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((Short description|Ethnic group))
((More citations needed|date=November 2015))
((Infobox ethnic group
| group            = Luso-Asians <br />''luso-asiáticos''
| population       = ((circa)) 1.5  million
| langs            = [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Konkani]], [[Sri Lankan Portuguese Creole]], [[Kristang language|Kristang]], [[Macanese Patois]], [[Tetum]], [[Malay language|Malay]], [[Cantonese]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Kannada]], [[Malayalam]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] ([[Hindi]]-[[Urdu]]), [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]], [[Burmese language|Burmese]], [[English language|English]]
| rels             = Majority: [[Christianity]] ([[Roman Catholicism]])<br>Minority: [[Hinduism]], [[Islam]], [[Protestantism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Chinese folk religion]], [[Animism]]
| region1          = ((flag|India))
| pop1             = ~200,000–1,000,000
| region2          = ((flag|Macau))
| pop2             = 152,616 <ref>((cite web | url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=147 | title=Observatório da Emigração - Macau))</ref>
| region3          = ((flag|Portugal))
| pop3             = ~100,000
| region4          = ((flag|United Kingdom))
| pop4             = ~80,000 ((small|(Luso-Indians))) <ref>((cite web | url=https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/mundo/brexit-aos-portugueses-de-origem-indiana_n940182|title=Brexit aos portugueses de origem indiana
))</ref><ref>((cite web | url=https://www.theportugalnews.com/news/third-of-uks-portuguese-immigrants-are-luso-indians/35656|title=Third of UK’s Portuguese immigrants are Luso-Indians))</ref><ref>((cite web | url=https://www.mea.gov.in/rajya-sabha.htm?dtl/30862/QUESTION+NO239+IMPACT+OF+BREXIT+ON+INDIANS+MIGRATED+TO+BRITAIN+ON+PORTUGAL+PASSPORT|title=QUESTION NO.239 IMPACT OF BREXIT ON INDIANS MIGRATED TO BRITAIN ON PORTUGAL PASSPORT))</ref>
| region5         = ((flag|Israel))
| pop5            = 60,000 <ref>((cite web | url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=222 | title=Observatório da Emigração-Israel))</ref><ref>((cite web | url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/article-705042 | title=Still possible for Sephardi Jews to obtain Portuguese citizenship, but process is more difficult))</ref><ref>((cite web | url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/portugal-says-nearly-21000-israelis-applied-for-citizenship-last-year/ | title=Portugal says nearly 21,000 Israelis applied for citizenship last year))</ref><ref>((cite web | url=https://www.theportugalnews.com/news/2023-08-24/the-trend-of-israelis-applying-for-portuguese-nationality/80716 | title=The trend of Israelis applying for Portuguese nationality))</ref>
| region6          = ((flag|Sri Lanka))
| pop6             = ~40,000 ((small|(Burghers))) <ref>((cite web | url=https://www.ijsrp.org/research-paper-0721/ijsrp-p11594.pdf|title=The fading identity of Burgers))</ref><ref>((cite web | url=https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/migration/lk/UNDPLKA-People_of_Sri_Lanka.pdf|title=People of Sri Lanka))</ref>
| region7          = ((flag|Malaysia))
| pop7             = 37,000((small|(Kristang))) <ref>((cite web | url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/malaysia-singapore-brunei/background/other-features/8f3253aa-2294-4762-8523-e9c20d3f636b/a/nar/8f3253aa-2294-4762-8523-e9c20d3f636b/1325999|title=Malaysia, Singapore & Brunei))</ref><ref>Laura Jarnagin (2012). Portuguese and Luso-Asian Legacies in Southeast Asia, 1511–2011: Culture and identity in the Luso-Asian world, tenacities & plasticities. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 268.</ref>
| region8          = ((flag|Timor Leste))
| pop8             = 20,853 <ref>((cite web | url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=218 | title=Observatório da Emigração- Timor Leste))</ref>
| region9         = ((flag|Hong Kong))
| pop9            = 21,000 <ref>((cite web | url=https://bomdia.lu/associacao-internacional-dos-lusodescendentes-instala-se-em-hong-kong/ | title=Associação Internacional dos Lusodescendentes instala-se em Hong Kong
))</ref><ref>((cite web|url=https://expresso.pt/cultura/2023-01-14-Uncle-Ray-celebre-animador-de-radio-lusodescendente-morre-aos-98-anos-em-Hong-Kong-16a7dd7b |title="Uncle Ray", célebre animador de rádio lusodescendente, morre aos 98 anos em Hong Kong))</ref><ref>((cite web|url=https://expresso.pt/internacional/2019-11-20-Hong-Kong-Portugal-acompanha-com-cuidado-e-atencao-situacao-em-Macau|title=Hong Kong: Portugal acompanha com “cuidado e atenção” situação em Macau))</ref>
| region10          = ((flag|Canada))
| pop10             = ~20,000
| region11          = ((flag|United Arab Emirates))
| pop11             = 5,500 <ref>((cite web | url=https://abudhabi.embaixadaportugal.mne.gov.pt/images/ficha_emirados_rabes_unidos_-_abr_2020_vf.pdf| title=De Portugal nos Emirados Árabes Unidos))</ref>
| region12         = ((flag|Turkey))
| pop12            = 4,364 <ref>((cite web | url=https://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=222 | title=Observatório da Emigração-Turquia))</ref>
| region13         = ((flag|Thailand))
| pop13            = 3,500 ((small|(of whom 1,850 from Kudi Chin community)))<ref>((cite web | url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=215 | title=Observatório da Emigração-Tailândia))</ref><ref>((cite web | url=https://www.nationtv.tv/main/program/378405836/ | title=ลายกนก ตอน ปั่นไป...หัวใจติดล้อ ช่วง 2Line Kanok ep Spinning...the heart on wheels 2 edition ))</ref>
| region14         = ((flag|Myanmar))
| pop14            = ~3,000+
| region15         = ((flag|China))
| pop15            = 2,312 <ref>((cite web | url=https://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=48 | title=Observatório da Emigração-China))</ref>
| region16         = ((flag|Qatar))
| pop16            = 2,293 <ref>((cite web | url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=186 | title=Observatório da Emigração))</ref>
| region17         = ((flag|Japan))
| pop17            = 785 <ref>((cite web | url=https://www.e-stat.go.jp/stat-search/files?page=1&query=2022&layout=dataset&toukei=00250012&tstat=000001018034&cycle=1&month=24101212&tclass1=000001060399&stat_infid=000040068660&tclass2val=0&metadata=1&data=1 | title=在留外国人統計（旧登録外国人統計） / 在留外国人統計))</ref>
| region18         = ((flag|Indonesia))
| pop18            = 667 ((small|(not including Lamno and Tugu)))<ref>((cite web | url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=100 | title=Observatório da Emigração-Indonésia))</ref>
| region19         = ((flag|Philippines))
| pop19            = 623 <ref>((cite web | url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=176 | title=Observatório da Emigração-Filipinas))</ref>
| region20         = ((flag|Saudi Arabia))
| pop20            = 500 <ref>((cite web | url=https://riade.embaixadaportugal.mne.gov.pt/pt/seccao-consular/comunidade-portuguesa/movimento-associativo | title=	
EMBAIXADA DE PORTUGAL NA ARÁBIA SAUDITA))</ref>
| region21         = ((flag|Taiwan))
| pop21            = 312 <ref>((cite web | url=https://www.immigration.gov.tw/5475/5478/141478/141380/282436/ | title=Foreigners by nationality))</ref>
| region22         = ((flag|South Korea))
| pop22            = 190 <ref>((cite web | url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=121 | title=Observatório da Emigração))</ref>
| region23         = ((flag|Lebanon))
| pop23            = 100 <ref name="observatorioemigracao.pt">((cite web | url=https://observador.pt/2020/08/15/beirute-mne-insta-portugueses-no-libano-a-manterem-contacto-com-embaixada/ | title=Beirute. MNE insta portugueses no Líbano a manterem contacto com embaixada))</ref>
| related          = [[Bombay East Indians]], [[Luso-Indian]]s, [[Goan Catholics]], [[Karwari Catholics]], [[Mangalorean Catholics]], [[Burgher people|Burgher]]s, [[Macanese people|Macanese]], [[East Timor|Timorese]], Eurasians, [[Anglo-Indians]], [[Kakure Kirishitan]]
| native_name      = 
| native_name_lang = 
))

