color:white;"|[[Piccadilly line|<span style="color:white; font-weight: bold;">Piccadilly</span>]]
| [[London Underground 1973 Stock|1973]]
| [[File:Au Morandarte Flickr DSC00983 (11587984283).jpg|150px]]
| 1975–1978
| 1996–2001
| OPO
|DM 17.473 m (57 ft 3.9 in)
UNDM/T 17.676 m (57 ft 11.9 in)
|
| 228
| 798
| 86.5
| [[New Tube for London|NTfL]]<ref name="RSData"/><ref>((cite web
 |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/modesoftransport/londonunderground/rollingstock/1624.aspx
 |title=Rolling Stock: 1973 Stock
 |publisher=Transport for London
 |archive-date=5 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105200217/http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/modesoftransport/londonunderground/rollingstock/1624.aspx
 |url-status=dead
))</ref>
|-
| style="background:#((rcr|London Underground|Victoria)); color:white;"|[[Victoria line|<span style="color:white; font-weight: bold;">Victoria</span>]]
| [[London Underground 2009 Stock|2009]]
| [[File:London Underground 2009 Stock front.jpg|150px]]
| 2009–2011
| —
| ATO/DTG-R
| 8
| 16.595 m (54 ft 5.3 in) (trailing cars)
16.345 m (53 ft 7.5 in) (all others)
| ((convert|133|m|abbr=on|ftin|frac=8))
| 288
| 986
| 47
| <ref>((cite web | url=https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/190979/response/472035/attach/3/2009ts.pdf | title=2009 Tube Stock | publisher=Transport for London via whatdotheyknow.com | date=January 2011 | access-date=29 September 2014))</ref><ref>((cite web|url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/modesoftransport/londonunderground/rollingstock/1620.aspx |publisher=Transport for London |title=Rolling Stock:1967 Stock |archive-date=5 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105205059/http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/modesoftransport/londonunderground/rollingstock/1620.aspx |url-status=dead ))</ref>
|-
| style="background:#((rcr|London Underground|Waterloo & City)); color:#((rcr|London Underground|Piccadilly));"|[[Waterloo & City line|<span style="color:#((rcr|London Underground|Piccadilly)); font-weight: bold;">Waterloo & City</span>]]
| [[London Underground 1992 Stock|1992]]
| [[File:Bank station Waterloo & City line train.JPG|150x150px]]
| 1993
| 2006
| OPO
| 4
| 16.25 m (53 ft 4 in)
| ((convert|66.5|m|abbr=on|ftin|frac=8))
| 136
| 506
| 5
| [[New Tube for London|NTfL]]<ref name="RSData"/><ref name="Data92"/>
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="13" | OPO: [[One-person operation]]. No platform assistant when closing the doors.<br/>ATO: [[Automatic train operation]]/ATP: [[Automatic Train Protection (United Kingdom)|Automatic train protection]]. Train is driven automatically.<br/>CBTC: [[Communications-based train control]]/TBTC: Transmission-based train control.<br/>DTG-R: Distance To Go - Radio, a radio based train protection system<br/>Capacity is based on Information Sheets, using Seating Capacity (full seats) + Max Observed Standing Capacity (5 people per sqm).
|}

==Future development plans==
===New Tube for London (NTfL)===
((main|New Tube for London))

The Deep tube programme (DTP) originally covered the replacement of the trains and signalling on the Bakerloo and Piccadilly lines. It had been expanded to cover [[rolling stock]] requirements arising from the planned extension of the Northern line to Battersea, the eventual replacement of Central line trains and proposed increased service frequency on the Northern and Jubilee lines. The EVO tube concept design, a lighter articulated train with walk through cars, was introduced early in 2011.<ref name="Connor" /> In early 2014 the Bakerloo, Piccadilly, Central and Waterloo & City line rolling stock replacement project was renamed [[New Tube for London]] (NTfL) and moved from its feasibility stage to the design and specification stage.<ref>((cite web | url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/cdn/static/cms/documents/board-20140205-part-1-item10-new-tube-for-london.pdf | title=New Tube for London Programme | publisher=Transport for London | work=Board Minutes | date=5 February 2014 | access-date=3 April 2014))</ref><ref>((cite news |url= http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/urban/single-view/view/london-underground-starts-new-tube-for-london-train-procurement.html |title=New Tube for London Programme |work=Railway Gazette |date=28 February 2014 |access-date=3 April 2014))</ref> 

The proposal introduces fully automated trains and signalling to replace [[London Underground 1972 Stock|1972 Stock]], [[London Underground 1973 Stock|1973 Stock]] & [[London Underground 1992 Stock|1992 Stock]] and increase capacity on the Piccadilly, Central, Waterloo & City and Bakerloo lines between 2025 and 2033. The fully automated trains may not have drivers.<ref name="Railnews">((cite news |url =http://www.railnews.co.uk/news/2014/02/28-tfl-prepares-for-driverless-tube.html |title=TfL prepares for driverless tube |work=Railnews |date=28 February 2014 |access-date=3 April 2014))</ref> The [[ASLEF]] and [[National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers|RMT]] trade unions that represent the drivers strongly oppose this, saying that it would be unsafe.<ref>((cite news |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-26381175 |title= Driverless Tube trains: Unions vow 'war' over plan |work=BBC News |date=28 February 2014 |access-date=3 April 2014))</ref> Internal investigations from TfL revealed that the upgrades required to operate driverless trains were economically unviable.<ref>((Cite web |title=Driverless trains bombshell |author= |work=aslef.org.uk |date=26 October 2020 |access-date=31 January 2023 |url= https://aslef.org.uk/publications/driverless-trains-bombshell |quote=))</ref>

==History==
===Steam locomotives===
====District Railway====
((main|District Railway steam locomotives))
The first services were run by the Metropolitan Railway. In 1871 the District Railway began running its own services with locomotives that were identical to the [[Metropolitan Railway A Class]] already in use. Twenty were supplied initially,((sfn|Green|1987|p=10)) and by 1905 the District had 54 locomotives.((sfn|Bruce|1983|p=16)) After the railway had been electrified by 1907 all but six of the steam locomotives had been sold. In 1925 two locomotives were retained for departmental use.((sfn|Lee|1956|p=35))((sfn|Casserley|1977|p=51))

====Metropolitan Railway====
((main|Metropolitan Railway steam locomotives))
[[File:Metropolitan Railway Steam Locomotive, London Transport Museum.jpg|thumb|Metropolitan Railway steam locomotive number 23, one of only two surviving locomotives, is displayed at [[London Transport Museum]].|alt=A steam tank locomotive is shown indoors, funnel towards the viewer, in purple livery. A large pipe connects the pistons at the front with the side tank]]
Concern about smoke and steam in the tunnels led to trials before the line opened with an experimental "hot brick" locomotive nicknamed [[Fowler's Ghost]]. This was unsuccessful and the first public trains were hauled by broad gauge [[GWR Metropolitan Class]] [[Condensing steam locomotive|condensing]] 2-4-0 tank engines designed by [[Daniel Gooch]]. These were followed by standard gauge Great Northern Railway locomotives and then by the Metropolitan Railway's own standard gauge locomotives.((sfn|Green|1987|pp=5–6)) All tank engines, these locomotives were classified by letters of the alphabet. Initially eighteen [[Metropolitan Railway A Class|A Class]] ([[4-4-0]]) were ordered in 1864. By 1870 a total of forty-four had been built. In 1885, an improved version was ordered and twenty-two [[Metropolitan Railway B Class|B Class]] were built.((sfn|Bruce|1983|pp=12–13))

From 1891, more locomotives were needed for work on the line from [[Baker Street tube station|Baker Street]] into the country. Four [[Metropolitan Railway C Class|C Class]] ([[0-4-4]]) were received in 1891 and six [[Metropolitan Railway D Class|D Class]] ([[2-4-0]]) in 1894.((sfn|Green|1987|p=14)) From 1896 to 1901 seven [[Metropolitan Railway E Class|E Class]] ([[0-4-4]]) locomotives were built to replace the A class on this line.((sfn|Simpson|2003|p=131)) In 1901 the Met also received four [[Metropolitan Railway F Class|F Class]] ([[0-6-2]]),((sfn|Green|1987|p=14)) a freight variant of the E Class.<ref>((cite web | url=http://www.railwayarchive.org.uk/stories/pages.php?enum=LE130&pnum=14&maxp=18 | title=T. F. Clark and Charles Jones Locomotives | publisher=Railway Archive | access-date=16 January 2012))</ref> Not all these new locomotives were fitted with the condensing equipment needed to work south of Finchley Road.((sfn|Bruce|1983|p=21))

