| Luke 4 | |
|---|---|
 The Latin text of Luke 3:24–6:39 in Codex Gigas (13th century). | |
| Book | Gospel of Luke |
| Category | Gospel |
| Christian Bible part | New Testament |
| Order in the Christian part | 3 |
Luke 4 is the fourth chapter of the Gospel of Luke in the New Testament of the Christian Bible, traditionally attributed to Luke the Evangelist, a companion of Paul the Apostle on his missionary journeys.[1] This chapter details Jesus' three temptations, the start of his "Galilean Ministry",[2] and his rejection at Nazareth, which Luke contrasts with his acclaim in nearby Capernaum.
The original text was written in Koine Greek and is divided into 44 verses.
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:
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See also: Temptation of Christ |
Jesus, as in Matthew 4 and Mark 1, travels into the desert and fasts for forty days. He is confronted by Satan, who tempts (or tests) him. 'Tested' is the preferred wording of several modern translations, e.g. the Contemporary English Version, Expanded Bible and New Testament for Everyone.
This narrative is also found in Matthew 4:1–11, but in Matthew the order of the second and third temptations is reversed. This was most probably in Q if that hypothesis is correct; perhaps their copies of Q were in a different order?[according to whom?] This difference in orders presents a challenge for redactional criticism. It is unclear whether in Q, if it existed, the order was originally the same as Luke's and Matthew changed it to have it end on a mountain, a common motif of Matthew, such as Matthew 5:1 and Matthew 28:16, or Luke changed it to have the temptations end in Jerusalem.[9] Luke ends his gospel in Jerusalem in Luke 24. Most scholars believe Matthew's order was the order Q used.[10]
Luke then says that Satan left Jesus "for a season" [11] or "until an opportune time".[12][13] Satan appears later in Luke 22, entering Judas and leading him to betray Jesus. Raymond Brown sees his return in Luke 22:53 when Jesus says to those arresting him "But this is your hour, and the power of darkness".[14] The late nineteenth-century Anglican cleric Frederic Farrar, in his commentary on Luke for the Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges, argues that this does not mean Jesus faced no other temptations during his life, quoting Bonaventure's view that "he endured temptations, too, at other times".[15][16]
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See also: Rejection of Jesus |
Jesus returns to Galilee "in the power of the Spirit",[17] says Luke, and teaches in many of the synagogues there. One Shabbat, he goes to the synagogue in his hometown of Nazareth, gets up and reads a section of the Book of Isaiah, Isaiah 61:1–2, referring to himself (verse 21) as the fulfillment of this prophecy. Luke's text uses the Septuagint version, but the version Jesus read would have been written in Hebrew.[15]
The people are amazed at his "gracious words" (Greek: τοις λογοις της χαριτος, tois logois tēs charitos, verse 22), "the discourse of which verse 21 is a compendium",[18] but Jesus goes on to rebuke them, saying "Truly, I say to you ... no prophet is acceptable in his hometown."[19]
He tells them how in the time of Elijah only a woman from Sidon (the widow of Zarephath) was saved (verses 25–26, cf 1 Kings 17:7-16)), and during the time of Elisha, while there were many lepers in Israel, only a Syrian (Naaman) was healed (verse 27, cf 2 Kings 5:1-19). Outraged, the people attack him and chase him to the top of a hill and try to throw him off, but Jesus slips away through the crowd and continues "on his way".[21] There are many hills in and around Nazareth, although the Upper Galilee region, further to the north, is more mountainous. Traditionally this event has been associated with Mount Precipice (also known as the Mount of Precipitation), some 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from Nazareth, but scholars now argue that this is unlikely to have been the venue because it is further than a Sabbath day's walk from the city.
Eric Franklin notes that Jesus' continuation "on his way" denotes not just his escape from peril but a movement towards his goal, Luke using the same verb, ἐπορεύετο,[22] eporeueto, as he uses in Luke 9:51, πορευεσθαι, poreuesthai, to indicate his steadfast journey towards Jerusalem.[23]
The event is perhaps also depicted, though not word for word, in Mark 6:1-6 and Matthew 13:53-58, but these accounts do not include the Old Testament examples, and reflect different agendas.[24]
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See also: Ministry of Jesus |
Jesus goes to Capernaum and exorcises a possessed man in the synagogue, the first of Luke's 21 miracles. He goes to Simon's house and heals his sick mother-in-law. Mark 1 has this occur after Jesus called his disciples, while Luke puts that event into chapter 5.
He heals more and more people, then retreats to the wilderness for solitary prayer. They come and find him there but he tells them that he must also go to the surrounding towns, where he is to travel and preach the good news of the Kingdom of God, "for I was sent for this purpose".[25] This section, Luke 4:31–44, is almost exactly the same as Mark 1:21–29 and can also be partially found in Matthew 8:14–16. Johann Bengel notes: Here is Jesus’ "Creed": the reason for His many journeyings".[26]
In verse 44, Luke affirms that Jesus continued preaching "in the synagogues of Galilee" (KJV, NKJV). Some ancient manuscripts (א, B, C, L and other uncials) refer to τὰς συναγωγὰς τῆς Ἰουδαίας, tas synagōgas tēs Ioudaias, "the synagogues of Judea". This manuscript tradition is reflected in the Novum Testamentum Graece, and hence in most modern Bible translations, including the RSV, ESV, NRSV, NASB, NAB and NIV.[27]