'''Luso-Asians''' (Portuguese: ''luso-asiáticos'') are Eurasian people whose ethnicity is partially or wholly [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] and ancestrally are based in or hail primarily from [[Portugal]], [[South Asia]], [[Southeast Asia]], and [[East Asia]]. They historically came under the cultural and multi-ethnic sway of the [[Portuguese Empire]] in [[Portuguese East Indies|the East]] and retain certain aspects of the [[Portuguese language]], [[Roman Catholic]] faith, and [[Romanization (cultural)|Latin]] cultural practices, including internal and external architecture, art, and cuisine that reflect this contact. The term ''Luso'' comes from the [[Roman empire]]'s province of [[Lusitania]], which roughly corresponds to modern Portugal.

Luso-Asian Art is also known as [[Indo-Portuguese]] Art (from India), Luso-Ceylonese Art (from Sri Lanka), Luso-Siamese Art (from Thailand), Luso-Malay (from Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore), Sino-Portuguese Art (from China), or Nipo-Portuguese Art (from Japan). Examples of this art, especially of furniture and religious art are found throughout Europe and in the islands of [[Macaronesia]].<ref>Luso-Asian influences in Macaronesia. By Cliff Pereira. In Proceedings on the Asia-Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage. Edited by Mark Staniforth, Jennifer Craig, Sheldon Clyde Jago-on, Bobby Orillaneda and Ligaya Lacsina. 2011. Manila, Philippines.</ref>

Luso-Asians traded and influenced each other within Asia as well as with [[Portugal]] and other parts of Catholic Europe, especially Spain and Italy. This exchange produced distinctive elements in domestic, civic and religious Luso-Asian architecture, as well as Luso-Asian cuisine.

==History==
The European continent exploration of the Asian continent after the arrival of D. [[Vasco Da Gama]] during the [[Age of Discovery]] in the Indian Ocean around 1498, was followed by the establishments of coastal trading bases called ''feitorias'' (factories) and forts. Portuguese traders, Catholic missionaries, who were [[Franciscans]], [[Dominican Order|Dominicans]], [[Augustinians]] and [[Jesuits]], such as [[Saint Francis Xavier]]<ref>Discoveries, Missionary Expansion and Asian Cultures. Edited by Teotonio R. de Souza. New Delhi. India 1994. ((ISBN|81-7022-497-7))</ref> and administrators poured into the vast region. These men often married local residents with the official encouragement of D. [[Alfonso de Albuquerque]] by the royals granted approval in the form called Politicos dos casamentos. A resultant mixed race [[Mestizo]] population that was Catholic and [[Lusophone]] (Portuguese-speaking) developed. The evangelical work of missionaries produced Catholic Asian communities speaking specific, Portuguese, Asian languages and often a Portuguese-based [[Creole language|Creoles]] who produced religious artifacts, often in ivory, ebony, teak, silver, and gold. Asian women produced distinctive embroideries on velvet, silk, and cotton that were prized in Europe. The movement of Asian wives, Asian and European servants, and African slaves across the [[Portuguese Empire]] distributed Luso-Asian recipes throughout Asia and beyond. The people who hail from Portuguese and varied Asian ancestors are termed Luso-Asian.

==Dispersal==
[[File:Lesser coat of arms of Portuguese India.svg|thumb|[[Emblem of India|Lesser coat of arms]] of [[Portuguese India]] between May 8, 1935 – December 31, 1974.]]
Since the first voyages of the Portuguese into the Indian Ocean at the end of the fifteenth century, the Portuguese suffered a labour shortage as their European crew suffered from scurvy, malaria, and tropical diseases. Additionally the Portuguese relied on local mariners of the Indian Ocean World to guide them through the winds, currents and localized reefs. These men came from the maritime peoples of the region and included [[Swahili people|Swahili]] from Eastern Africa, Arabs, Indians from the coastal communities of [[Gujarat]], [[Goa]], [[Kerala]], [[Tamil Nadu]], and [[Bengal]] in India, Malays, and Chinese. As Portuguese trade increased in the sixteenth century, more Portuguese vessels arrived in Asia but an increasing number of European crew were leaving the ships to engage in local or "country trade". Some Portuguese even joined forces with local pirates.<ref>Pg.82. The Portuguese in the East: A Cultural History of a Maritime Trading Empire. By Shihan De Silva Jayasuriya. 2008. ((ISBN|978-1-84511-585-2)).</ref>

The Portuguese coined the term ''Lascarim'' from the Arab-Persian ''Lashkari'' to describe any crew from East of the Cape of Good Hope. Coming from areas of Portuguese influence, these men often spoke their own languages and broken Portuguese, which in time evolved into a creole Portuguese. The Lascarim became invaluable to further Portuguese exploration, defense and trade.<ref>Pp. 981–990. Luso-Asian influences in Macronesia. By Cliff Pereira. In Asia-Pacific regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Proceedings. Edited by Mark Staniforth, Jennifer Craig, Sheldon Clyde Jago-on, Bobby Orillaneda and Ligaya Lacsina. 2011. Manila, Philippines.</ref> The [[English East India Company]] employed Luso-Asians who they called [[Lascars]] in their very first voyages from London at the beginning of the seventeenth century, and by the eighteenth century, Lascars were common on British East India Company ships in the Atlantic. Luso-Asians arrived at ports in Europe, North America, Brazil<ref>East in the West: Investigating the Asian presence and legacy in Brazil from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century. By Clifford J Pereira in Proceedings of the 2nd Asia-Pacific Conference on Underwater Heritage. University of Hawai'i, Manoa, Ohau. 2014. Edited by Hans van Tilburg, Veronica Walker, Brian Fahy and Jun Kimura.</ref> and the Atlantic coasts of Africa.