The need for more powerful engines meant in 1915 four [[Metropolitan Railway G Class|G Class]] ([[0-6-4]]) arrived,((sfn|Green|1987|p=44)) named after people or places associated with the Metropolitan Railway.((sfn|Bruce|1983|p=26)) Eight ((convert|75|mph|km/h|abbr=on)) capable((sfn|Foxell|1996|p=55)) [[Metropolitan Railway H Class|H Class]] ([[4-4-4]]) were built in 1920((sfn|Green|1987|p=44)) for express passenger services,((sfn|Horne|2003|p=46)) replacing the C and D class locomotives.((sfn|Simpson|2003|pp=129–130)) In 1925, six freight [[Metropolitan Railway K Class|K Class]] ([[2-6-4]])((sfn|Green|1987|p=44)) locomotives arrived. These were out of [[Loading gauge|gauge]] south of Finchley Road.((sfn|Bruce|1983|p=26))

====London Passenger Transport Board====
In November 1937, the later Metropolitan Railway G, H and K Class steam locomotives were transferred to the [[London and North Eastern Railway]] (LNER), who took over all freight workings and became responsible for hauling passenger trains with steam locomotives north of Rickmansworth. From the early 1940s, these were replaced by ex [[Great Central Railway]] locomotives, now classified [[LNER Class A5]]. These were replaced in 1948 by [[LNER Thompson Class L1|LNER L1]]s. Former [[London, Midland and Scottish Railway|LMS]] locomotives replaced the L1s ten years later, when the joint line was transferred to British Railways' [[London Midland Region]].((sfn|Casserley|1977|pp=80–83)) Steam working ended on passenger trains in 1961, after electrification and the introduction of [[London Underground A60 and A62 Stock|A Stock]] electric multiple units.((sfn|Bruce|1983|p=113))

===Electric locomotives===
((main|London Underground electric locomotives))
[[File:Metropolitan Railway electric locomotive, 17 (CJ Allen, Steel Highway, 1928).jpg|thumb|Metropolitan Railway electric locomotive No. 17]]
The [[City and South London Railway]] tube line opened in 1890 with electric locomotives hauling carriages.((sfn|Croome|Jackson|1993|p=15)) Initially the locomotive could haul three carriages at an average ((convert|13+1/2|mph));((sfn|Croome|Jackson|1993|p=30))((sfn|Day|Reed|2010|p=45)) the trains were air braked, their reservoirs topped up at Stockwell. Fourteen locomotives were initially built, soon supplemented by more.((sfn|Croome|Jackson|1993|p=26)) When the railway was extended in 1900 a further 30 locomotives to an improved design were built, and 10 of the first generation rebuilt.((sfn|Croome|Jackson|1993|p=26)) In 1923 the railway was closed for reconstruction and tunnel enlargement, and the line reopened using newly built [[London Underground Standard Stock|Standard Stock]] [[electrical multiple units]].((sfn|Day|Reed|2010|pp=90–91))

When the [[Central London Railway]] opened in 1900, carriages were hauled by electric locomotives.((sfn|Day|Reed|2010|pp=54, 56)) However, the 44-ton locomotives had a high [[unsprung mass|unsprung weight]] of 34 tons, and these caused noise and vibrations that could be felt at ground level.((sfn|Day|Reed|2010|p=57))((sfn|Croome|Jackson|1993|p=41)) In 1902–03 the carriages were reformed into multiple units using a control system developed by [[Frank Sprague]] in Chicago.((sfn|Green|1987|p=22))

The District Railway used electric locomotives on electrified underground lines that were exchanged for steam locomotives to continue over unelectrified track. Ten were built in 1905, and these operated in pairs, initially used to haul [[London and North Western Railway]] passenger trains on their [[Outer Circle (London)|Outer Circle]] route between Earl's Court and Mansion House. From 1910 trains from the [[London, Tilbury and Southend Railway]] were extended over the District, the steam locomotives being exchanged for electric ones at Barking.((sfn|Bruce|1983|p=47)) These locomotives were scrapped after the service was withdrawn in 1939.((sfn|Bruce|1983|p=89))

Similarly [[Metropolitan Railway electric locomotives]] were used with conventional carriage stock. On the outer suburban routes an electric locomotive was used at the Baker Street end that was exchanged for a steam locomotive en route.((sfn|Green|1987|p=26)) The first ten had a central cab and were known as camel-backs, and these entered service in 1906. A year later another ten units with a box design and a driving position at both ends arrived.((sfn|Green|1987|p=26)) These were replaced by more powerful units in the early 1920s.((sfn|Bruce|1983|p=58)) The locomotives were withdrawn from passenger service after electrification to Amersham was completed in 1961, although three were kept as shunters.((sfn|Bruce|1983|p=60))

===Carriages===
((main|London Underground carriages))
The Metropolitan Railway opened in 1863 with [[Gas lighting|gas-lit]] wooden carriages hauled by steam locomotives.((sfn|Green|1987|pp=5–6)) Lighting was provided by gas — two jets in first class compartments and one in second and third class compartments.((sfn|Edwards|Pigram|1988|p=32)) Initially the carriages were braked with wooden blocks operated from the guards' compartments at the front and back of the train, giving off a distinctive smell.((sfn|Simpson|2003|p=19))((sfn|Horne|2003|p=22)) The Metropolitan and District railways both used loco-hauled carriages exclusively until they electrified in the early 20th century. The District railway replaced all its carriages with electric multiple units.((sfn|Bruce|1983|p=19)) The Metropolitan still used loco-hauled carriages on the outer suburban routes, where an electric locomotive at the Baker Street end was exchanged for a steam locomotive en route. Carriages were introduced in the later years of the 19th century that gave a better ride quality, steam heating, automatic vacuum brakes, electric lighting and upholstered seating in all classes.((sfn|Green|1987|p=14))((sfn|Bruce|1983|p=22))((sfn|Jackson|1986|p=97))

The City & South London Railway tube line opened in 1890, with electric locomotives which hauled three carriages. Originally only provided with small windows, these were soon nicknamed "padded cells".((sfn|Croome|Jackson|1993|pp=15, 28-30)) These were replaced with standard tube stock when the line was rebuilt in 1923.((sfn|Day|Reed|2010|pp=90–91)) The Central London Railway briefly used carriages when it opened in 1900, but these were re-formed into multiple units in 1902–03.((sfn|Day|Reed|2010|pp=54, 56))((sfn|Green|1987|p=22)) New carriages, nicknamed "Dreadnoughts", were introduced on the Metropolitan main line in 1910.((sfn|Green|1987|p=26)) Two rakes had a [[Pullman train (UK)|Pullman]] coach that provided a buffet service for a supplementary fare.((sfn|Bruce|1983|p=63)) They contained a toilet and were built with steam heating. Electric heating was fitted in 1925.((sfn|Jackson|1986|pp=213–214)) All carriages on the London Underground were replaced by the [[London Underground A60 and A62 Stock|A Stock]] multiple units in the early 1960s.((sfn|Bruce|1983|p=110))

===Sub-surface electric multiple units===
((see also|List of London Underground electric multiple units#Sub-surface stock))
Before 1933 the sub-surface lines were run by two companies, the [[District Railway]] and [[Metropolitan Railway]]. The [[Circle line (London Underground)|Circle line]] was operated jointly, although the Metropolitan operated most of the services from 1926.((sfn|Bruce|1983|pp=40–41))

====District Railway====
((main|District Railway electric multiple units))
[[File:Gunnersbury Station, with District Line train for Richmond geograph-2386618-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg|thumb|A District line train at [[Gunnersbury railway station|Gunnersbury]] in 1955. The leading car, with a clerestory roof, is one of the District Railway cars built in 1923.|alt=A black-and-white photograph showing a 6-car train at a station. There are detail differences in the carriages, the leading car, unlike the others, has its clerestory extended to the car end and the 3rd and 5th carriage sides are flared at the bottom.]]

