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((Use dmy dates|date=May 2020))
((Use British English|date=May 2020))
((More citations needed|date=June 2018))
((Racing car
| Car_name = Lotus 56<br />Lotus 56B
| Image = David Walker 1971 Lotus 56 B Pratt Whitney.jpg
| Caption = [[David Walker (racing driver)|Dave Walker]] in the 56B at [[Circuit Park Zandvoort|Zandvoort]]
| Category = [[Formula One]]<br />[[United States Auto Club|USAC]] [[IndyCar]]
| WC_results_only = Y
| Constructor = ((flagicon|UK)) [[Team Lotus]]
| Designer = [[Colin Chapman]] ((smaller|(Technical Director)))<br />[[Maurice Philippe]] ((smaller|(Chief Designer)))
| Predecessor = [[Lotus 72|72]] (F1)<br />[[Lotus 42|42]] (USAC IndyCar)
| Successor = [[Lotus 72|72]] (F1)<br />[[Lotus 64|64]] (USAC IndyCar)
| Team = [[John Player & Sons|Gold Leaf]] [[Team Lotus]] (F1)<br />[[Team Lotus|World Wide Racing]] (F1) 
| Drivers = ((flagicon|AUS)) [[David Walker (racing driver)|Dave Walker]] (F1) <br> ((flagicon|SWE)) [[Reine Wisell]] (F1) <br> ((flagicon|BRA)) [[Emerson Fittipaldi]] (F1) 
| Technical ref =
| Chassis = [[Aluminium]] [[monocoque]]
| Front suspension = [[Double wishbone suspension|Double wishbones]], inboard coil springs over dampers
| Rear suspension = Double wishbones, inboard coil springs over dampers
| Wheelbase =
| Track =
| Engine name = [[Pratt & Whitney|Pratt & Whitney STN76]]<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.statsf1.com/en/moteur-pratt---whitney.aspx|title=Pratt & Whitney|website=statsf1.com|accessdate=7 March 2023))</ref>
| Turbo/NA = [[gas turbine]]
| Engine position = [[Mid-engine design|mid-mounted]]
| Power = ((convert|500-600|hp|kW|0|lk=on|abbr=on))<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.f1technical.net/f1db/cars/271/lotus-56b|title=Lotus 56B Pratt & Whitney|website=f1technical.net|accessdate=7 March 2023))</ref>
| Gearbox name =
| Gears =
| Type = Manual single-speed direct-drive planetary gear set<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.conceptcarz.com/s11284/lotus-type-56.aspx|title=1968 Lotus Type 56 Specifications|website=conceptcarz.com
|accessdate=7 March 2023))</ref>
| Differential = [[Four-wheel drive]]
| Weight = 612kg (USAC IndyCar) <br> 600kg (F1)
| Fuel = [[STP (motor oil company)|STP]] (USAC IndyCar) <br> [[Royal Dutch Shell|Shell]] (F1) 
| Tyres = [[Firestone Tire and Rubber Company|Firestone]]
| Debut = [[1968 Indianapolis 500]] (USAC IndyCar) <br> [[1971 Dutch Grand Prix]] (F1)
| Races = 3
| Wins = 0
| Poles = 0
| Fastest_laps = 0
|))

The '''Lotus 56''' was a [[gas turbine]]-powered four-wheel-driven [[racing car]], designed by [[Maurice Philippe]] as [[Team Lotus]]'s STP-backed entry in the [[1968 Indianapolis 500]]. All three cars entered and retired from the race with [[Joe Leonard]]'s car expiring while leading just eight laps from the finish. 

A variant designated the '''Lotus 56B''' was entered in three races in the [[1971 Formula One season]] but with little success. 

The 4WD concept was also used in the 1969 [[Lotus 63]] F1 car, and the wedge shape became a prominent feature of the world championships winning [[Lotus 72]].

== Indianapolis 500 ==
[[File:Lotus-Pratt &amp; Whitney Goodwood 2011.jpg|thumb|left|[[Joe Leonard]]'s Lotus 56 at the 2011 [[Goodwood Festival of Speed]].]]
[[File:Lotus-Pratt ^ Whitney 56 STP Special - Flickr - andrewbasterfield (3).jpg|thumb|left|Lotus 56 between runs at the 2011 Goodwood Festival of Speed, with original owner [[Parnelli Jones]] driving.]]
The Lotus 56 used a modified version of the [[Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6|ST6 gas turbine]] used on the [[STP-Paxton Turbocar]] ("Silent Sam") that almost won in 1967. But the car itself was an entirely new and more advanced design which introduced a distinctive aerodynamic wedge-shaped body rather than a cigar-shape.<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.ultimatecarpage.com/car/2036/Lotus-56-Pratt-and-Whitney.html|title=Lotus 56 Pratt & Whitney|website=ultimatecarpage.com|accessdate=7 March 2023))</ref> [[United States Auto Club|USAC]], the governing body of the Indy 500, had implemented new rules aimed at handicapping turbine powered racing cars by drastically reducing the air intake size. The Lotus 56 made up for reduced power with a sophisticated suspension design, retaining the [[four-wheel drive]] concept of the Silent Sam, but with lighter weight, and advanced aerodynamics.