The dispersal of Luso-Asians occurred very early after the contact between Portugal and the late medieval nations of Asia. Indians, Siamese, Malays, Chinese and Japanese travelled to Portugal as sailors, clerics, servants, slaves and ambassadors. Many male Luso-Asians entered trade within the Portuguese maritime empire and many Luso-Asian women joined their Portuguese husbands or masters in official or unofficial capacities within the Portuguese sphere of influence. This genetic and cultural mixing especially between Portugal, Cochin, Goa, Ayutthaya, Malacca, Macau and [[Nagasaki]] in the sixteenth and early seventeenth century marks the first dispersal.

A second dispersal occurred in the seventeenth century as former Portuguese strongholds fell under the English or Dutch East India Companies, and with the loss of Portuguese privileges in Japan. Luso-Asians were dispersed as prisoners and refugees in this movement. Many Dutchmen in Ceylon, Malacca, [[Batavia, Suriname|Batavia]] and [[Timor]] married Luso-Asian women and this resulted in distinct [[Eurasian]] or [[Burgher people|Burgher]] communities. In [[Bengal]], [[Kerala]], around [[Madras]] and [[Bombay]] a similar process led to the creation of the [[Anglo-Indian]] communities. There was also some contribution of Ludo-Asians to French colonies in India. Luso-Asians from Malacca and [[Solor]] Island fled the Dutch and moved to Larantuka on Flores Island, where they mixed with the local Flores islanders, Papuans, Timorese and European men (both Portuguese and Dutch deserters) to form a unique Larantuqueiro culture.<ref name="Other Eurasians 2011">Pg. 134. The Luso-Asian and Other Eurasians. By John Byrne. In The Making of the Luso-Asian World: Intricacies of Engagement. Edited by Laura Jarnagin. 2011. Singapore.</ref>

The third dispersal came in the nineteenth century with the rise of British imperial power. The rise of British rule in Asia, corresponded with population increase in Goa and Macau and a general feeling that the Portuguese had all but forgotten their Asian colonies. Three events in particular provided the movement of Luso-Asians to areas under British influence; the signing of the [[Treaty of Nanjing]] in 1842 opened-up Hong Kong and Shanghai to the Macanese,.<ref>Pp.151–169. Diáspora Macanese: Territóios, Itinerários e Processos de Integração (1936–1995) By Alfredo Gomes Dias. 2016. Macau.</ref> and increased migration of Malacca Portuguese to Singapore. The opening of the [[Suez Canal]] in 1869 brought opportunities for Goans in Aden. Finally the creation of the [[British Protectorate of Zanzibar]] in 1890 and development of the [[Uganda Railway]] brought further opportunities for Goans in East Africa.

A final dispersion occurred in the later half of the twentieth century. This last phase of dispersal was connected to European de-colonisation in Asia and Africa and increased nationalism and indigenisation in the new post-colonial nation states. In Asia the partition and creation of India and Pakistan, followed by the annexation of Goa were prime motivation for Luso-Asian migration within the Indian sub-continent. The rise of opportunities in the Persian Gulf absorbed much Luso-Asian migration. Similarly, there was Luso-Asian migration from independent Malaysia to Singapore. However, in the late 1960s Africanisation in East Africa brought about Luso-Asian migration from Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda to the United Kingdom and after 1971 to Australia and Canada. The mass expulsion of the Ugandan Asians in 1972 and that of Goans from Malawi added to the flow. The 1975 independence of Angola, Mozambique and to a lesser extent Cape Verde provided further refugee migration of Luso-Asians to Portugal and Brazil. In the last quarter of the twentieth century the departure of the Portuguese from Macau and the British from Hong Kong led to the migration of Luso-Asians (mainly Macanese) to Australia, Canada and the USA.<ref>Pp.175–250. Diáspora Macanese: Territóios, Itinerários e Processos de Integração (1936–1995)</ref> Arabisation in the Persian Gulf and increased persecution in Pakistan added to Luso-Asian migration to the same countries.

==Ethnic legacy==
Luso-Asian communities still exist in Asia and includes several diverse communities in parts of Republic of India ([[Goa]], Daman, [[Diu, India|Diu]], [[Dadra]], [[Nagar Haveli]], [[Korlai]], [[Salsette]], [[Kerala]]), China ([[Macau]]), Pakistan ([[Karachi]]), Malaysia (Meleka), Sri Lanka and Timor Leste who are collectively known as Luso-Asians. However, it must be noted that many [[Anglo-Indians]] and Eurasians have [[Luso-Indian]] ancestors especially on their female side. There is also a distinct Konkani-speaking Catholic community who call themselves [[Bombay East Indians|East Indians]] and reside in [[Mumbai]] and who were under Portuguese rule prior to Bombay being handed to the British in 1661.

==Luso-South Asians==

===Luso-Indians (Indo-Portuguese, Luso-Goans or Portu-Goesas)===
:''See main article [[Luso-Indian]]s, [[Sephardic Jews in India]]''

Indians and Luso-Goans are people who have mixed varied Asian, Indian subcontinental and Portuguese ancestry and are either citizens of [[India]], [[Pakistan]] or [[Bangladesh]] today. They may also be people of Portuguese descent born or living in the Republic of India and resident in other parts of the world. Most Luso-Indians and Luso-Goans live in former Portuguese overseas territories of the [[Estado da India]] that are currently part of the Republic of India.

====Indian subcontinent====

Luso-Asians are primarily from the Indian states of [[Goa]], [[Daman and Diu]], [[Korlai]], parts of Tamil Nadu, and parts of [[Kerala]]. In the [[Coromandel Coast]], Luso-Indians were generally known as [[Topasses]]. They are majority Catholic and may have spoken or presently speak Portuguese Creole.

=====India, Daman=====

There are currently about 2000 people who speak Portuguese Creole in [[Daman and Diu|Daman]].

=====India, Diu=====

In [[Diu, India|Diu]], the Portuguese Creole language is nearly extinct. However, the Catholic community is very much alive.