In 1903, the District tested two seven-car trains with different control and brake systems on its unopened line between Ealing and South Harrow. Access to the car was by platforms with lattice gates at their ends and hand-operated sliding doors on the car sides.((sfn|Bruce|1983|pp=30–31)) Later some trailer cars were fitted with driving controls, and two- and three-car trains operated from Mill Hill Park (now [[Acton Town tube station|Acton Town]]) to [[Hounslow Town tube station|Hounslow Town]] and [[South Harrow tube station|South Harrow]] and later [[Uxbridge tube station|Uxbridge]], until they were withdrawn in 1925.((sfn|Bruce|1983|pp=31–32))

The District Railway ordered 60&nbsp;×&nbsp;7-car electric trains in 1903. A third of the vehicles were made in England, the rest in Belgium and France, and electrical equipment was installed on arrival at [[Ealing Common Depot|Ealing Common Works]].((sfn|Green|1987|p=28)) Access was by sliding doors, double doors in the centre and single doors at either end. First- and third-class accommodation was provided in open saloons with electric lighting.((sfn|Green|1987|p=28))((sfn|Bruce|1983|p=36)) The seats were covered with rattan in third class and plush in first.((sfn|Bruce|1983|p=36)) From 1906 the standard formation was six cars, with an equal number of motor and trailer cars((sfn|Bruce|1983|p=33)) running in either two- or four-car formations off-peak.((sfn|Horne|2006|p=44)) 

By 1910 the District required additional rolling stock and ordered cars largely constructed of steel. The first batch arrived in 1911, followed by more in 1912 from a different manufacturer but to a similar design. Further cars arrived in 1914 with an elliptical roof instead of the [[clerestory]] roof((efn|A clerestory roof has a raised centre section with small windows and/or ventilators.((sfn|Jackson|1992|p=55)))) on the earlier designs.((sfn|Bruce|1983|p=68)) In 1920 the District took delivery of new cars, incompatible with the existing fleet, with three hand-operated double sliding doors on each side.((sfn|Bruce|1983|pp=78–79))((sfn|Horne|2006|p=63))

In 1923, fifty motor cars were ordered to allow some of the original 1904–05 cars to be scrapped.((sfn|Bruce|1983|pp=82–83)) In 1926, the District Railway classified its rolling stock using letters of the alphabet, the original prototype being A Stock, the production cars B Stock, and so on.((sfn|Horne|2006|p=63)) In that year, two stock pools were created. Mainline trains were formed from 101 new motor cars supplemented by motor cars rebuilt from the steel-bodied cars originally constructed in 1910–14 and 1923, and trailers modified from the original wooden-bodied cars. A small pool of unmodified 'local stock' worked the shuttles from Acton Town to South Acton, South Harrow and Hounslow.((sfn|Bruce|1983|pp=85–86))

====Metropolitan Railway====
((main|Metropolitan Railway electric multiple units))
The first order for [[electric multiple unit]]s was placed with Metropolitan Amalgamated in 1902 for 50 trailers and 20 motor cars with Westinghouse equipment, which ran as 6-car trains. First- and third-class accommodation was provided in open saloons, second class being withdrawn from the Met.((sfn|Jackson|1986|p=173)) Access was at the ends via open lattice gates((sfn|Bruce|1983|pp=37–39)) and the units were modified so that they could run off-peak as 3-car units.((sfn|Jackson|1986|p=175)) For the joint [[Hammersmith & City line]] service, the Met and the [[Great Western Railway]] purchased twenty 6-car trains with [[Thomson-Houston]] equipment.((sfn|Jackson|1986|p=184)) 

In 1904, a further order was placed by the Met for 36 motor cars and 62 trailers with an option for another 20 motor cars and 40 trailers. Problems with the Westinghouse equipment led to Thomson-Houston equipment being specified when the option was taken up and more powerful motors being fitted.((sfn|Bruce|1983|pp=37–39)) Before 1918, the motor cars with the more powerful engines were used on circle services with three trailers.((sfn|Bruce|1983|p=41)) The open lattice gates were seen as a problem when working above ground and all of the cars had been modified to replace the gates with vestibules by 1907.((sfn|Jackson|1986|p=175)) Having access only through the two end doors became a problem on busy circle services and centre sliding doors were fitted from 1911.((sfn|Bruce|1983|p=39))
[[File:Neasden metropolitan line station geograph-2384536-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg|thumb|A T stock multiple unit at [[Neasden Depot]], 1959|alt=A black and white image of an electric multiple unit on the furthest of four tracks.]]
From 1906, some of the Ashbury bogie stock was converted into multiple units by fitting cabs, control equipment and motors.((sfn|Bruce|1983|p=56)) In 1910, two motor cars were modified with driving cabs at both ends. They started work on the [[Uxbridge tube station|Uxbridge]]-[[South Harrow tube station|South Harrow]] shuttle service, before being transferred to the Addison Road shuttle in 1918. From 1925 to 1934 these vehicles were used between [[Watford tube station|Watford]] and Rickmansworth.((sfn|Bruce|1983|p=66))

In 1913, an order was placed for 23 motor cars and 20 trailers, saloon cars with sliding doors at the end and the middle. These started work on circle services, including the new electric service to [[New Cross railway station|New Cross]] via the East London line.((sfn|Bruce|1983|p=64)) In 1921, 20 motor cars, 33 trailers and 6 first-class driving trailers were received with three pairs of double sliding doors on each side. These were introduced on circle services.((sfn|Bruce|1983|p=71))

Between 1927 and 1933 multiple unit compartment stock was built in batches by the [[Metro-Cammell|Metropolitan Carriage & Wagon]] and [[Birmingham Railway Carriage & Wagon Company]] companies to be used on electric services from Baker Street and the City to Watford and Rickmansworth. The first order was only for motor cars; half had [[Westinghouse Brake and Signal Company|Westinghouse]] brakes, [[Metropolitan-Vickers]] control systems and four MV153 motors; they replaced the motor cars working with bogie stock trailers. The rest of the motor cars had the same motor equipment but used vacuum brakes, and worked with converted 1920/23 Dreadnought carriages to form 'MV' units. 

In 1929, 'MW' stock was ordered, 30 motor coaches and 25 trailers similar to the 'MV' units, but with Westinghouse brakes. A further batch of 'MW' stock was ordered in 1931, this time from the Birmingham Railway Carriage & Wagon Co. This was to make seven 8-coach trains, and included additional trailers to increase the length of the previous 'MW' batch trains to 8 coaches. These had [[General Electric Company|GEC]] WT545 motors, and although designed to work in multiple with the MV153, this did not work well in practice.
((-))

====London Passenger Transport Board====
In 1933, the Metropolitan and District railways were merged with the other underground railways, tramway companies and bus operators to form the [[London Passenger Transport Board]] (LTPB). In 1934, ninety former Metropolitan Railway cars were refurbished to form the [[London Underground Circle Stock|Circle Stock]]. Although most of these cars were made in 1921, some were older. The motors were replaced and the cars were repainted a red and cream.((sfn|Bruce|1983|p=76)) Serving the Metropolitan main line there were three incompatible types of multiple unit compartment stock that had been built in 1927–33, and these were assembled into 9&nbsp;×&nbsp;8-car and 10&nbsp;×&nbsp;6-car trains after Westinghouse brakes were fitted and some cars regeared.((sfn|Bruce|1983|pp=72–74)) The LPTB, continuing the District Railway multiple unt classification system((sfn|Horne|2006|p=63)) labelled these [[London Underground T Stock|T Stock]].((sfn|Bruce|1983|pp=72–74)) 

In 1932 the District Railway to Upminster had been electrified and new vehicles bought. Similar cars were ordered to allow the Metropolitan line be extended to Barking and replace some of the rapidly deteriorating original wooden trailers.((sfn|Horne|2006|p=69)) The 1935–40 [[New Works Programme]] fitted electro-pneumatic brakes and air-operated doors to most of the District line stock,((sfn|Bruce|1983|p=97)) these becoming [[London Underground Q Stock|Q Stock]] and allowing the remaining wooden cars to be scrapped.((sfn|Horne|2006|p=68)) A number of motor cars not suitable for conversion retained their hand-worked doors, and known as [[London Underground H Stock|H Stock]] these ran until 1957.((sfn|Bruce|1983|pp=96–97))

[[File:CP & R at Upminster.jpg|thumb|P stock in red with R Stock at Upminster]]
The joint Met and GWR stock on the Hammersmith & City line dating from 1905 was replaced by [[London Underground O Stock|O stock]] that initially operated in 4 and 6-car formations, entering service from 1937.((sfn|Horne|2003|p=65)) However, the train was entirely made of motor cars and this caused a problem with the electrical supply, so trailer cars were added from 1938.((sfn|Bruce|1983|p=93)) P Stock was ordered to replace all the remaining Metropolitan multiple units. A combination of 3-car units and 2-car units to run in six and eight car trains were delivered from July 1939. Two trailers were included in an eight car formation, but these were designed to allow conversion to motor cars at a later date after improvements to the power supply.((sfn|Bruce|1983|pp=90–93))

