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((Short description|Prussian soldier))
((Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = '''[[Graf]]'''
| name          = Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg
| image         = Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg.jpg
| image_size    = 
| caption       = Portrait by [[Ernst Gebauer]], 1835
| nickname      = 
| birth_name    = Johann David Ludwig von Yorck
| birth_date    = ((Birth date|1759|9|26|df=y))
| birth_place   = [[Potsdam]], [[Margraviate of Brandenburg]], [[Kingdom of Prussia]], [[Holy Roman Empire]]
| death_date    = ((Death date and age|1830|10|4|1759|9|26|df=y))
| death_place   = [[Oleśnica Mała|Klein-Öls]], [[Province of Silesia]], [[Kingdom of Prussia]], [[German Confederation]]<br>(Present-day [[Oleśnica Mała]], [[Silesia Voivodeship]], [[Poland]])
| placeofburial = 
| allegiance    = ((Flag|Kingdom of Prussia|1750))<br>((Flag|Dutch Republic))
| branch        = [[Prussian Army]]<br>[[Dutch States Army|Dutch Army]]
| serviceyears  = 1772–1779<br>1782–1785<br>1785/1786–1821
| rank          = [[Generalfeldmarschall]] (Prussia)<br>[[Captain (land)|Captain]] (Netherlands)
| unit          = 
| commands      = 
| battles       = [[War of the Bavarian Succession]]<br>[[Kościuszko Uprising]]<br>[[Napoleonic Wars]]
* [[Battle of Mesoten]]
| awards        = [[Grand Cross of the Iron Cross]]<br>[[Pour le Mérite]]<br>[[Order of St. George]]
| relations     = 
| laterwork     = 
| signature     = Signatur Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg.PNG
))

'''Johann David Ludwig Graf Yorck von Wartenburg''' (born '''von((efn|((german title von)))) Yorck'''; 26 September 1759 &ndash; 4 October 1830) was a [[Prussia]]n ''[[Generalfeldmarschall]]'' instrumental in the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] ending an alliance with [[First French Empire|France]] to one with [[Russian Empire|Russia]] during the [[War of the Sixth Coalition]]. [[Ludwig van Beethoven]]'s "[[Yorckscher Marsch]]" is named in his honor.

The Field Marshal's surname is Yorck; [[Wartenburg (Kemberg)|Wartenburg]] is a battle-honour appended to the surname as a title of distinction (cf. Britain's [[Bernard Montgomery|Montgomery of Alamein]]).

==Background==
((More citations needed|section|date=April 2022))
Yorck's father, David Jonathan von Yorck, was born in Rowe in the Prussian [[Province of Pomerania (1653–1815)|Province of Pomerania]]<ref name=Lane>((cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pwEBAAAAcAAJ&q=David+Jonathan+von+yorck+rowe&pg=PA158|title=Vaterländisches Archiv für Wissenschaft, Kunst, Industrie und Agrikultur|first1=O.W.L. |last1=Richter|year=1838|page=158|language=de))</ref> (now [[Rowy, Pomeranian Voivodeship|Rowy]], [[Poland]]), to Jan Jarka, a [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] pastor, whose family came from a small manor in [[Gostkowo, Bytów County|Gross Gustkow]] (hence the name ''von Gostkowski'') and traced its origins from Pomeranian [[Kashubians]]. David Jonathan von Yorck served as a [[Captain (armed forces)|captain]] (''[[Hauptmann]]'') in the [[Prussian Army]] under King [[Frederick the Great]]; Yorck's mother Maria Sophia Pflug was the daughter of a [[Potsdam]] artisan. Their son Ludwig was born in Potsdam in 1759; the couple married in 1763. Ludwig's father changed his name from ''Jark(a)'' to ''Yorck'' to make it more [[England|English]] ([[York]]) and dropped the ''von Gostkowski''.