=====Indian subcontinent, Goa: Luso-Goesas, Portu-Goesas, and Luso-Goans=====

[[Goa]] was the capital of a large Portuguese eastern empire. The Luso-Goan ethnicity is considered as being of [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] patrilineal descent mixed with [[Persian people|Persian]], [[Goud Saraswat Brahmin]], [[Kunbi]], [[Kharvi]] and other [[Konkani people|Konkani]] origins. Some also have African maternal ancestry due to Goa's contacts with the African territories of [[Portugal]] and the [[United Kingdom|British]] African colonies. The mixed-race Luso-Goans are called ''Mestiços'' in the Portuguese language. Luso-Goans, or ''Porto-Goesas'' as they are also known in Portuguese, speak [[Konkani]] and some speak [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] though today most  speak English as well. Their Konkani dialect is [[Konkani in the Roman script|written in the Roman script]] and has a larger infusion of words of Portuguese origin as compared to the Konkani spoken by other communities.<ref name=porin>((cite book
|author1=[[Anvita Abbi]]
|author2=R. S. Gupta
|author3=[[Ayesha Kidwai]]
|title=Linguistic structure and language dynamics in South Asia: papers from the proceedings of SALA XVIII Roundtable
|year=2001
|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass, 2001&nbsp;– Language Arts & Disciplines –
|isbn= 9788120817654|pages=409 pages (Chapter 4 Portuguese influence on Konkani syntax)))</ref>

Portuguese was the language for the governance of overseas province for over 450 years but it was never spoken as a first language by the majority of the population of Goa. Today, [[Portuguese language in Goa|Portuguese]] is spoken as a first language only by few upper-class Catholic families and the older generation. However, the annual number of Goans learning Portuguese as a second language has been continuously increasing in the twenty-first century.<ref>((cite news|url=https://www.revistamacau.com/2014/06/02/1-500-pessoas-estudam-portugues-em-goa/|date=2 June 2014|title=1.500 pessoas estudam português em Goa|work=Revista MACAU))</ref>

During the period of absolute monarchy in Portugal, the [[Portuguese nobility]] residing in Goa enjoyed the most privileged status and held the most important government offices, and high positions in the hierarchy of the [[Roman Catholic Church]]. The influence of the nobles decreased substantially with the introduction of the [[constitutional monarchy]] in 1834, although the erosion of their power had begun with the accession of the [[Marquis de Pombal]] as the Prime Minister of Portugal in the mid-eighteenth century. After Portugal became a republic in 1910, some Luso-Goan descendants of the nobility at Goa continued to bear their families' titles according to standards sustained by the ''Instituto da Nobreza Portuguesa'' (Institute of Portuguese Nobility), traditionally under the authority of the head of the formerly ruling [[House of Braganza]]. The economic decline of Portugal that began with the period of Spanish rule and British and Dutch global advancement in the seventeenth century forced Goans to migrate to Bombay and [[Pune]], and by the nineteenth century to Calcutta and Karachi.<ref name=":1">((Cite book|last=da Silva Gracias|first=Fatima|title=Goans Away From Goa: Migration to the Middle East|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=2000|location=New Delhi))</ref>

[[File:Goan Catholic Distribution (India).jpg|thumb|250px|right|Distribution of Goan Catholics in India]]

The last newspaper in Portuguese ended publication in 1980s. However, the "Fundação do Oriente" and the Indo–Portuguese Friendship Society (Sociedade de Amizade Indo-Portuguesa) are still active. Many signs in Portuguese are still visible over shops and administrative buildings in Goan cities like [[Panjim]], [[Margão]] and [[Vasco da Gama]].<ref>((cite news
|title=The striking signs of Goa's Portuguese Heritage
|first1=Paul
|last1=Fernandes
|url=https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIGO%2F2019%2F06%2F09&entity=Ar00406&sk=540B1226&mode=text#
|date=6 September 2019
|work=[[The Times of India]]))</ref> After the [[Indian annexation of Goa]], the Indian government has changed the Portuguese names of many places and institutes. There is a department of Portuguese language at the [[Goa University]] and the majority of Luso-Goan students choose Portuguese as their third language in schools. Luso-Goans have a choice to either be fully [[Portugal|Portuguese]] citizens or fully [[India]]n citizens or fully Portuguese citizens with an OCI (Overseas citizenship of India) granted by the [[Indian nationality law]].

Some famous Goan Luso-Asians:
* [[Fernao Vaz Dourado]] (c.1520 – c.1580). Born in Goa of a Portuguese father and Indian mother, he was a cartographer who first drew the more rounder shape of Sri Lanka.<ref>Pp.98–99. Oriente No. 18. Notas sobre um mapa portuguese de Ceilao. Fernao Vaz Dourado, 1568. By Zoltan Biedermann. Lisbon. Portugal.</ref>
* [[Casimiro Monteiro]] (1920–1993). Born in Goa of a Portuguese father and a Goan mother, he was the [[PIDE]] agent responsible for the assassination of [[Humberto Delgado]].<ref name="govapuri">((cite journal |publisher=[[Institute Menezes Braganza]] |publication-place=[[Goa]], [[India]] |journal=Govapuri |pages=61–65 |volume=10 |issue=4 |year=2016 |first1=P. |last1=Varela Gomes |first2=Paul |last2=Castro |translator=Paul Castro |title=My name is Casimiro Monteiro |editor1-first=Sanjay |editor1-last=Harmalkar |editor2-first=Pundalik Raut |editor2-last=Dessai))</ref>

=====India, Kerala=====

[[Kochi]].
Portuguese [[Cochin]] was the first capital of the Portuguese Eastern Empire. Numerous churches attest to the Portuguese presence. The church of St. Francis which is the oldest European church in India, once contained the body of Vasco da Gama<ref>Pp.3–18. Fort Cochin. The Spice Junction By Salim Pushpanath Jayanth. Kottayam, Kerala. India.</ref> In Kochi, Luso-Indians now number about 2,000.

=====India, Maharashtra=====

[[Mumbai]].
When the English East India Company began to rule in India, many former Portuguese settlements and trading posts (called Feitoria in Portuguese) passed to the company. The mixed Indian-Portuguese and Indian converts began to speak English in place of the Portuguese and some of them also anglicised their names. They are, now, part of the [[Bombay East Indians|East Indian]] community of Bombay.

[[Korlai]].
About 900 monolingual people currently speak Creole Portuguese in [[Korlai Fort|Korlai]] called [[Korlai Indo-Portuguese]].

=====India, Tamil Nadu=====

[[Negapatam]].
In Negapatam, in 1883, there were 20 families that spoke Creole Portuguese.

====Pakistan====

=====Pakistan, Sindh=====
In the nineteenth century many Luso-Indians from Goa, Diu, Daman and Bombay migrated to the developing city of [[Karachi]] in the province of [[Sindh]]. After the [[partition of India]], these Luso-Indians continued to live in the Islamic Republic of [[Pakistan]]. However, in recent years thousands have left the country for Canada, the United Kingdom and Australia.

===Luso-Sri Lankan or Luso-Ceylonese===
:''See main article [[Burgher people]], [[Portuguese Burghers|Portuguese burghers]], [[Mestiços (Sri Lanka)|Mestiços]], [[Sri Lanka Kaffirs]], [[History of the Jews in Sri Lanka]]''

====Sri Lanka====
In [[Sri Lanka]], the Portuguese were followed by the Dutch and the British and the ''[[Portuguese Burghers|Portuguese burghers]]'' are represented today by the [[Burgher people|Burgher]] or Eurasian community. However, there is a specific community people of African origin who speak [[Sri Lankan Portuguese Creole]]. Additionally, Portuguese names, Catholicism and aspects of Luso-Asian Architecture are found among the fishing communities of the Northwest coast of Sri Lanka.