After World War II, [[London Underground R Stock|R Stock]], composed of new cars and the Q Stock trailers that had been built in 1938, replaced the trains with hand-operated sliding doors that remained on the District line.((sfn|Horne|2006|pp=74–75)) The new trains were built between 1949 and 1959,((sfn|Horne|2006|p=75)) and after 1952 trains were constructed from aluminium, saving weight. One train was left unpainted as an experiment and considered a success, so between 1963–68 trains were left unpainted or painted white or grey to match.((sfn|Bruce|1983|pp=100–101)) A number of former District Railway F Stock became available for use on the Metropolitan line. These mainly worked the semi-fast Harrow and Uxbridge services, although they also ran on the [[East London line]] as modified four-car sets.((sfn|Bruce|1983|pp=78–81)) This transfer allowed the Circle Stock to be replaced by 5-car trains of O and P Stock.((sfn|Bruce|1983|p=94)) After 1955, the traction control equipment was replaced on these trains and the cars relabelled CO and CP stock as appropriate.((sfn|Bruce|1983|p=94))

When the Amersham electrification project commenced in 1959, London Transport placed an order for 248 cars of [[London Underground A60 and A62 Stock|A60 stock]] to replace the T stock and remaining locomotive hauled trains. A further twenty-seven trains of the A62 stock were built in 1962–63 to replace the F and P stock trains on the Uxbridge service. These were arranged as 4-car units which could operate as four or eight car trains.((sfn|Bruce|1983|p=110))
Four car units operated on the Chesham shuttle and, from 1977, on the East London line.((sfn|Bruce|1983|p=113)) The transfer of CO/CP Stock from the Metropolitan to the District line in the early 1960s allowed some of the Q stock to be scrapped.((sfn|Bruce|1983|p=97)) 

In 1968, an order was placed for 35 six car trains to replace the CO/CP Stock on the Hammersmith & City and Circle lines. These were arranged as two units with a driving cab in the motor car at one end only and normally run as three pairs. These trains were designated [[London Underground C Stock|C69 stock]].((sfn|Bruce|1983|pp=114–115)) The remaining CO/CP and R Stock on the District line were replaced in the late 1970s by new trains.<ref name="RSI">((cite web|title=Rolling Stock Information Sheets |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/foi/Rolling_stock_Data_Sheet_2nd_Edition.pdf |access-date=26 November 2012 |publisher=London Underground |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220173000/http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/foi/Rolling_stock_Data_Sheet_2nd_Edition.pdf |archive-date=20 December 2013 ))</ref> A shorter train was needed on the Edgware Road branch due to the platform lengths so more of the C stock units.((sfn|Bruce|1983|p=117)) The rest of the District line could use longer trains and new [[London Underground D78 Stock|D Stock]] trains were introduced between 1979 and 1983.<ref name="RSI"/> 

A new Fire Safety Code of Practice, drawn up following the [[King's Cross fire]] in November 1987, lead to internal refurbishment of trains that included replacing the interior panelling and fitting or improving the public address systems.((sfn|Croome|Jackson|1993|pp=474–476)) At the same time the exterior of the trains were painted as it had proved difficult to remove graffiti from unpainted aluminium. The first refurbished trains were presented to the media in September 1989, and the project launched in July 1991.((sfn|Day|Reed|2010|pp=193–194))

((as of|2017)) the Metropolitan, District, Circle and Hammersmith & City lines are being upgraded, with new air-conditioned [[London Underground S7 and S8 Stock|S Stock]] in use. Also, the sub-surface track, electrical supply and signalling systems are being upgraded in a programme designed to increase peak-hour capacity by the end of 2018.<ref name="leaflet"/> A single control room for the sub-surface network is to be established in Hammersmith and an [[automatic train control]] (ATC) system will replace signalling equipment installed from the 1940s.<ref name="MR2">((cite journal|journal=Modern Railways|issue=January 2013|pages=42–43|title=Cityflo 650 to control the SSR|last=Stewart|first=Rob))</ref>

===Tube electric multiple units===
((see also|List of London Underground electric multiple units#Tube stock))

====Early trains====
The first tube railway, the [[City and South London Railway]], opened in 1890 with electric locomotives hauling carriages.((sfn|Croome|Jackson|1993|p=15)) In 1898, the [[Waterloo and City Railway]] opened to the public using [[electric multiple unit]]s. Each four-car train had two trailers and two motor-cars with two ((convert|60|hp|abbr=on)) motors that could be directly controlled from either car. A four car train seated 204, and access was by sliding doors at the car ends leading to a platform protected by a gate.((sfn|Croome|Jackson|1993|pp=31–32))

[[File:Central London Railway 1903 stock motor car.png|thumb|Central London Railway motor car in 1903]]
When the [[Central London Railway]] opened in 1900, carriages were hauled by heavy electric locomotives((sfn|Day|Reed|2010|pp=54, 56)) that caused vibrations that could be felt on the surface.((sfn|Day|Reed|2010|pp=54, 56–57))((sfn|Croome|Jackson|1993|p=41)) In 1903, 64 motor-cars were delivered and the carriages were reformed into multiple units using a control system developed by [[Frank Sprague]] in Chicago.((sfn|Green|1987|p=22))((sfn|Croome|Jackson|1993|p=41)) Initially there were 168 carriages, each ((convert|45|ft|6|in)) long, with access via sliding doors to a gated platform as on the Waterloo & City. Seating was mostly longitudinal for 48 passengers and straps were provided for those standing.((sfn|Croome|Jackson|1993|p=38)) The [[Great Northern and City Railway]] was a built to take main line trains from the [[Great Northern Railway (Great Britain)|Great Northern Railway]] (GNR) at [[Finsbury Park station|Finsbury Park]] to the City at a terminus at Moorgate. However the GNR refused permission for trains to use its Finsbury Park station, so platforms were built beneath the station instead.((sfn|Green|1987|pp=23–24)) Public service on the line began in 1904, using larger electric multiple units with control equipment supplied by [[British Thomson-Houston]].((sfn|Bruce|1983|pp=48–50))

The [[Underground Electric Railways Company of London]] had been established in April 1902 by the American [[Charles Yerkes]] to build and run three cross-London tube lines:((sfn|Green|1987|p=30)) the [[Charing Cross, Euston and Hampstead Railway]] (now part of the [[Northern line]]), [[Baker Street and Waterloo Railway]] ([[Bakerloo line]]) and the [[Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton Railway]] ([[Piccadilly line]]). A power station capable of providing power for these tube lines was built at [[Lots Road Power Station|Lots Road]], by Chelsea Creek.((sfn|Horne|2006|p=40)) 

Similar electric multiple units were purchased for the three lines, controversially from America, France and Hungary,((sfn|Croome|Jackson|1993|pp=91, 97)) and known as "[[London Underground Gate Stock|Gate Stock]]", as access to the cars was via lattice gates at each end.((sfn|Green|1987|p=32)) Motor cars, trailers and control trailers were coupled to make a train of two to six cars, with the motor cars positioned at the outer ends. These had full width control compartments behind the driver and seated about 40, whereas the trailers seated about 50.((sfn|Croome|Jackson|1993|pp=91–95)) A gateman operated the lattice gates using a crank handle and announced each station as the train approached. A bell rung by the rear guard when all gates were closed was echoed down the train by each gateman until the front guard signalled the driver to proceed.((sfn|Croome|Jackson|1993|p=95))

More trains were bought in 1914 for the Bakerloo line extension to [[Paddington tube station (Bakerloo, Circle and District lines)|Paddington]]. To speed up boarding these cars had inward swinging centre doors that were under the control of the gatemen.((sfn|Croome|Jackson|1993|p=116)) From 1915 the Bakerloo was extended to a junction with the [[London & North Western Railway]] (LNWR) at [[Queen's Park station (England)|Queen's Park]] and because of the difficulties of [[World War I]], cars were transferred from the Piccadilly line.((sfn|Croome|Jackson|1993|pp=126–127)) From 1917 tube trains ran through to ((rws|Watford Junction)) using Central London Railway motor cars that had been built for an uncompleted extension to Ealing.((sfn|Croome|Jackson|1993|pp=128–129)) 

