Ludic
lyydin kiel', l'yyd'ikiel'
Native toRussia (Republic of Karelia)
RegionNear northwestern shore of Lake Onega
Native speakers
300 (2017)[1]
Uralic
Latin (Karelian alphabet)
Official status
Official language in
recognised as minority language in:
Republic of Karelia[2]
Language codes
ISO 639-3lud
Glottologludi1246
ELPLudian
[image reference needed]
Lude is classified as Severely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (2010)
Flag of Ludic Karelian

Ludic, or Ludian, or Ludic Karelian (Luudi, Lyydi or lüüdi), is a Finnic language in the Uralic language family or a Karelian dialect. It is transitional between the Olonets Karelian language and the Veps language.[1] It is spoken by 300 Karelians in the Republic of Karelia in Russia, near the southwestern shore of Lake Onega, including a few children.[3]

Classification

In the Finnish research tradition, Ludic has been considered a transitional dialect area between Karelian and Veps,[4] while in the Russian research tradition it is, on ethnographic grounds, normally considered a dialect of Karelian. A status as an independent language has been proposed in recent times.[5] Ludic is characterised by a specific mixture of Karelian-like traits (such as the diphthongisation of the Proto-Finnic non-open long vowels: e.g. *pää > piä 'head', *soo > suo 'swamp', contrast Veps pä, so)[6] and Veps-like traits (such as an almost complete loss of consonant gradation).[7] Like Veps, Ludic has also partially lost vowel harmony.

Dialects

Ludic comprises three main dialect groups:[5]

The strongest Karelian resemblance is found in Northern Ludic, while the Kuďäŕv dialect shares the most features with Veps.

Phonology

Vowels

Front Back
unrounded rounded unrounded rounded
Close i y u
Mid e ø o
Open æ ɑ

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
plain pal. plain pal.
Plosive voiceless p (pʲ) t tʲ k
voiced b (bʲ) d dʲ ɡ
Affricate voiceless t͡s t͡ʃ
voiced d͡ʒ
Fricative voiceless (f) (fʲ) s sʲ ʃ (x) h
voiced v (vʲ) z zʲ ʒ
Nasal m (mʲ) n nʲ
Approximant l lʲ j
Rhotic r rʲ

Writing system

Ludic is written using the unified Karelian alphabet, but in some publications the letter Ü is used instead of Y, as in Veps.

Majuscule Forms (also called uppercase or capital letters)
A B C Č D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S Š Z Ž T U V Y (Ü) Ä Ö ʼ
Minuscule Forms (also called lowercase or small letters)
a b c č d e f g h i j k l m n o p r s š z ž t u v y (ü) ä ö ʼ

Phrases

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b Ludic at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ "Законодательные акты: О государственной поддержке карельского, вепсского и финского языков в Республике Карелия". Archived from the original on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2011-01-08.
  3. ^ "Uhanalainen lyydi on oma itämerensuomalainen kielensä | Humanistinen tiedekunta | Helsingin yliopisto".
  4. ^ Itkonen, Terho (1971). "Aunuksen äänneopin erikoisuudet ja aunukselaismurteiden synty". Virittäjä (75): 182.
  5. ^ a b Pahomov 2011, p. 10.
  6. ^ Pahomov 2011, p. 29.
  7. ^ Pahomov 2011, p. 32.
  8. ^ Pahomov, Miikul (2019). Venä-lüüdin paginnik Русско-людиковский разговорник. Lüüdilaine Siebr.

Literature

External links


Uralic languages
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