There are also surnames of [[Sephardi Jews|Sephardi Portuguese Jewish]] origin.

==Luso-Southeast Asians==

===Luso-Burmese===

====Myanmar====
[[File:Flag of Burmese Royal Artillery (1853-1876).svg|alt=Standard of the Burmese royal artillery who were mainly Christian Portuguese descendants|thumb|A nineteenth-century [[Konbaung dynasty|Konbaung]] pennant of a Burmese artillery unit made up of European descendants.|282x282px]]
[[File:Namban Elefante Filipe de Brito 1.jpg|left|thumb|209x209px|[[Filipe de Brito e Nicote|Filipe de Brito]], Portuguese mercenary and governor of [[Thanlyin|Syriam]], [[Burma]], circa 1600.]]

''See main article [[Bayingyi people]]''

Portuguese people have a long history in [[Myanmar]], with many [[Bayingyi people]], from [[Upper Myanmar]], particularly the [[Sagaing Region]], claiming partial or entire Portuguese Origin. These Portuguese origins date back to the sixteenth and seventeenth century [[Royal Burmese armed forces#Artillery|Burmese artillery and musketeer corps]], made up exclusively of foreign (Portuguese and Muslim) mercenaries, such as [[Filipe de Brito e Nicote]]. Portuguese mercenaries did not return to Portugal, and settled in their own hereditary villages in Upper Burma where they practiced their own religion and followed their own customs. It is reasonable that there are at least 3,000 Bayingyi in Myanmar to this day, with an 1830 census purporting around 3,000 Bayingyis,<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.arscives.com/bladesign/the_bayingyi.htm|title=Portuguese Descendants of Bhurma's Mu Valley – The Bayingyi|website=www.arscives.com|access-date=2019-05-08|archive-date=2017-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816161904/http://www.arscives.com/bladesign/the_bayingyi.htm|url-status=dead))</ref><ref name=":0">((Cite web|url=http://500anosportugaltailandia.blogspot.com/2009_07_01_archive.html|title=Portuguese descendants in Thailand|last=Combustões|date=19 July 2009|website=500 Anos Portugal-Tailândia, por Miguel Castelo Branco|access-date=2019-05-08))</ref> and it is entirely possible many thousands more have some Portuguese ancestry. Centuries of inter-marriage have left the Bayingyi more or less assimilated into the [[Bamar]] ethnic group of Myanmar, but they have still kept their sense of Portuguese identity and [[Catholic Church in Myanmar|Roman Catholic religion]].<ref>((cite web |title=The 400-year history of Portuguese Catholics in Sagaing |url=https://frontiermyanmar.net/en/the-400-year-history-of-portuguese-catholics-in-sagaing |website=Frontier Myanmar |date=6 December 2017 |accessdate=8 May 2019))</ref>

* [[Filipe de Brito e Nicote]], the Portuguese adventurer, mercenary, and former Governor of [[Thanlyin|Syriam]], is an example of a famous Bayingyi person.

=====[[Yangon]] (Formerly Rangoon)=====
Prior to the Second World War, [[Yangon]], then known as Rangoon, had a thriving Portuguese community. The community was primarily composed of Eurasians of Asian-Portuguese origin and ethnic [[Goans]], as well as few [[Burgher people]] from Sri Lanka, and some European Portuguese.

===Luso-Malay or Malayo-Portuguese===
:''See main article [[Portuguese Indonesians]], [[Kristang people]] and [[Eurasian Singaporeans]]''

====Indonesia====

There were many Portuguese communities in the "[[Spice Islands]]" prior to the arrival of the Dutch in the seventeenth century. Many of these communities included Luso-Malay people who eventually merged with the Dutch to form Eurasian communities. However, one particular community of Catholic Luso-Asians survives bearing Portuguese-derived surnames in the predominantly Muslim state of Indonesia. This community is based on the island of [[Flores]] in and around the town of [[Larantuka]]. The communities are known as the Larantuqueiros.<ref name="Other Eurasians 2011"/>

====Malaysia====

Luso-Malays are represented by the speakers of [[Kristang language|Kristang]] or Malay Creole Portuguese based at Kampong Ferangi near [[Melaka]] in Malaysia; Luso-Malays are descendants of Luso-Asians from Goa, Sri Lanka, and Indonesia. Many Luso-Malays possess [[malaysian Chinese|Chinese blood]]. Many Luso-Malays emigrated to [[Penang]] and [[Singapore]] during the period of the [[Straits Settlement]]. Luso-Asians married into the European community of the region and many Eurasians in Malaysia and Singapore have Luso-Asian origins.

Famous Luso-Malays include:
* [[Manuel Godinho de Erédia]] (1563–1623). Born in Melaka of an Aragonese-Portuguese father and a mother from Makassar. Eredia was an author, cartographer and surveyor.<ref>Australian Dictionary of Biography</ref>
* [[Tony Fernandes]] (1964–). Born in Kuala Lumpur. Founder of the airline company Air Asia.

====Singapore====

Singapore has a community of Eurasians who claim origin from the Luso-Malays of Melaka.

====Timor Leste====
Luso-Asians in the seventeenth to eighteenth centuries of Timorese history were called [[Topasses]]. They belonged to various communities under their own Captains.

Portuguese was restored in Timor Leste as one of the official languages. Timorese Portuguese is a legacy of Portuguese rule of Timor-Leste (called [[Portuguese Timor]]) from the sixteenth century. It had its first contact during the Portuguese discoveries of the East, but it was largely exposed to Portuguese Timor in the eighteenth century after its division from the rest of the island by the [[Netherlands]].

However, Tetum remained the main [[lingua franca]] of Timor-Leste during Portuguese rule, although the most commonly used form, known as ''Tetun-Prasa'' used in [[Dili]], was heavily influenced by Portuguese. Following the [[Carnation Revolution]] in Portugal in 1974, political parties emerged in Portuguese Timor for the first time, all of which supported the continued use of Portuguese, including [[APODETI]], the only party to advocate integration with [[Indonesia]], which stated that it would support the right to "enjoy the Portuguese language" alongside Indonesian.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=LU4bAAAAMAAJ&q=Apodeti East Timor: Nationalism and Colonialism] Jill Jolliffe, University of Queensland Press, 1978, page 326</ref>