These returned in 1920 when the extension opened and the [[London Underground Watford Joint Stock|Watford Joint Stock]], two thirds owned by the LNWR, arrived. Four and six car trains were formed, a motor car permitted in the middle of a tube train as there was an emergency passage through the control compartment. Access was by three single inwardly swinging doors on either side of the cars.((sfn|Croome|Jackson|1993|p=161)) Cars with sliding pneumatic doors were ordered in 1919 for the Piccadilly line. No gatesmen were needed and these trains were staffed by a driver and two guards. An open door was first indicated by a semaphore arm, but these were easily damaged, and by 1923 interlock switches proving the doors were closed were introduced.((sfn|Croome|Jackson|1993|pp=161–164))

====Standard Stock====
[[File:Hendon Central station, underground railway above ground (CJ Allen, Steel Highway, 1928).jpg|Three car Standard Stock train at Hendon Central on today's Northern line|thumb]]
[[File:London Underground tube coach (CJ Allen, Steel Highway, 1928).jpg|Longitudinal seating inside the motor car|thumb]]
((main|London Underground Standard Stock))
There were major extensions of the City & South London and the Hampstead lines in the 1920s. The tunnels of the City & South London Railway were rebuilt to have the same diameter of the other tubes, and extended north to a junction with the Hampstead line at Camden Town, and south to Morden. The Hampstead line was extended to Edgware and south to another junction with the City & South London at Kennington, this opening in 1926.((sfn|Green|1987|pp=36–37)) New stock was required to run on the rebuilt City & South London and extensions so in 1922 six prototype cars were ordered from five manufacturers. With attention given to noise reduction, there were two ((convert|4|ft|6|in|adj=on)) pneumatic doors on each side of the trailers.((sfn|Croome|Jackson|1993|p=164)) 

From this development work a total of 1,460 cars of Standard Stock were built by six manufacturers in 18 batches between 1923 and 1934.((sfn|Bruce|1988|p=127)) Production cars were first ordered in 1923. The Hampstead line received the first of these later in 1923. Motor cars had a control compartment with a central gangway over the motored bogie and seated 30. The trailers seated 48 and the control trailers 44, with transverse and longitudinal seating. Initially trains had a crew of three, a driver and two guards. In 1928, once the use of air-operated doors had proved to be successful, modifications were made to enable a train to be operated by a crew of two.((sfn|Day|Reed|2010|p=109))

Between 1926 and 1928, the Central London cars were converted to air-door operation((sfn|Day|Reed|2010|pp=106–107)) and it had been planned to convert the Gate Stock on the Piccadilly and Bakerloo lines. The cost of building a new car was only slightly more than the cost of converting an old one, and an order for new cars was placed. Delivered in 1929 and 1930, these vehicles enabled Gate Stock to be withdrawn from the Piccadilly line in June 1929. The last gate stock train ran on 1 January 1930.((sfn|Day|Reed|2010|p=108)) After 1929 the design was slightly altered with longer cars with wider doors and additional single-leaf doors on the trailers and electro-pneumatic brakes. Trains of this design were bought in 1931 and 1934 for the extensions of the Piccadilly line to South Harrow and Uxbridge, Hounslow and Cockfosters.((sfn|Bruce|1988|pp=63–64))

====London Passenger Transport Board====
The merger of London's underground railways, tramway companies and bus operators to form the London Passenger Transport Board (LTPB)((sfn|Green|1987|p=46)) was followed by the 1935–40 [[New Works Programme]] that included extension of the Bakerloo, Central and Northern lines.((sfn|Day|Reed|2010|p=116)) New trains were needed and [[London Underground 1935 Stock|four prototype six-car trains]] were built, three with streamlined cabs. Modern electrical equipment was fitted under the floor, removing the need for a control compartment on the motor cars, increasing the number of seats to 40.((sfn|Day|Reed|2010|pp=120–121)) [[London Underground 1938 Stock|1938 Stock]], without the streamlining, entered service on the Northern line in June 1938. A seven-car train was formed from two trailer cars and five motor cars, one of which had no cab,((sfn|Day|Reed|2010|p=124)) the increased power giving greater acceleration.((sfn|Croome|Jackson|1993|p=258)) 

A total of 1,121 cars were built.((sfn|Day|Reed|2010|p=126)) By 1938 the Central line had been converted from the original 3-rail to the 4-rail system, the tunnels enlarged and platforms lengthened to take 8-car trains of the displaced Standard Stock, the last Central London Railway train running in 1939.((sfn|Croome|Jackson|1993|pp=247–248)) In the same year Standard Stock replaced the 1904 Gate Stock on the isolated Northern City Line.((sfn|Day|Reed|2010|p=131)) The Bakerloo line received some 1938 Stock, these running with some converted trailers of Standard Stock.((sfn|Day|Reed|2010|p=126)) The Central line extensions were suspended during World War II and many Standard Stock cars were placed in store.((sfn|Croome|Jackson|1993|p=262)) These cars were in a poor state after the war and extensive refurbishment was needed when the extensions had been completed.((sfn|Croome|Jackson|1993|p=313)) After the war more trains were needed. With limited resources, 89 cars to the same design as the 1938 Stock ([[London Underground 1949 Stock|1949 Stock]]) were ordered and the pre-war streamlined prototypes were rebuilt. These were introduced on the Piccadilly line, releasing some Standard Stock to augment the trains on the Central line.((sfn|Croome|Jackson|1993|pp=313–314))

[[File:Barons Court Station - geograph.org.uk - 1762897.jpg|thumb|An unpainted aluminium 1959 Stock train on the Piccadilly line at Barons Court, 1962]]

Three prototype aluminium-bodied seven-car trains were ordered in 1956, to be followed by 76&nbsp;×&nbsp;7-car trains of [[London Underground 1959 Stock|1959 Stock]]. It was planned that these would be introduced on the Piccadilly line, allowing the later Standard Stock cars to be transferred to the Central line.((sfn|Croome|Jackson|1993|p=318)) However the Central line's Standard Stock was proving troublesome and the trains were diverted to replace these trains, augmented with an extra car. A follow on order of [[London Underground 1962 Stock|1962 Stock]], as it became known, entered service on the Central line, releasing the 1959 Stock for the Piccadilly line. Standard Stock was withdrawn from the Central line in 1963 and Piccadilly line in 1964.((sfn|Croome|Jackson|1993|p=320)) 

Building the [[Victoria line]] had been recommended in a 1949 report, as it would reduce congestion on other lines.((sfn|Green|1987|pp=58–59)) New trains were needed for the new line, and eight-car trains made up from two four-car units with two driving motors and two trailers were ordered in 1964.((sfn|Croome|Jackson|1993|p=335)) Trials of [[automatic train operation]] (ATO) were carried out on the District line in 1962–63, followed by longer term operation on the Central line on a shuttle service between [[Woodford tube station|Woodford]] and [[Hainault tube station|Hainault]].((sfn|Croome|Jackson|1993|p=336)) Successful, the Victoria line was equipped with its [[London Underground 1967 Stock|1967 Stock]] , and as the new trains arrived they spent three weeks working between Woodford and Hainault.((sfn|Croome|Jackson|1993|p=338)) The line opened to Victoria in stages in 1968–69 and extended to Brixton in 1971.((sfn|Green|1987|p=59))

In the 1970s, the Piccadilly line was extended to [[Heathrow Airport]]. The [[Jubilee line]] was built under central London, taking over the Bakerloo line's Stanmore branch at Baker Street.((sfn|Green|1987|pp=62–63)) The isolated Northern City line was connected with the suburban railway at Finsbury Park.((sfn|Green|1987|p=55)) The Standard Stock trains had been replaced by 1938 Stock in 1966,((sfn|Day|Reed|2010|p=164)) and they last ran in the tunnels in 1975.((sfn|Day|Reed|2010|p=175)) A through main line service started in 1976 and the line transferred to British Rail.((sfn|Green|1987|p=55)) 

A new fleet of trains was to be built for the Piccadilly line, and its 1956–59 Stock was to replace the 1938 Stock trains elsewhere on the system. However, in 1970 the service on the Northern line was poor, with up to 40 services a day being cancelled due to its aging 1938 Stock and poor [[industrial relations]] at that time at Acton Works. The Northern line urgently needed newer trains and 30 more than would be available from the Piccadilly line.((sfn|Croome|Jackson|1993|pp=403–404)) The first batch of [[London Underground 1972 Stock|1972 Stock]], known afterwards as Mk I stock, was ordered to fill this shortfall. Rapidly designed, this was the 1967 stock design adapted for operation with a driver and guard, entering service on the Northern line between 1972 and 1973.((sfn|Croome|Jackson|1993|pp=404–405))

