In 1664, Jean-Baptiste Colbert founded the French East Indies Company.[3] In June 1666, an ordinance of Louis XIV granted lands of Port-Louis to the company, along with Faouédic on the other side of the roadstead. One of its directors, Denis Langlois, bought lands at the confluence of the Scorff and the Blavet rivers, and built slipways. At first, it only served as a subsidiary of Port-Louis, where offices and warehouses were located.[4] The following years, the operation was almost abandoned, but in 1675, during the Franco-Dutch War, the French East Indies Company scrapped its base in Le Havre since it was too exposed during wartime, and transferred its infrastructures to l'Enclot, out of which Lorient grew. The company then erected a chapel, workshops, forges, and offices, leaving Port-Louis permanently.[5]
The city's name is derived from Le Soleil d'Orient, the first ship constructed at the site, in 1669. Workers gave the site the name of the ship, which, by contraction, became simply L'Orient and finally Lorient.[6]
The French Royal Navy opened a base there in 1690, under the command of Colbert de Seignelay, who inherited his father's position as Secretary of State of the Navy. At the same time, privateers from Saint-Malo took shelter there.[5] In 1700, the town grew out of l'Enclot following a law forcing people to leave the domain to move to the Faouédic heath. In 1702, there were about 6,000 inhabitants in Lorient, though activities slowed, and the town began to decline.[7]
Growth under the Company of the Indies
L'Enclos at the end of the 18th century
The town experienced a period of growth when John Law formed the Perpetual Company of the Indies by absorbing other chartered companies (including the French East India Company), and chose Lorient as its operations base. Despite the economic bubble caused by the Company in 1720, the city was still growing[8] as it took part in the Atlantic triangular slave trade. From 1720 to 1790, 156 ships deported an estimated 43,000 slaves.[9] In 1732, the Company decided to transfer its sales headquarters from Nantes to Lorient, and asked architect Jacques Gabriel to raise new buildings out of dimension stones to host these new activities, and to embellish the L'Enclos domain.[8] Sales began in 1734, peaking up to 25 million livres tournois.[10] In 1769, the Company's monopoly ended with the scrapping of the company itself, under the influence of the physiocrats.[11]
Until the Company's closure, the city took advantage of its prosperity. In 1738, there were 14,000 inhabitants, or 20,000 considering the outlying villages of Kerentrech, Merville, La Perrière, Calvin, and Keryado, which are now neighbourhoods within the present-day city limits. In 1735, new streets were laid out and in 1738, it was granted city status. Further work was undertaken as the streets began to be paved, wharves and slipways were built along the Faouédic river, and thatched houses were replaced with stone buildings following 18th-century classical architecture style as it was the case for l'Enclos.[10] In 1744, the city walls were erected, and proved quickly useful as Lorient was raided in September 1746.[12] Following the demise of the Company, the city lost one-seventh of its population.[13]
In 1769, the city evolved into a full-scale naval base for the Royal Navy when the King bought out the Company's infrastructures for 17,500,000 livres tournois.[11] From 1775 on, the American Revolutionary War brought a surge in activity, as many privateers hailed from Lorient. When the war ended, transatlantic lines opened to the United States, and in 1785, a new commercial company started under Calonne's tutelage (then Controller-General of Finances) with the same goal as the previous entities, i.e. conducting trade in India and China, with again Lorient standing as its operative base.[13]
The Harbor at Lorient, 1869 painting by Berthe Morisot.Cours de la Bôve (1907)
Maritime activities slowed at the start of the 19th century. Activity at the shipyards and naval base reached a low that would last until the July Monarchy. During this period, the city was more of an administrative center.[15] The first secondary school opened in 1822, a lazaretto in 1823, and barracks in 1839.[16]
The city began to modernize in the second quarter of the century; in 1825, a roofed slipway and a drydock were added to the shipyards.[15] A sardinecannery[17] opened the same year. The first gasworks was built in 1845.[18]
In the second half of the 19th century, the steam engine allowed the ports to strengthen their output.[16] The first locomotive reached the city in 1865.[17] In 1861, the original drydock was enlarged as a second one was dug out. The same year, the ironcladCouronne was built on a design directly inspired by the Gloireclass, though unlike her wooden-hull predecessors, she was entirely made of iron. She was followed in 1876 by the ironclad Redoutable, the first ship in the world with a steel structure.
In 1889, fishing expanded following the creation of the municipal fish market,[18] and the arrival of steam-poweredfishing trawlers in 1900. The Keroman fishing port construction started in 1920.
In 1943–1944, Lorient was nearly razed to the ground by Allied bombing, though failing to destroy the submarine pens despite 4,000 tons of bombs dropped.[19] According to the book Steel Boats, Iron Hearts (by former U-505 crewman Hans Goebeler), after the Allies failed to damage the U-boat bunkers the bombing shifted to the city itself to deny the Germans workers and other resources. Before the bombings, thousands of leaflets were dropped on the population instructing the inhabitants to evacuate.[20] Between 14 January 1943 and 17 February 1943, as many as 500 high-explosive aerial bombs and more than 60,000 incendiary bombs were dropped on Lorient.