On December 7, 1975, nine days after declaring independence from Portugal, Timor-Leste was [[Indonesian invasion of East Timor|invaded]] by [[Indonesia]], which declared the territory as its 27th province in 1976, with [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] as the sole official language. During the [[Indonesian occupation of East Timor|Indonesian occupation]], the use of Portuguese in education, administration and the media was banned by the Indonesian authorities, which saw the language as a threat.<ref>[http://www1.ci.uc.pt/timor/language.htm Colonization, Decolonization and Integration: Language Policies in East Timor, Indonesia]</ref>
This was despite the fact that the 'People's Assembly', which petitioned [[President of Indonesia|President]] [[Suharto]] for integration with Indonesia, conducted its proceedings in Portuguese, under a banner reading "Integração de Timor Timur na República da Indonésia" (Integration of East Timor into the Republic of Indonesia).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090908051521/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,914226-2,00.html The Making of Tim-Tim], [[Robert Kroon]], ''[[TIME]]'', June 14, 1976</ref>

The last school to teach in Portuguese, the [[St Joseph's High School, East Timor|Externato São José]], was closed in 1992.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=55mXS56nMPkC&q=externato&pg=PA223 ''New World Hegemony in the Malay World''], Geoffrey Gunn, The Red Sea Press, 2000, page 224</ref>

The reintroduction of Portuguese as an official language aroused criticism amongst Indonesian-educated youth, but according to the 2004 census, 36.7% of respondents aged 6 years and older (or 272,638 out of a total of 741,530) said they had “a capability in Portuguese.” <ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/31/world/asia/31timor.html A New Country's Tough Non-Elective: Portuguese 101], Seth Mydans, ''[[The New York Times]]'', July 31, 2007</ref>

Luso-Timorese who were educated in Indonesian educational system only speak Tetum and Indonesian; those who do speak Portuguese speak the language after its reintroduction and as 2nd or 3rd language, & learned Portuguese later in life.[[Code-switching]] between the two languages is common.<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/04/20/timor-leste-tetum-portuguese-bahasa-indonesia-or-english.html |title=Timor Leste, Tetum, Portuguese, Bahasa Indonesia or English?|publisher=Thejakartapost.com |date=April 20, 2012))</ref>

===Luso-Thai (Thai-Portuguese, Luso-Siamese)===
((See also|Kudi Chin))
[[File:Santa Cruz Church - 2017-02-25 (033).jpg|thumb|Inside [[Santa Cruz Church, Bangkok|Santa Cruz Church]], Thon Buri District, [[Bangkok]], constructed by Portuguese monks in the eighteenth century.]]

The Portuguese established a trading base in the city of [[Ayutthaya (city)|Ayutthaya]] where they intermarried with the Thai and also brought men and women from other Luso-Asian areas in East Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia. The Portuguese also established missions in the area of [[Bangkok]]. Luso-Asians from Japan were important in the Japanese trading settlement at Ayutthaya, Thailand and at the Vietnamese trading port of [[Hoi An]]. According to an 1830 census there were around 1,400 – 2,000 Portuguese in Bangkok,<ref name=":0" /> so it would be reasonable to assume, that due to intermarriage and the remaining Portuguese influence on areas of the city, including Portuguese-built Catholic Churches like [[Santa Cruz Church, Bangkok|Santa Cruz Church]], that around 2,000 descendants of Portuguese traders remain in [[Thailand]].

==Luso-East Asians==

===Luso-Chinese (Cantonese-Portuguese)===
((See also|Macanese people))

====China====

=====China, Macau SAR=====

The migration of Portuguese and Luso-Asians from Goa, Daman, Diu, Sri Lanka, Malacca, the Straits Settlements (not just Portuguese-Malay descent, also included are Portuguese-Cantonese & Luso-Indians), Indonesia (including Timor and mixed Portuguese-Cantonese people), Thailand, and Japan to Macau was from 1553 to about 1850.<ref>[[Wartime Macau]] – Under the Japanese Shadow. Edited by Geoffrey C. Gunn . Hong Kong. China 2016. ((ISBN|978-988-8390-51-9))</ref> Through most of its history as a Portuguese colony, the people of [[Macau]] have been predominantly Cantonese-speaking, however, there was and still is a small community of [[Macanese people|Macanese]] who speak [[macanese Patois|Creole-Portuguese]] and are Catholic. Portuguese is an official language in Macau; despite being a Portuguese colony for over 4 centuries, the Portuguese language was never widely spoken in Macau and remained limited to administration and higher education. It was spoken primarily by the Portuguese colonists, Luso-Asians, and elites and middle-class people of pure Cantonese blood. As a consequence, when Macau was handed back to China in 1999, Portuguese did not have a strong presence like English had in [[Hong Kong]] and continued its decline which began when Macau was still under Portuguese rule. Nevertheless, it was only after Portuguese rule ended that the Portuguese language in Macau began to see an increase in speakers due to China's increased trading relations with Lusophone countries. Central government of China protected Portuguese heritage of Macau & Portuguese language as an official language of Macau as Macau is a special administrative region. Currently, there is only one school in Macau where Portuguese is the medium of instruction, the [[Macau Portuguese School]], and Portuguese is also mainly taught in government schools. There has been an increase in the teaching of Portuguese owing to the growing trade links between China and [[Lusophone]] nations such as Portugal, [[Brazil]], [[Angola]], [[Mozambique]], and [[East Timor]], with 5,000 students learning the language.<ref>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F04E1D8103AF932A15753C1A9629C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all China Sees Advantages in Macao's Portuguese Past], ''[[New York Times]]'', October 21, 2004</ref> Today, about 3% of Macau's population speaks Portuguese as a first language and 7% of the population professes fluency.<ref>((Citation|last=Leach |first=Michael |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb6469/is_92/ai_n29406744/ |title=talking Portuguese; China and East Timor |accessdate=2011-05-18 |work=Arena Magazine |year=2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105033001/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb6469/is_92/ai_n29406744/ |archivedate=2011-11-05 ))</ref> Many Luso-Chinese since 1974 to present never learned to speak Portuguese as they switched from Portuguese to English-medium high school education, particularly as many of parents recognised the diminishing value of Portuguese schooling; if they do speak Portuguese, they speak it as second or third language, & they learn it later in life, whether adolescence or adulthood. Code-switching between Cantonese and Portuguese is commonly heard.

Since 1942 and especially after 1970 there has been as steady migration of Macanese from Macau and Hong Kong to Australia, Canada, the US, New Zealand, Portugal, the UK and Brazil.<ref name="Japanese Shadow 2016">Wartime Macau – Under the Japanese Shadow. Edited by Geoffrey C. Gunn . Hong Kong. China 2016. ((ISBN|978-988-8390-51-9))</ref>

=====China, Hong Kong SAR=====
Luso-Asians have long been part of the making of Hong Kong. The first Luso-Asians in the territory of the Hong Kong SAR were probably Luso-Asian sailors on Portuguese ships bound for Macau. In fact [[Lama Island]] in the territory was named by the Portuguese. After 1557, Traders and missionaries followed, and from 1841 to 1942 various "Portuguese" families from Macau of mixed Portuguese, Cantonese, Macanese and Goan origin settled in the early British settlement.<ref name="Japanese Shadow 2016"/> The early settlement was on Hong Kong island near to the docks, banks, civil service institutions, publishing houses and other workplaces where the men were employed in mid-level positions. Later settlement was in Kowloon. Their role in the British colony as social, economic and political intermediaries between the British and Chinese defined them and limited their outlook and expectations as settlers. As a result, they were drawn to institutions that provided family-support, shelter, and cohesion. They were as a result the backbone of the Catholic Church, schools and benevolent societies.<ref name="Japanese Shadow 2016"/> During the Second World War almost the entire Macanese community (now known as "Portuguese") fled to neutral Macau as refugees. These Macanese, including many skilled workers and civil servants, were fluent in English and Portuguese and brought valuable commercial and technical skills to the colony.

