Luckin Coffee Inc. (Chinese: 瑞幸咖啡; pinyin: Ruìxìng Kāfēi; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Suī-hēng Ko-pi) is a Chinese coffee company and coffeehouse chain. It was founded in Beijing in 2017. As of March 2023[update], it managed 9,351 stores which include 6,310 self-operated stores and 3,041 partnership stores. On June 5, the total Luckin coffee store number reached 10,000. Monthly active customers numbers reached 500 millions in June 2022. The company operates shops, stores, and kiosks that offer coffee, tea, and food.[12]
Customers need to download an app to order and pay for drinks online.[13][14] Luckin is currently headquartered in Xiamen. Luckin Coffee quickly expanded over the years and outnumbered the number of Starbucks stores in China by 2019.[15]
In April 2020, the company revealed that it had inflated its 2019 sales revenue by up to US$310 million. It resulted in the stock price crashing and several executives being fired.[16] Trading was suspended and the company was delisted from NASDAQ on 29 June 2020.[17] The company filed for Chapter 15 bankruptcy in the US in February 2021.[18] In December 2021, Luckin Coffee received court approval from a federal judge in Manhattan to restructure $460M worth of debt and to settle a number of class-action lawsuits over the fabricated sales figures.[19][20] In 2022, The Wall StreetJournal had reported that the company has emerged from bankruptcy after completing the restructuring of its financial debt under United States code, and also replaced most of its top management who were held accountable for the earlier fraud. Consequently, Luckin Coffee's shares had rebounded and had reached more than 80% in gains by the end of 2022, giving the company a valuation of about $4.4 billion.[21]
Luckin Coffee was incorporated in October 2017, and by January 2018 had opened its first shops in Beijing and Shanghai.[12][22] The company announced the completion of Series A financing to a total of US$200 million in July 2018 backed by Centurium Capital, Joy Capital and GIC.[23]
By October 2018, the company had opened 1300 stores, surpassing the number of Costa Coffee stores to become the second-biggest coffee brand in China.[24] Luckin Coffee also signed a strategic cooperation agreement with Tencent.[25][26] Much of Luckin's expansion was fueled by an aggressive marketing strategy which saw the company spend three times as much as it earned to feed its growth.[13]
In January 2019, the company announced that they planned to open 2500 new stores and surpass Starbucks to become the biggest coffee brand in China.[27][28] Luckin also gained exposure in the US stock market, applying to the Nasdaq[29] and starting to trade at $17 a share.[30] After reaching $25.96 on the first day, the stock dropped to $16 on its second day of trading.[31][32]
2020–2021: Accounting scandal
In early January 2020, the company raised more capital through a share placement and a convertible bond sale, with worth totalling $821 million as it sought to expand into deploying vending machines that would serve fresh hot beverages and snacks. It was also offering a $400 million five-year convertible bond separately.[33]
On 31 January 2020, short-selling firm Muddy Waters Research published an anonymous 89-page report on Twitter, claiming that Luckin Coffee had falsified financial and operational figures.[34] The report claimed that the number of items sold per store was inflated by at least 69% in the third and by 88% the fourth quarter of 2019, supposedly backed by 11,200 hours of video footage. Before the U.S. stock market opening on 3 February 2020, Luckin Coffee responded by formally denied all allegations made in the report.[35]
On 2 April 2020, the company announced that an internal investigation found that its chief operating officer, Jian Liu, had fabricated the company's 2019 sales by "around RMB2.2 billion" (US$310 million).[36][37] The next day, the China Securities Regulatory Commission said that it would investigate the company for fraud.[38] On 8 April, the U.S. stock market halted trading on all Luckin shares over the fraud probe.[39] In the month of April, the company's stock fell by over 80%.[40] In mid-April 2020, American investment bank Goldman Sachs announced that it would seize and sell the Luckin stock holdings of the company's chairman, Lu Zhengyao, after he defaulted on a $518 million margin loan.[40] The $400 million bond offered just prior to Muddy Waters Research's release of the anonymous report also had imploded by 24 April 2020, with the notes selling as low as for 10 cents on the dollar value of bond.[41]
On 15 May the company received a delisting notice from NASDAQ.[42] After over a month of being halted for trading, the companies stock was able to be traded again on 20 May 2020.[43] On 28 May, shares of the company plummeted more than 20% after The Wall Street Journal released a report claiming that firms linked to the company's chairman and controlling shareholder played a central role in its accounting scandal.[44] On 29 June 2020, the company suspended trading on NASDAQ and filed for delisting, after the exchange ordered the company to delist.[45] Banks including Credit Suisse had won court orders in Cayman Islands on 22 June 2020, and in British Virgin Islands on 9 July 2020, to wind up Lu's controlling entities of Luckin Coffee Inc for liquidation, after Lu's margin loan default.[46][47] The company thereby entered into a state of provisional liquidation.[48] In September 2020, China's markets regulators fined a group of firms including Luckin Coffee for a combined $8.98 million in relation to Luckin's falsification of financial and operational figures.[49] On 16 December 2020, the US SEC settled the accounting fraud case with the company for $180 million. The company agreed to the settlement without admitting or denying the SEC allegations which include defrauding investors by materially misstating revenue and expenses, inflating its growth rates and understating its losses.[50] On 5 February 2021, the company filed for Chapter 15 bankruptcy in New York, less than a year after the company said that more than a quarter's worth of business may have been faked.[51] By 22 September 2021, the company revealed its plans to restructure.[48][52] On 30 September 2021, Luckin Coffee settled a US class-action lawsuit to resolve investors' claims for $187.5 million.[53] In December 2021, Luckin received court approval to restructure a large amount of debt and settle a number of lawsuits over fabricated sales figures.[19]
2022–Present: Comeback
According to The Wall Street Journal, Luckin Coffee emerged from bankruptcy in March 2022 and has replaced most of its top management and ousted its former chairman, chief executive and other employees who carried out the earlier fraud.[54] Additionally Luckin Coffee is now being run by a Chinese private equity firm Centurium Capital, who had earlier made capital injections worth $240 million into the company in the spring of 2021.[55][56] The new CEO, Jinyi Guo, shifted the company's focus from burning through money to refining operations, with a renewed emphasis on physical store-level operations, building product lines, and reducing operating costs. This essentially repositioned Luckin's business model.[57] As a result, Luckin shares have gained more than 80% by the end of 2022, giving the company a valuation of about $4.4 billion. The company posted an operating loss of $85 million in 2021 and reported net profit of $108 million for the year after booking a one-off accounting gain, as reported by The Wall Street Journal[54].
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