==Career==
((One source|section|date=April 2022))
Yorck entered the Prussian Army in 1772 and reached the rank of [[lieutenant]] in 1777. After seven years' service, however, he was cashiered for [[insubordination]], having reproached his superior for [[plundering]] during the [[War of the Bavarian Succession]] when in 1779, during the Guard Parade, Yorck expressed his contempt for him. He spent one year's confinement in [[Fort Friedrichsburg]], [[Königsberg]], after which King Frederick the Great denied him re-employment.<ref>((Cite web|last=Biographie|first=Deutsche|title=York von Wartenburg, Hans David Ludwig Graf - Deutsche Biographie|url=https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz86363.html|access-date=2022-01-12|website=www.deutsche-biographie.de|language=de))</ref>

Yorck left Prussia and joined the [[Swiss mercenaries]] in [[Dutch Republic|Dutch]] service in 1781. He took part in the operations of 1783-84 in the [[East Indies]] as a captain of the [[Regiment de Meuron]]. He also participated with the French army in a battle against the British in [[Cape Town]]. Returning to Potsdam in 1786 he was, on the death of Frederick the Great, reinstated in the army by [[Frederick William II of Prussia|Frederick William II]], from 1792 with the rank of [[Major (rank)|major]]. In 1794/95 he participated in the operations in [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Poland]] during the [[Kościuszko Uprising]], distinguishing himself especially in the [[Battle of Szczekociny|Szczekociny]].((sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=923))

From 1799, Yorck began to make a name for himself as commander of a [[light infantry]] (''[[Jäger (infantry)|Jäger]]'') regiment, being one of the first to emphasize the training of skirmishers. In 1805, with the rank of ''[[Oberst]]'', he was appointed to command an infantry brigade as a vanguard force of Duke [[Karl August, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach|Karl August of Saxe-Weimar]] during the [[War of the Fourth Coalition]]. In the disastrous [[Battle of Jena–Auerstedt|Jena]] campaign, he was a conspicuous and successful rearguard commander, especially at [[Altenzaun]]. Having crossed the [[Elbe]] river and [[Harz]] mountains, he was taken prisoner, severely wounded, in the last stand of [[Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher|Blücher]]'s corps at [[Lübeck]].((sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=923))

In the reorganization of the Prussian army which followed the 1807 [[Treaties of Tilsit|Treaty of Tilsit]], Yorck was one of the leading figures. At first major-general commanding the [[West Prussia]]n brigade, afterwards inspector-general of light infantry, he was finally appointed second in command to General [[Julius August Reinhold von Grawert|Grawert]], the leader of the auxiliary corps which Prussia was compelled to send in support of Napoleon's [[French invasion of Russia (1812)|invasion of Russia]]. The two generals did not agree, Grawert being an open partisan of the French alliance, and Yorck an ardent Prussian patriot, but Grawert soon retired and Yorck assumed the command.((sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=923))

Opposed in his advance on [[Riga]] by the Russian General [[Faddei Fedorovich Steingell|Steingell]], Yorck displayed great skill in a series of battles which ended in the retreat of the enemy to Riga. Throughout the campaign he had been the object of many overtures from the enemy's generals, and though he had hitherto rejected them, it was soon clear to him that the French Grand Army was doomed. [[Étienne-Jacques-Joseph-Alexandre MacDonald|Marshal MacDonald]], his immediate French superior, retreated before the corps of [[Hans Karl von Diebitsch|Diebitsch]], and Yorck found himself isolated. As a soldier his duty was to break through, but as a Prussian patriot his position was more difficult. He had to judge whether the moment was favorable for the war of Prussia's liberation; and, whatever might be the enthusiasm of his junior staff officers, Yorck had no illusions as to the safety of his own head. On 20 December, the general made up his mind.((sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=923))

The [[Convention of Tauroggen]] armistice, signed by Diebitsch and Yorck without the consent of their king, declared the Prussian corps "neutral". The news was received with the wildest enthusiasm, but the Prussian Court dared not yet throw off the mask, and an order was despatched suspending Yorck from his command pending a court-martial. Diebitsch refused to let the bearer pass through his lines, and the general was finally absolved when the [[Treaty of Kalisz (1813)|Treaty of Kalisz]] placed Prussia on the side of the Allies. Yorck's act was nothing less than the turning-point of Prussian history. His veterans formed the nucleus of the forces of [[East Prussia]], and Yorck himself in public took the final step by declaring war on Napoleon as the commander of those forces.((sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=923))