=====China, Shanghai=====

Late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century [[Shanghai]] contained a flourishing community of Luso-Asians composed of Macanese, Luso-Chinese, Goans and Eurasians from the Straits Settlements, Indonesia (including Timor and mixed Portuguese-Cantonese people), Thailand, and Japan. Portuguese settlers acted as middlemen between other foreigners and the Chinese in the "Paris of the Orient". Luso-Asians emigrated from Shanghai to Macau in 1949 with the coming of the Communist government. Many spoke little Portuguese and were several generations removed from Portugal, speaking primarily English and Shanghainese, and/or Mandarin. The Shanghai Macanese carved a niche by teaching English in Macau. Only the children and grandchildren of Luso-Shanghainese settlers who were born and raised in Macau have the ability to speak Portuguese.
[[File:NanbanCarrack-Enhanced.jpg|thumb|Portuguese traders arriving in [[Nagasaki]], seventeenth century.]]

===Luso-Japanese (Nipo-Portuguese)===
((main|Kakure Kirishitan|Kirishitan))
((See also|Nanban trade))
((Unreferenced section|date=October 2022))
Portuguese influence in sixteenth and seventeenth centuries led to communities of Japanese Christians. Following the expulsion of the Portuguese, Japanese Christians fled to [[Macau]], [[Manila]], [[Hoi An]] (Vietnam) and Ayutthaya, others remained in Japan as secret or Crypto-Christians.

==Legacy in other countries==

===Luso-Asians in the nineteenth-century exploration of Africa===
Luso-Asians have a long history of presence in Africa. Luso-Asians were brought to [[Ethiopia]] in the sixteenth century and were among the builders of the Castle of [[Gondar]]. Luso-Asians as soldiers, wives, servants, slaves and concubines and clergy were present at Portuguese bases such as [[Malindi]], [[Mombasa]] and [[Mozambique Island]] in the seventeenth century. Luso-Asians were important in the story of European exploration in Africa in the nineteenth century. Important individuals of Luso-Asian origin include:
* Valentine Rodrigues and Gaetano Andrade (Caitan) who accompanied the British explorers [[Richard Francis Burton|Richard Burton]] and [[John Hanning Speke]] in 1856 on their search for the source of the Nile. These were the first recorded South Asians to enter [[Rwanda]].<ref>Pg.10. Dark Companions. the African contribution to the European exploration of East Africa. By Donald Simpson. 1975. London. UK. ((ISBN|0-236-40006-1))</ref>
* The cook Pinto who accompanied [[James Hannington]] the first Anglican Bishop to Eastern Equatorial Africa in 1885. The party was ambushed and the skull of Pinto was recovered and was buried under the altar of the Anglican Cathedral in Kampala, [[Uganda]].
* Caetan who accompanied Dr. [[Arthur Donaldson Smith]] in his 1899–1900 expedition from [[Berbera]] through Northern [[Somalia]], the [[Ogaden Desert]] of Southern Ethiopia and Northern Kenya to Juba on the River Nile in present-day [[South Sudan]]. He then travelled down the Nile to Egypt.<ref>Research by Clifford Pereira. 2012.</ref>

==Luso-Asians in Eastern Africa==
The Luso-Asian presence in Eastern Africa stretches back to the sixteenth century development of Portuguese trading bases or ''feitoria'' (known to the British as factories), guarded by forts. Luso-Asian men came to East Africa as sailors, masons, merchants and clergy while women came as wives, servants and concubines. Goans were present at [[Fort Jesus]] and in the Portuguese settlement at [[Mombasa]] in the seventeenth century.

The nineteenth century saw the rise of a Goan community in [[Zanzibar]], and as the [[Imperial British East Africa Company|Imperial British East African Company]] (IBEAC) grew on the mainland the Goan community expanded to the coast at Mombasa, [[Malindi]] and [[Lamu]]. When the British built the Uganda Railway, Goan communities spread to the Kenya Highlands and into Uganda.

Early twentieth-century [[Nairobi]], [[Kisumu]], [[Kampala]], [[Entebbe]] and [[Jinja, Uganda|Jinja]] had a strong Goan presence. The German railway development in Tanganyika before World War One also relied on Goans and communities developed in [[Dar-es-Salaam]], [[Arusha]] and especially at [[Tanga, Tanzania|Tanga]].

With the arrival of independence after 1960, the numbers of Goans in all East African countries plummeted due to a process of [[Africanisation]], coupled with the absorption of Goa into the Indian Union in 1961.

===Luso-Asians in Kenya===
Luso-Asians, mainly from India first came to the area of Kenya in the sixteenth century under the Portuguese. Their presence was initially at the port of [[Mombasa]] and the Portuguese settlement by the fort, and possibly at [[Malindi]] and the [[Lamu Islands]]. The numbers of Luso-Indians was probably never more than a few hundred.

With increasing British influence along the coast in the nineteenth century, the Goans returned as an extension of the Goan migration to Bombay. The Goan population numbered 169 in 1896. The expansion of the British trade and the building of the [[Uganda Railway]]. Initially, most Goans were from North Goa and some were connected to older families from Zanzibar. Goan immigration continued in the interwar period when it also came from South Goa and spread along the railway route to [[Nairobi]] and Port Florence or [[Kisumu]]. By 1931 there were 1080 Goans in the Kenya Colony and Protectorate,<ref>Kenya Census 1931</ref> there was some lowering of numbers during the Second World War when families were evacuated to neutral Goa. But the numbers stood at 1733 in 1948 as families returned. 
Goans in Kenya dominated the Civil Service especially the Railways and Customs departments, they were also employed in the banking, industrial and agricultural sectors as administrators and clerks. Some were doctors, teachers and clergy.
The largest community was in Kenya where a process of [[Kenyanisation]] from 1963 to 1970 resulted in the emigration of 80% of the Goan community. Those with British or British Protectorate passports were admitted to the United Kingdom, others went to India. After 1970 Canada and Australia admitted many Goans and a few emigrated to Brazil.

Famous Luso-Asians from Kenya include:
* [[Seraphino Antao]] (1937–2011). Born in Mombasa. Runner Kenya's first Olympic Flag bearer and first international medallist.
* [[Franklyn Pereira]] (1945–2018). Born in Mombasa. Honorary Portuguese Consul in Kenya, sportsman and businessman.
* [[Pio Gama Pinto]] (1927–1965). Born in Nairobi. Independence era politician and Kenyan nationalist. Assassinated in Nairobi.