Development of the 56 took place during a difficult time for Team Lotus. Team leader [[Jim Clark]], who had briefly tested the car, was killed in a [[Formula 2]] race in Germany. His replacement and former teammate, [[Mike Spence]], was killed at Indianapolis while testing the car. Three cars were entered for the race, to be driven by [[Graham Hill]], [[Joe Leonard]], and [[Art Pollard]], with Leonard claiming pole position. Unlike the year before, when the STP-Paxton Turbocar easily outperformed the other cars in the race, in the race the turbine cars were relatively evenly matched with the other top contenders, much of which must be attributed to aerodynamics and chassis design and not to the turbine engine.  Hill's car lost a wheel, Pollard's car suffered a fuel pump drive shaft failure, while Leonard was leading with just a handful of laps to go when his fuel pump shaft also failed.  Shortly thereafter, the USAC imposed additional restrictions on turbine cars that essentially removed them from competition. For the second year in a row STP turbine cars had brought innovation to the Indy 500 and had failed to win while leading within a few laps of the end of the race.  USAC subsequently banned turbine cars and four-wheel drive completely, but it was unusual enough that Mattel produced a model of the "Lotus Turbine" as one of the popular mass-produced die cast [[Hot Wheels]] cars.

In 1969, Art Pollard brought an [[Offenhauser|Offenhauser-powered]] Lotus 56 to Indy. He qualified on the fourth row but retired with mechanical failure after only 6 laps.

== Formula One ==
Colin Chapman had developed the 56 as a potential F1 contender, part of his plan to have a single design to compete at both the Indy 500 and in Formula 1. The F1 car had wings front and rear and additional fuel tanks. Designated as the 56B, [[Emerson Fittipaldi]] first drove it in the non-championship [[1971 Race of Champions]] at [[Brands Hatch]]. During wet practice the 56B was far and away the fastest car on the track, but the race was held in dry weather and the car was lost in midfield. At the [[1971 BRDC International Trophy|International Trophy]] at [[Silverstone]] the car only lasted three laps of the first heat before suspension failure forced Fittipaldi's retirement. [[David Walker (racing driver)|Dave Walker]] then ran the car in the [[1971 Dutch Grand Prix|Dutch Grand Prix]], and had progressed from 22nd to 10th in five laps of the very wet track, before sliding off the road and into retirement.  Fittipaldi used the car again in that year's [[1971 Italian Grand Prix]] and managed to bring the fragile design home 8th.

==Legacy==
The Lotus 56, while never winning a race, demonstrated the importance of aerodynamics in racing cars, along with Jim Hall's Chaparrals, and effectively set the mould for open-wheeled racing cars for the next ten years. Chapman's [[Lotus 72]] employed the same wedge nose shape and went on to win three world championships in Formula 1.

==Formula One World Championship results==
([[:Template:F1 driver results legend 2|key]])
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%"
! Year
! Entrant
! Engine
! Tyres
! Driver
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 10
! 11
! WCC
! Pts.
|-
|rowspan="4"| ((F1|1971))
|rowspan="3"| [[John Player & Sons|Gold Leaf]] [[Team Lotus]]
|rowspan="4"| [[Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6|Pratt & Whitney<br/>ST6 gas turbine]]
|rowspan="4"| ((Firestone))
|
| [[1971 South African Grand Prix|RSA]]
| [[1971 Spanish Grand Prix|ESP]]
| [[1971 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]
| [[1971 Dutch Grand Prix|NED]]
| [[1971 French Grand Prix|FRA]]
| [[1971 British Grand Prix|GBR]]
| [[1971 German Grand Prix|GER]]
| [[1971 Austrian Grand Prix|AUT]]
| [[1971 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]]
| [[1971 Canadian Grand Prix|CAN]]
| [[1971 United States Grand Prix|USA]]
|rowspan="4"|'''0'''
|rowspan="4"|'''NC'''
|-
|align="left"| [[David Walker (racing driver)|Dave Walker]]
|
|
|
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|align="left"| [[Reine Wisell]]
|
|
|
|
|
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| NC
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Team Lotus|World Wide Racing]]
|align="left"| [[Emerson Fittipaldi]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 8
|
|
|-
|}

==Formula One non-championship results==
([[:Template:F1 driver results legend 3|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position)
(Races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
! Year
! Entrant
! Tyres
! Driver
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
|-
| rowspan=4 | ((F1|1971))
| rowspan=4 | [[John Player & Sons|Gold Leaf]] [[Team Lotus]]
| rowspan=4 | ((Firestone))
| 
| [[1971 Argentine Grand Prix|ARG]]
| [[1971 Race of Champions|ROC]]
| [[1971 Questor Grand Prix|QUE]]
| [[1971 Spring Trophy|SPR]]
| [[1971 BRDC International Trophy|INT]]
| [[1971 Jochen Rindt Gedächtnisrennen|RIN]]
| [[1971 International Gold Cup|OUL]]
| [[1971 World Championship Victory Race|VIC]]
|-
| align="left"| [[Emerson Fittipaldi]] 
| 
| style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
| 
| 
| style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
| 
| 
| 
|-
| align="left"| [[Reine Wisell]]
| 
| 
| 
| style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| align="left"| [[David Walker (racing driver)|Dave Walker]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| style="background:#F1F8FF;"| PO
| 
| 
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[Gas turbine]]

==References==
((commons category|Lotus 56))
((Reflist))

==Further reading==
*((cite book|last=Ferguson|first=Andrew|title=Team Lotus: The Indianapolis Years|publisher=J.H. Haynes & Co. Ltd.|date=2008|isbn=978-1844255221))

((Team Lotus))
((Lotus))
((F1 cars 1971))

[[Category:Lotus Formula One cars|56]]
[[Category:1971 Formula One season cars]]
[[Category:American Championship racing cars]]
[[Category:Cars powered by gas turbines]]
[[Category:All-wheel-drive vehicles]]

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