In April 1945, the Reconstruction Ministry advocated the use of temporary wooden shacks. These shelters were shipped as a kit to be built on site. In 1948, there were 28 settlements under the city's authority, and 20 more in the urban area, distributed among the neighboring towns of Ploemeur, Lanester, Hennebont and Quéven. Each of these neighbourhoods could hold up to 280 houses.
This temporary housing would stand from 10 to 40 years depending on the location. The last shack in the largest settlement, Soye, was torn down in 1991. Today, only a few buildings dating to the 18th century still stand.
Geography
Location
Map of Lorient
Lorient is located on the south coast of Brittany, where the rivers Scorff and Blavet join to form the roadstead of Lorient, before discharging into the Atlantic Ocean. The river Ter used to flow into the estuary to the south of the city, however, a dam was constructed in 1967, stopping the flow. The city is 503 kilometres (313 mi) south-west of Paris, 153 kilometres (95 mi) south-west of Rennes and 158 kilometres (98 mi) north-west of Nantes.
Under the Köppen climate classification, Lorient experiences an oceanic climate (Cfb), with mild winters and cool to warm summers. Precipitation is evenly distributed throughout the year. Frost is rare in winter, as are days over 30 °C (86 °F) during summer.
Climate data for Lorient (Lann-Bihoué Airport) 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1952–present
The population data in the table and graph below refer to the commune of Lorient proper, in its geography at the given years. The commune of Lorient absorbed the former commune of Keryado in 1947.[26]
Historical population
Year
Pop.
±% p.a.
1793
22,318
—
1800
17,837
−3.15%
1806
20,553
+2.39%
1821
17,115
−1.21%
1831
18,322
+0.68%
1836
18,975
+0.70%
1841
23,621
+4.48%
1846
26,434
+2.28%
1851
25,694
−0.57%
1856
28,412
+2.03%
1861
35,462
+4.53%
1866
37,655
+1.21%
Year
Pop.
±% p.a.
1872
34,660
−1.37%
1876
35,165
+0.36%
1881
37,812
+1.46%
1886
40,055
+1.16%
1891
42,116
+1.01%
1896
41,894
−0.11%
1901
44,640
+1.28%
1906
46,403
+0.78%
1911
49,039
+1.11%
1921
46,314
−0.57%
1926
41,592
−2.13%
1931
42,853
+0.60%
Year
Pop.
±% p.a.
1936
45,817
+1.35%
1946
11,838
−12.66%
1954
47,095
+18.84%
1962
60,566
+3.19%
1968
66,444
+1.56%
1975
69,769
+0.70%
1982
62,554
−1.55%
1990
59,271
−0.67%
1999
59,189
−0.02%
2007
58,135
−0.22%
2012
57,706
−0.15%
2017
57,149
−0.19%
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.
Lorient is commonly referred to as La ville aux cinq ports ("the city of five ports"): military, fishing, commercial, passengers and yachting.[28] In 2010, the sector represented 9,600 direct jobs for a total 12,000 jobs (with indirect jobs accounted for), or 12% of local employment.[29]
Keroman fishing port (fr): In 2010, with a catch of 27,000 tons, it was second only to Boulogne-sur-Mer regarding catch tonnage among French fishing ports, but first considering the cash value.[30] It accounts for 3,000 jobs (including 700 fishermen) and 130 fishing vessels.
Kergroise cargo port : With 2.6 million tons of cargo per year (including oil, cattle fodder, sand, containers), it ranks first in Brittany.[31]
Marinas : mooring berths are dispatched on Lorient (370), Kernevel (1,000), Port-Louis (450), Gâvres (57) and Guidel (102).[32] Additionally, there is an 800 metres (2,600 ft) long dock dedicated to offshore competitive sailing (Pôle course au large), recently built within the former submarine base.
Passenger ships : each year, more 457,500 passengers set sail to the nearby islands of Groix and Belle-Île-en-Mer.
From its founding, shipbuilding has always been of great importance to the city. DCNS continues the legacy of the formerly state-owned shipyards (colloquially known as l'Arsenal) that began operation in 1690. It still builds warships, mainly frigates. There is also a substantial industrial base in Keroman to support the fishing fleet.
Transport
Lorient South Brittany Airport is situated just west of the city at Lann Bihoue, and it has direct flights to Paris. There are also direct flights to London and Porto in the Summer.
The Gare de Lorient is the railway station, offering connections to Quimper, Nantes, Rennes, Paris (less than three hours by TGV) and several regional destinations.
Education
Schools in Lorient belong to the Academy of Rennes.
Tertiary
CPGE at Dupuy-de-Lôme and Saint Joseph-La sallelycées.