The Jubilee line needed 33 trains and a second order of 1972 Stock, known as Mk II, was ordered. Entering service on the Northern line between 1973 and 1974, these differed from the Mk Is as it was planned to convert the line to ATO.((sfn|Croome|Jackson|1993|pp=404–405)) These were transferred to the Bakerloo line in 1977. When the Jubilee line opened in 1979 it used the 1972 Mk II stock while the Bakerloo line had 36 trains of refurbished 1938 stock.((sfn|Croome|Jackson|1993|p=406)) The [[London Underground 1973 Stock|1973 Stock]] ordered for the Piccadilly line was a new design. Instead of seven cars, the trains were composed of six cars, each about ((convert|6|ft)) longer than the 1959 Stock cars. This allowed a symmetrical train with fewer cars and bogies.((sfn|Croome|Jackson|1993|p=407)) Space for luggage for passengers connecting with flights at Heathrow was left beside the doors, leaving 44 seats in each car.((sfn|Croome|Jackson|1993|pp=408–409))

[[File:Ltmd-1983ts-interior.jpg|thumb|Inside [[London Underground 1983 Stock|1983 Stock]] as used on the [[Jubilee line]]]]
Estimating that the remaining 1938 Stock needed replacement by 1984, in 1979 London Transport proposed building 33 trains for the Jubilee line, releasing its trains for use elsewhere on the system. After some negotiation 15 trains were ordered with an option for a further 13. The resulting [[London Underground 1983 Stock|1983 Stock]] was a development of the 1973 Stock, with six of the longer ((convert|58|ft)) cars, but with single leaf doors, similar to the D Stock that had been introduced on the District line.((sfn|Croome|Jackson|1993|pp=415–418)) Trains entered service between 1983 and 1985, with each new delivery triggering a cascade with a 1972 Mk II moving to the Northern line, replacing a 1959 Stock that moved to the Bakerloo line, allowing a 1938 Stock train to be scrapped. In 1986 passenger numbers were increasing and a further ((fract|16|1|2)) trains of 1983 Stock were ordered. These entered service in 1987–88.((sfn|Croome|Jackson|1993|p=418)) 

After agreement about One Person Operation (OPO) was reached with the trade unions in 1983, work began converting trains and lines. The 1972 Mk II, 1973 and 1983 Stocks were able to be converted and guards were removed from trains on the Piccadilly line in 1987, the Jubilee line in 1988 and the Bakerloo line in 1989.((sfn|Croome|Jackson|1993|p=468)) The second order of 1983 stock and completion of the OPO stock conversions allowed the Jubilee line fleet to be made up of 1983 Stock and the Bakerloo line with 1972 Mk II Stock. Some 1972 Mk I stock cars were released to be converted to augment the Victoria line fleet, running in the middle of eight-car trains.((sfn|Croome|Jackson|1993|p=474))

The signalling on the Central line needed replacement by the late 1980s. It was decided to bring forward the replacement of the 1962 Stock, due at about the same time as the 1959 Stock running on the Northern line. The signalling was to be replaced with an updated version of the ATO system then in used on the Victoria line, the line traction supply boosted and new trains built.((sfn|Croome|Jackson|1993|p=470)) Prototype trains were built with two double and two single doors hung on the outside of the train and electronic traction equipment that gave [[regenerative braking|regenerative]] and [[rheostatic braking]].((sfn|Croome|Jackson|1993|pp=471–473)) The first 8 ((convert|16.2|m|ftin|frac=8)) long car trains of [[London Underground 1992 Stock|1992 Stock]] entered service in 1993.((sfn|Day|Reed|2010|p=198))<ref name="RSI"/> While the necessary signalling works for ATO were in progress, OPO was phased in from 1993–95.((sfn|Day|Reed|2010|p=200)) 

[[Automatic Train Protection (United Kingdom)|ATP]] was commissioned from 1995–97 and [[Automatic train operation|ATO]] from 1999–2001, with a centralised control centre in West London.<ref>((cite web | url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/modesoftransport/londonunderground/keyfacts/13164.aspx | title=Central line facts | publisher=Transport for London | access-date=25 March 2013))</ref> A train refurbishment project was launched in July 1991, triggered by a new Fire Safety Code of Practice after the [[King's Cross fire]] and to combat graffiti.((sfn|Day|Reed|2010|pp=193–194))((sfn|Croome|Jackson|1993|pp=474–476)) The short Waterloo & City line had been operated by the main line railways, and the original stock replaced in 1940.((sfn|Day|Reed|2010|p=198)) This stock was increasingly unreliable, with the line closing for two weeks in March 1989 and again in May 1991.((sfn|Croome|Jackson|1993|p=463)) Five 4-car trains of 1992 Stock were ordered by British Rail and these entered service in 1993.((sfn|Day|Reed|2010|p=198)) London Underground took over the line in 1994.<ref>((cite web | url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/modesoftransport/londonunderground/keyfacts/13177.aspx | title=Waterloo & City line facts | publisher=Transport for London | access-date=25 March 2013))</ref>

To allow the Jubilee line to be extended to Stratford, a new fleet of trains was ordered in 1992 to replace the 1983 Stock running on the line, as the cost of a new fleet was calculated to be the same as refurbishing the older trains to run with the newer trains.((sfn|Day|Reed|2010|p=199)) The result was the [[London Underground 1996 Stock|1996 Stock]], with the first train being delivered in 1996.((sfn|Day|Reed|2010|p=203)) The Northern line stock needed replacement and the [[London Underground 1995 Stock|1995 Stock]] replaced the mixture of 1959, 1962 and 1972 Mk I Stock trains that were used on the line, the first trains arriving in 1998.((sfn|Day|Reed|2010|p=205)) These trains are similar, composed of ((convert|17.7|m|ftin|frac=8)) long cars with externally hung doors, but with differing traction equipment.<ref name="RSI"/> 

OPO operation was introduced on the Northern line with the new trains. The last service with a guard operated on the London Underground in January 2000.((sfn|Day|Reed|2010|p=205))<ref>((cite web|title=Rolling Stock: 1995 |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/modesoftransport/londonunderground/rollingstock/1628.aspx |publisher=Transport for London |access-date=25 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028193725/http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/modesoftransport/londonunderground/rollingstock/1628.aspx |archive-date=28 October 2012 ))</ref> On the Jubilee line a seventh car was added to trains in 2006. A new signalling system allowing automatic operation was commissioned in 2011.<ref name="leaflet">((cite web|url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/corporate/our-upgrade-plan-leaflet.pdf |title=Upgrade plan (leaflet) |date=February 2013 |publisher=Transport for London |access-date=2 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717210843/http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/corporate/our-upgrade-plan-leaflet.pdf |archive-date=17 July 2013 ))</ref><ref>((cite web|url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/projectsandschemes/18090.aspx |title=Upgrade plan: Jubilee line |publisher=Transport for London |access-date=2 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215094944/http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/projectsandschemes/18090.aspx |archive-date=15 February 2013 ))</ref> On the Victoria line, new trains were introduced between July 2009<ref name="London Reconnections">((cite web|url= http://londonreconnections.blogspot.com/2009/07/new-victoria-line-stock-makes-its.html|work =London Reconnections|date=22 July 2009|title= New Victoria line Stock Makes Its Public Debut|access-date=21 June 2011))</ref> and June 2011.<ref name="Bombardier PR 2">((Cite press release |url=http://bombardier.com/en/corporate/media-centre/press-releases/details?docID=0901260d80016d79 |title=Bombardier Presents New Look For Metro Cars On London's Victoria line |publisher= Bombardier Transportation |date=22 September 2004|access-date=5 August 2009))</ref> A new signalling system has allowed 33 trains per hour from January 2013.<ref name="leaflet"/>

====Isle of Wight====
Although the [[Isle of Wight]] is approximately ((convert|80|mi)) south of London, [[Island Line, Isle of Wight|its railway]] has used tube trains since 1967. In the early 1960s it was proposed to close the island's whole railway network, but the route from ((rws|Ryde Pier Head)) to ((rws|Shanklin)) was kept as buses could not cope with the summer holiday traffic. Updating the system was necessary, but tunnels on the island required rolling stock ((convert|10|in)) lower than the standard main line stock. The line was electrified and forty-three cars of Standard Stock were purchased by British Rail, delivered in the spring of 1967 and ready for that summer season.((sfn|Croome|Jackson|1993|pp=355–356)) 