[[Image:Yorckstatue.JPG|thumb|Statue of Yorck von Wartenburg on the [[Unter den Linden]], Berlin, by [[Christian Daniel Rauch]]]]

On 17 March 1813, Yorck made his entry into [[Berlin]] in the midst of the wildest exuberance of patriotic joy. On the same day, the king declared war on France. During 1813-14, Yorck led his veterans with conspicuous success. He covered Blücher's retreat after [[Battle of Bautzen (1813)|Bautzen]] and took a decisive part in the battles on the [[Battle of Katzbach|Katzbach]]. In the advance on [[Leipzig]], his corps won the action of [[Battle of Wartenburg|Wartenburg]] (3 October) and took part in the crowning victory in the [[Battle of Leipzig|Battle of the Nations]] of 18 October. In the campaign in France, Yorck drew off the shattered remnants of [[Fabian Gottlieb von Osten-Sacken|Osten-Sacken]]'s corps at [[Battle of Montmirail|Montmirail]], and decided the day at [[Battle of Laon|Laon]].((sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=923))

The storming of Paris was Yorck's last fight. In the campaign of 1815, none of the older men were employed in Blücher's army, in order that [[August von Gneisenau]] might be free to assume command in case of the old prince's death. Yorck was appointed to a reserve corps in Prussia, and, feeling that his services were no longer required, he retired from the army. His master would not accept his resignation for a considerable time, and in 1821 made him [[Generalfeldmarschall]]. He had been made ''[[Graf]]'' Yorck von Wartenburg in 1814. The remainder of his life was spent on his estate of Klein-Öls (today [[Oleśnica Mała]], Poland) in [[Silesia]], a gift of the king. A statue by [[Christian Daniel Rauch]] was erected in Yorck's honor in Berlin in 1855.((sfn|Chisholm|1911|pp=923–924)) The former football club [[Yorck Boyen Insterburg]] was also named in honor of Yorck.((Citation needed|date=June 2022))

A 1931 film ''[[Yorck]]'' was made about him with [[Werner Krauss]] playing the General.

==Notable descendants==
Yorck was the great-grandfather of the late-nineteenth-century philosopher [[Paul Yorck von Wartenburg]] and the great-great-great-grandfather of [[Peter Yorck von Wartenburg]], a member of the [[German resistance to Nazism|German resistance]] during the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi regime]].((citation needed|date=April 2022))

==See also==
*[[Berlin Yorckstraße station]]

==Notes==
((Notelist))
((German title|Graf))

==References==
((commons|Johann David Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg))
((Reflist))
* ((EB1911|wstitle=Yorck von Wartenburg, Hans David Ludwig|volume=28|pages=923–924))

==Further reading==
*[[Friedrich Wilhelm von Seydlitz|F. W. von Seydlitz]]: ''Tagebuch des Preussischen Armee Korps 1812''. Berlin, 1823.
*[[Johann Gustav Droysen|J. G. Droysen]]: ''Das Leben des Feldmarschalls Grafen York von Wartenburg''. Berlin, 1851 (later eds. were published under the title: ''York von Wartenburg: ein Leben preußischer Pflichterfüllung'', most recently: Essen: Phaidon-Verlag, 1996 ((ISBN|3-88851-160-7))).

((Recipients of the Grand Cross))

((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Yorck Von Wartenburg, Ludwig))
[[Category:1759 births]]
[[Category:1830 deaths]]
[[Category:Counts in Germany]]
[[Category:Field marshals of Prussia]]
[[Category:German commanders of the Napoleonic Wars]]
[[Category:Prussian commanders of the Napoleonic Wars]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Potsdam]]
[[Category:People from the Margraviate of Brandenburg]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class)]]
[[Category:Yorck von Wartenburg|Ludwig]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Grand Cross of the Iron Cross]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of St. George of the Second Degree]]

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