Lorient was the location of an extensive submarine base, built by the Germans in World War II and used subsequently by the French Navy. Head of the U-Boat ArmKarl Dönitz decided to construct the base on 28 June 1940. Between November 1940 and January 1942 a number of gigantic reinforced concrete structures were built. including three on the Keroman peninsula. They are called K1, K2 and K3. In 1944 work began on a fourth structure. The base was capable of sheltering thirty submarines. Lorient was damaged by Allied bombing raids but the naval base survived the war.
Following the German surrender the base was used by the French Navy, named for Jacques Stosskopf, a hero of the French Resistance who had worked there. The base was decommissioned in 1995 and turned over to civilian use.
Lorient is home to TébéSud (formerly TyTélé), a local TV channel covering Morbihan through DTT.
Religion
Catholic churches are among the main religious landmarks of Lorient. While the Church of Our Lady of the Assumption was built in 1850 in a revivalist neo-Gothic style, the church of Saint Joan of Arc was built in a neo-Roman style in the 1930s by French architect Jean Desbois and a few years later in 1955, and the modernist church of Notre-Dame-de-Victoire is the highest point of Lorient with its 4-meter-high concrete bell tower though the population never really accepted this new style.[39] Major Catholic festivals such as Christmas, Carnaval, Easter and the Pardon are celebrated as major feasts of the city.
Jacques Stosskopf (1898–1944), naval engineer, résistant. Mistaken for being a traitor, in 1946 the submarine base was renamed "Base Ingénieur Général Stosskopf" in his honour.
^Chaumeil, Louis (1939). "Abrégé d'histoire de Lorient de la fondation (1666) à nos jours (1939)". Annales de Bretagne et des Pays de l'Ouest (in French). 46 (1): 66–87. doi:10.3406/abpo.1939.1788.
^Chaumeil, Louis (1939). "Abrégé d'histoire de Lorient de la fondation (1666) à nos jours (1939)". Annales de Bretagne et des Pays de l'Ouest (in French). 46 (1): 67. doi:10.3406/abpo.1939.1788.
^ abChaumeil, Louis (1939). "Abrégé d'histoire de Lorient de la fondation (1666) à nos jours (1939)". Annales de Bretagne et des Pays de l'Ouest (in French). 46 (1): 68. doi:10.3406/abpo.1939.1788.
^Chaumeil, Louis (1939). "Abrégé d'histoire de Lorient de la fondation (1666) à nos jours (1939)". Annales de Bretagne et des Pays de l'Ouest (in French). 46 (1): 69. doi:10.3406/abpo.1939.1788.
^ abChaumeil, Louis (1939). "Abrégé d'histoire de Lorient de la fondation (1666) à nos jours (1939)". Annales de Bretagne et des Pays de l'Ouest (in French). 46 (1): 70. doi:10.3406/abpo.1939.1788.
^ abChaumeil, Louis (1939). "Abrégé d'histoire de Lorient de la fondation (1666) à nos jours (1939)". Annales de Bretagne et des Pays de l'Ouest (in French). 46 (1): 71. doi:10.3406/abpo.1939.1788.
^ abChaumeil, Louis (1939). "Abrégé d'histoire de Lorient de la fondation (1666) à nos jours (1939)". Annales de Bretagne et des Pays de l'Ouest (in French). 46 (1): 73. doi:10.3406/abpo.1939.1788.
^Chaumeil, Louis (1939). "Abrégé d'histoire de Lorient de la fondation (1666) à nos jours (1939)". Annales de Bretagne et des Pays de l'Ouest (in French). 46 (1): 72. doi:10.3406/abpo.1939.1788.
^ abChaumeil, Louis (1939). "Abrégé d'histoire de Lorient de la fondation (1666) à nos jours (1939)". Annales de Bretagne et des Pays de l'Ouest (in French). 46 (1): 74. doi:10.3406/abpo.1939.1788.
^Chaumeil, Louis (1939). "Abrégé d'histoire de Lorient de la fondation (1666) à nos jours (1939)". Annales de Bretagne et des Pays de l'Ouest (in French). 46 (1): 75. doi:10.3406/abpo.1939.1788.
^ abChaumeil, Louis (1939). "Abrégé d'histoire de Lorient de la fondation (1666) à nos jours (1939)". Annales de Bretagne et des Pays de l'Ouest (in French). 46 (1): 76. doi:10.3406/abpo.1939.1788.
^ abChaumeil, Louis (1939). "Abrégé d'histoire de Lorient de la fondation (1666) à nos jours (1939)". Annales de Bretagne et des Pays de l'Ouest (in French). 46 (1): 77. doi:10.3406/abpo.1939.1788.
^ abChaumeil, Louis (1939). "Abrégé d'histoire de Lorient de la fondation (1666) à nos jours (1939)". Annales de Bretagne et des Pays de l'Ouest (in French). 46 (1): 80. doi:10.3406/abpo.1939.1788.
^ abChaumeil, Louis (1939). "Abrégé d'histoire de Lorient de la fondation (1666) à nos jours (1939)". Annales de Bretagne et des Pays de l'Ouest (in French). 46 (1): 79. doi:10.3406/abpo.1939.1788.
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