These trains were replaced in 1989 by 1938 Stock, refurbished and formed into two-car [[British Rail Class 483|Class 483]] units.((sfn|Croome|Jackson|1993|p=464)) In January 2021 the 1938 Stock was withdrawn from service. The line is currently (as at May 2021) undergoing engineering works (including platform height raising) to allow more recent [[London Underground D78 Stock]] to operate. These heavily refurbished train sets are known of as [[British Rail Class 484]] and (after some delays caused by software issues) entered service in November 2021.<ref>((cite web |url=https://www.islandecho.co.uk/off-the-rails-island-line-re-opening-delayed-until-further-notice/ |title = OFF THE RAILS: ISLAND LINE RE-OPENING DELAYED UNTIL FURTHER NOTICE - Island Echo - 24hr news, 7 days a week across the Isle of Wight))</ref><ref name="bbcreop">((cite news |date=1 November 2021 |title=Isle of Wight rail line reopens 10 months after £26m overhaul |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hampshire-59117451 |access-date=2 November 2021)) </ref>

===Inter-car barriers===
All London Underground rolling stock has recently been modified to include inter-car safety barriers between the cars. These were first fitted to the [[London Underground D78 Stock|D78 Stock]] and [[London Underground 1973 Stock|1973 Stock]] in late 1997 to prevent passengers from boarding trains from in between the cars and to prevent drunk people from falling between cars and being seriously injured. They were fitted to the rest of the rolling stock in 2000. Unfortunately, this meant the mounting of blisters on the front ends of the [[London Underground C69 and C77 Stock|C Stock]] as well as the double ended [[London Underground A60 and A62 Stock|A Stock]], D Stock, [[London Underground 1967 Stock|1967 Stock]] and 1973 Stock in the case that the cabs were coupled in the middle of a train. They also became a maintenance problem and an operational inconvenience when coupling and uncoupling cars. <ref>((cite web |url=http://www.trainweb.org/tubeprune/C%20Stock.htm#Mod |title = C Stock))</ref><ref>((cite web |url=http://www.trainweb.org/tubeprune/D%20Stock.htm#Design |title = D Stock))</ref><ref>((cite web |url=http://www.trainweb.org/tubeprune/67%20tube%20stock.htm#OPO%20and%20Refurbishment |title = 1967 Tube Stock))</ref><ref>((cite web |url=http://www.trainweb.org/tubeprune/73%20tube%20stock.htm#Design |title = 1973 Tube Stock))</ref>

===Fire extinguishers===
All tube carriages originally had fire extinguishers located at the ends of the carriages. Between 1999 and 2001, all tube carriages had their fire extinguishers removed due to excessive violence and vandalism.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/477345.stm|title = BBC News &#124; UK &#124; Tube to lose extinguishers))</ref> Fire extinguishers were often used as weapons for attacks on passengers and staff which caused services to be disrupted and too much money had to be spent on replacing fire extinguishers. Their removal was criticised following the 1987 King's Cross fire. Because of fires in tube carriages becoming very hard to start, following the train refurbishment program in the 1990s, it was decided that it was no longer cost-effective to replace stolen or damaged fire extinguishers. Their removal began on the Central line in 1999 and was completed by 2001. Fire extinguishers were instead installed in the driver's cabs and on station platforms and were removed from tube carriages.

==Heritage vehicles==
Two steam locomotives survive, one A Class No. 23 (LT L45) at the London Transport Museum,<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.ltmcollection.org/museum/object/link.html?IXinv=1981/535 |title=Metropolitan Railway A class 4-4-0T steam locomotive No. 23, 1866 |publisher=[[London Transport Museum]] |access-date=3 February 2012 |archive-date=4 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604030929/http://www.ltmcollection.org/museum/object/link.html?IXinv=1981%2F535 |url-status=dead ))</ref> and E Class No. 1 (LT L44) is preserved at the [[Buckinghamshire Railway Centre]].<ref>((cite web |title=Metropolitan Railway E Class 0-4-4T No.1 |url=http://www.brc-stockbook.co.uk/Met1.HTM |publisher=[[Buckinghamshire Railway Centre]] |access-date=3 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204105155/http://www.brc-stockbook.co.uk/Met1.HTM |archive-date=4 February 2012 ))</ref> The [[Bluebell Railway]] has four 1898–1900 bogie carriages in running condition and a fifth is a static exhibit at the London Transport Museum.<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.bluebell-railway.co.uk/bluebell/bash/hist.html |title=The history of the carriages |publisher =Bluebell Railway |date=14 January 2007 |access-date=15 January 2012))</ref> Also at the London Transport Museum is Metropolitan electric locomotive No. 5 "[[John Hampden]]",<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.ltmcollection.org/museum/object/link.html?IXinv=1981/535 |title=Metropolitan Railway electric locomotive No. 5, "John Hampden", 1922 |publisher=London Transport Museum |access-date=26 March 2013 |archive-date=4 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604030929/http://www.ltmcollection.org/museum/object/link.html?IXinv=1981%2F535 |url-status=dead ))</ref> City and South London electric locomotive<ref>((cite web |url= http://www.ltmcollection.org/museum/object/link.html?IXinv=1991/18 |title=City & South London Railway electric locomotive no 13, built by Mather & Platt, 1890 |publisher=London Transport Museum |access-date=26 March 2013))</ref> and "padded cell" carriage,<ref>((cite web |url= http://www.ltmcollection.org/museum/object/link.html?IXinv=1981/538 |title=City & South London Railway "Padded Cell" coach No 30, 1890 |publisher=London Transport Museum |access-date=26 March 2013))</ref> District Railway E/Q23 multiple unit car,<ref>((cite web |url= http://www.ltmcollection.org/museum/object/link.html?IXinv=1981/542 |title=LER Q23-stock driving motor car No. 4248, 1923 |publisher=London Transport Museum |access-date=26 March 2013))</ref> and a 1938-tube stock car.<ref>((cite web |url= http://www.ltmcollection.org/museum/object/link.html?IXinv=1981/541 |title=London Underground 1938-tube stock driving motor car No. 11182, 1938 |publisher=London Transport Museum |access-date=26 March 2013))</ref>

A preserved carriage at the [[Kent and East Sussex Railway]] was thought to be a District Railway first class, but now thought likely to be a cutdown Metropolitan Railway eight wheeler.<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.cs.vintagecarriagestrust.org/se/CarriageInfo.asp?Ref=1084 |title=Metropolitan District Four (eight??) wheel First (body) built 1864 |publisher=[[Vintage Carriage Trust]] |access-date=1 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211342/http://www.cs.vintagecarriagestrust.org/se/CarriageInfo.asp?Ref=1084 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |url-status=dead ))</ref><ref>((cite web|url=http://www.kesr.org.uk/stock-register/coaching-stock/no-100.html |title=No 100 London Underground Coach |publisher=Kent and East Sussex Railway |work=Coaching Stock Register |access-date=1 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510021803/http://www.kesr.org.uk/stock-register/coaching-stock/no-100.html |archive-date=10 May 2012 ))</ref> The [[Vintage Carriages Trust]] has three preserved Dreadnought carriages.<ref>((cite web |url= http://www.vintagecarriagestrust.org/metthird.htm |title= Metropolitan Railway Nine Compartment Third No. 465 |publisher=Vintage Carriages Trust |access-date=16 January 2012))</ref> The [[Spa Valley Railway]] is home to two cars of T-Stock.

To celebrate the 150th anniversary of the opening of the Metropolitan Railway special services ran in January 2013 using a restored 1892 "Jubilee" carriage, 1898–1900 bogie carriages, steam locomotive No. 1 and electric locomotive "Sarah Siddons".<ref name="PAST">((cite web |url= http://www.ltmuseum.co.uk/whats-on/events/past-events/444-past-events-tube-150 |title= Past Events&nbsp;— tube 150 |publisher= London Transport Museum |access-date= 4 February 2013 |archive-date= 29 October 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131029213235/http://www.ltmuseum.co.uk/whats-on/events/past-events/444-past-events-tube-150 |url-status= dead ))</ref> Further events are planned in 2013 for Locomotive No. 1, "Sarah Siddons" and the Jubilee carriage, including a ''Steam back on the Met'' scheduled for May.<ref>((cite press release |title= Vehicles on the Move |publisher= London Transport Museum |access-date=4 February 2013 |url= http://www.ltmuseum.co.uk/whats-on/events/vehicles-on-the-move#loco))</ref>

To celebrate the 150th anniversary of the District Railway the London Transport Museum are restoring a three-car Q Stock train to run on the District Line as special services during 2018.<ref>((cite web |title=Q Stock |url=https://www.ltmuseumfriends.co.uk/projects/friends/project/33/q-stock |publisher=London Transport Museum |access-date=4 February 2018))</ref>

==Engineering trains==
((expand section|date=March 2013))

===Locomotives===
====Steam locomotives====
After the District Railway had electrified in 1907, it sold most of its locomotives. In 1925 two locomotives (No. 33 and No 34) remained for departmental use.((sfn|Casserley|1977|p=51)) In 1926 No. 33 was scrapped and replaced by Metropolitan Railway A Class No. 22, which became District No. 35.((sfn|Casserley|1977|p=52)) These were replaced in 1931 by two [[0-6-0]]T goods locomotives bought from the [[Hunslet Engine Company]]. When they passed to London Transport in 1933, they were numbered L.30 and L.31. They were withdrawn in 1963.((sfn|Casserley|1977|p=52)) 

In 1933 the Metropolitan Railway was still using steam locomotives on passenger trains. The LNER took over responsibility for steam working in 1937 and LT kept eleven locomotives for departmental work. From 1956 these were replaced by ex-[[GWR 0-6-0PT]] pannier tanks, to be replaced by diesel-hydraulic locomotives in 1971.((sfn|Casserley|1977|p=95))

In 1899 the Central London Railway had two [[London Underground tube-gauge steam locomotives|tube-gauge steam locomotives]] that were oil fired underground and could run on coal above ground. They were sold by 1921.((sfn|Croome|Jackson|1993|p=37))

====Battery-electric locomotives====
((main|London Underground battery-electric locomotives))
A fleet of 37 battery-electric locomotives are in service, able to take power from the electrified rails or from an on-board battery.<ref name="RSData"/>

====Diesel locomotives====
((Main|London Underground diesel locomotives))
A fleet of 4 diesel locomotives are currently used as shunting locomotives in Ruislip Depot due to growing restrictions on where they can operate on the network.
<!---
Not clear which trains are in service
Until the construction of the [[Jubilee line Extension]] in 1996, London transport operated a half-dozen diesel locomotives. The first was an unsuccessful experimental unit constructed during World War 2. The other five were special-purpose shunting units.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Numbers !! Built !! Builder !! Type !! Use !! Notes:
|-
| 1–14 || 1996 || [[Schöma]] || B || Jubilee line Extension || Named Britta Lotta, Nikki, Claire, Pam, Sophie, Denish, Annemarie, Emma, Debora, Clementine, Joan, Melanie, Michele & Carol.
|-
|nowrap| DL81–DL82 || 1968 || [[Rolls-Royce Limited|Rolls-Royce]], Shrewsbury || 0-6-0 || [[Neasden Depot|Neasden]]/Lillie Bridge shunters || Serial numbers 10278/10272; purchased from [[Thomas Hill (Rotherham) Ltd|Thomas Hill]] in 1971; DL81 preserved at [[Rutland Railway Museum]] ([[Cottesmore, Rutland|Cottesmore]]); DL82  preserved at [[Hardingham railway station|Great Eastern Traction]] ([[Hardingham]]).
|-
| DL83 || 1967 || Rolls-Royce, Shrewsbury || 0-6-0 || Neasden/Lillie Bridge shunter || Serial number 10271; purchased from Thomas Hill in 1971;  preserved at [[Nene Valley Railway]] ([[Cambridgeshire]]).
|-
| L84 || 1983 || [[Mercedes-Benz]] || B || road/rail shunter || [[Unimog]]; [[Vehicle registration plates of the United Kingdom|registration]] A456NWX.
|-
| L85 || 1986 || Mercedes-Benz || B || road/rail shunter || Unimog; registration C622EWT.
|-
| DEL120 || 1942 || LPTB || B-B || experimental prototype || Diesel-electric locomotive; constructed from two former [[Central London Railway]] motor cars.
|}
--->

====Departmental stock====
((main|London Underground departmental stock))

====Sleet locomotives====
((main|London Underground sleet locomotives))

===Other stock===
((main|London Underground engineering stock))

==See also==
* [[Automation of the London Underground]]
* [[London Underground rolling stock numbering and classification]]

==Notes==
((notelist))

==References==
((Reflist))

==Sources==
* ((Cite book
  | first = J. Graeme
  | last = Bruce
  | title = Steam to Silver: A history of London Transport Surface Rolling Stock
  | publisher = Capital Transport
  | year = 1983
  | edition= 2nd
  | location = London
  | isbn = 0-904711-45-5
))
*((cite book
  |first=J Graeme|last=Bruce
  |title=The London Underground Tube Stock
  |publisher=Ian Allan and London Transport Museum
  |location=Shepperton
  |year=1988
  |isbn=0-7110-1707-7
  ))
*((cite book|last=Casserley|first=H.C.|year=1977|title=The later years of Metropolitan Steam|publisher=D. Bradford Barton|isbn=0-85153-327-2))
*((cite book|last1=Croome|first1=D.|last2=Jackson|first2=A|title=Rails Through The Clay — A History Of London's Tube Railways|edition=2nd|year=1993|publisher=Capital Transport|isbn=1-85414-151-1))
* ((cite book|last1=Day|first1=John R|last2=Reed|first2=John |title=The Story of London's Underground|edition=11th|year=2010| orig-year=1963 |publisher=Capital Transport|isbn=978-1-85414-341-9))
* ((cite book|last=Green|first= Oliver|year=1987|title=The London Underground&nbsp;— An illustrated history|publisher= Ian Allan|isbn=0-7110-1720-4))
* ((cite book|last1=Edwards|first1=Dennis|last2=Pigram|first2=Ron|year=1988|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing|Bloomsbury]]|title=The Golden Years of the Metropolitan Railway and the Metro-land Dream|isbn=1-870630-11-4))
* ((cite book|last=Foxell|first=Clive|title=Chesham Shuttle|edition=2|year=1996|publisher=Clive Foxell|location=Chesham|isbn=0-9529184-0-4))
* ((cite book|last=Horne|first=Mike|title=The Metropolitan line|year=2003|publisher=Capital Transport|isbn=1-85414-275-5|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/metropolitanline00mike))
* ((cite book |last=Horne |first=Mike |title=The District line |year=2006 |publisher=Capital Transport |isbn=1-85414-292-5 ))
* ((cite book|title=London's Metropolitan Railway|last=Jackson|first=Alan|year=1986|publisher=David & Charles|isbn=0-7153-8839-8)) [https://books.google.com/books?id=x4ZPAAAAMAAJ Snippet view] at google.com, retrieved 20 August 2012
* ((cite book|title=The Railway Dictionary: An A-Z of Railway Terminology|last=Jackson|first=Alan|year=1992|publisher=Sutton Publishing|isbn=07509-00385))
* ((cite book|title=The Metropolitan District Railway|last=Lee|first=Charles E.|publisher=The Oakwood Press|year=1956|asin=B0000CJGHS))
* ((cite book|last=Simpson|first=Bill|title=A History of the Metropolitan Railway|publisher=Lamplight Publications|location=Witney|year=2003|volume=1|isbn=1-899246-07-X))

==Further reading==
((Commons category))
* ((Cite book
  | first = J. Graeme
  | last = Bruce
  | title = Tube trains under London
  | publisher = London Transport
  | year = 1979
  | edition = 2nd
  | location = London
  | isbn = 0-85329-095-4
))
* ((Cite book
  | first = Brian
  | last = Hardy
  | title = London Underground Rolling Stock
  | publisher = Capital Transport
  | year = 1976
  | location = London
))
* ((Cite book
  | first = Brian
  | last = Hardy
  | title = Underground Train File: Tube Stock 1933-1959
  | publisher = Capital Transport
  | year = 2001
  | location = London
  | isbn = 1-85414-235-6
))
* ((Cite book
  | first = Brian
  | last = Hardy
  | title = Underground Train File: Surface Stock 1933-1959
  | publisher = Capital Transport
  | year = 2002
  | location = London
  | isbn = 1-85414-247-X
))

((British Rail EMU))
((London Underground rolling stock))

((DEFAULTSORT:London Underground Rolling Stock))
[[Category:London Underground rolling stock| ]]
[[Category:Lists of rolling stock]]

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London Underground rolling stock (edit)
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