===Luso-Asians in Uganda===
The majority of Goans in Uganda were employed in the Civil Service. As centres of administration there were concentrations of Goans at [[Entebbe]] and at [[Kampala]], with another community in the industrial town of Jinja. The Goans of Uganda built many churches and schools in Uganda and volunteered to serve in the army in World War One against the Germans in Tanganyika. The Ugandan national costume known as the Gomesi was designed by a Goan.
The [[Expulsion of Asians from Uganda]] by Idi Amin in 1972 virtually removed the entire Goan community from [[Uganda]]. The largest number of these Goans went to Canada. Smaller numbers went to the UK and India.

==Luso-Asians in Southern Africa==
Luso-Asians have been part of the history of the present states of [[Mozambique]], [[Zambia]], [[Zimbabwe]], and [[Malawi]] since the sixteenth century. These Luso-Asians had their origin in India, but also Thailand and Macau. Luso-Asians were important in the role of the [[Afro-Portuguese]] [[prazo]] landlords.<ref>Pp. 217–228. A history of Mozambique. By Malyn Newitt. 1995. London, England, UK. ((ISBN|1-85065-172-8))</ref> In the seventeenth century Portuguese sources describe the Goans in Mozambique as "Canarans".
[[File:Indoni Parade 2018, Indian Dancers.by Sizwe Sibiya (2).jpg|left|thumb|260x260px|Indian dancers in the Indoni Parade, 2018, [[Durban]], South Africa]]

===Luso-Asians in Malawi===
One group of Uganda Goans were contracted to work in [[Malawi]] in the 1960s. The Malawi Goan community were expelled in 1974 by the government of [[Hastings Banda]].

===Luso-Asians in Mozambique===
((See also|Ethnic Chinese in Mozambique|Indians in Mozambique|Luso-Indians))

In early twentieth-century [[Mozambique]] Luso-Indians or "Portuguese-Indians", both Catholic and Hindu, were considered quite distinct to British Indians. Both groups were part of the "Não-Indígena" population. The 1928 census counted 3478 Portuguese-Indians in Mozambique.<ref>Pg.442. A History of Mozambique. By Malyn Newitt. London. 1995.</ref>

===Luso-Asians in Angola===
As part of the Portuguese Empire, Luso-Asians were encouraged to settle in [[Angola]] before the 1960s, some who held posts in government in Mozambique and Portugal, particularly after the inclusion of Goa into the India in 1961 were designated jobs there by the Salazar regime until the overthrow of the dictatorship. After the revolution in Portugal, multiple socialist and communist factions broke into open warfare and most Luso-Asians fled to Portugal. Some however were part of the post-independence movements and subsequent government.

Famous Luso-Asians from Angola include:
* [[Sita Valles]] (1951–1977). Born in Luanda. Nationalist and political activist who was executed in Angola.

===Luso-Asians in South Africa===
See [[Luso-Indian#Elsewhere|Luso-Indians]] and [[Indian South Africans]].

==Luso-Asians in Western Asia (including the Persian Gulf)==

Famous Gulf Luso-Asians include:
* [[Jacqueline Fernandez]]. (1985–) Born in Bahrain of Luso-Sri Lankan parents. Actress.

==Luso-Asians in Europe==
[[File:António Costa 2 img 6596.jpg|thumb|[[António Costa]], current [[Prime Minister of Portugal|Prime Minister]] of [[Portugal]] since 26 November 2015.]]

===Luso-Asians in Portugal===
((See also|Chinese people in Portugal|Macanese people|Indians in Portugal|Luso-Indians))

A large part of Portugal's Asian community is composed of people of Luso-Asian origin from Goa, Daman and Diu, Macau and Timor Leste as well as Asian migrants of no Luso connection such as the Ismailis. The Luso-Asian community dates back to the sixteenth-century [[age of discovery]]. The [[Indian annexation of Goa]], Damman, and Diu and the independence of [[Mozambique]] and [[Angola]] resulted in an increased number of people of Luso-Asian origin in Portugal. There was also some emigration from Macau and Timor Leste.
Most Luso-Asians from Macau and Hong Kong settled in the Lisbon area, though there are smaller numbers in Porto, Faro, Setúbal and Coimbra.<ref>Pp.236–237. Diáspora Macanese: Territóios, Itinerários e Processos de Integração (1936–1995).</ref>

Famous Luso-Asians in Portugal include:
* [[António Costa]] (1961–) Born in Lisbon of [[Goan]] and French-Portuguese parents. Mayor of Lisbon (2007–2015) and Prime Minister of Portugal (2015–).

===Luso-Asians in United Kingdom===
((See also|Luso-Indians|Indian British|Hong Kongers in the United Kingdom))

Luso-Asian and Lusitania people have existed in the United Kingdom since the sixteenth century, when seamen, servants, and slaves arrived through the Portuguese trade network. A few Luso-Asians were members of the first [[English East India Company]] ships sailing out of London to Asia.<ref>Pp.6–8. A South-Asia History of Britain: Four Centuries of Peoples from the Indian Sub-Continent. By Michael H. Fisher, Shompa Lahiri and Shinder Thandi. 2007. ((ISBN|978-1-84645-008-2)).</ref> Over the following two centuries the [[British East India Company]] took on many Luso-Asian Lascars and in the nineteenth century Luso-Asians from [[British India]] and [[Portuguese India]] were important crew on British steam ship lines including the [[Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company]] and [[British India Steam Navigation Company]].<ref>Pg.534. New Forms of identity among Goan Nationals in the 21st Century. By Clifford Pereira. In Sharing Cultures 2011. Edited by Sergio Lira, Rogerio Amoeda & Christina Pinheiro. 2011. Barcelos, Portugal. ((ISBN|978-989-95671-4-6))</ref> Today the majority of the people of Luso-Asian origin in Britain are of Goan origin, who arrived in the period from 1964 to 1990 and part of a larger [[British Asian]] minority. Goans in the United Kingdom came from [[Aden]], East Africa, the Persian Gulf, and from India. The Konkani-speaking Goan community in the English town of [[Swindon]], were contracted directly from Goa specifically for the nearby motor-manufacturing industry in the 1990s. There are few Hong Kong-born Macanese living in U.K. before the handover of Hong Kong to China in 1997.

Famous Luso-Asians in the United Kingdom include:
* [[Keith Vaz]] (1965–) Born in Aden (Yemen) of Goan parents. British Politician.
* [[Claire Coryl Julia Coutinho]] (1985–) Born in London of parents of  [[Christianity in Goa|Goan Christian]] descent. British politician.

==Luso-Asians in the Americas ==

===Luso-Asians in Brazil===
((See also|Chinese Brazilians|Macanese people|Indian immigration to Brazil|Luso-Indians))

Luso-Asians from Macau and Hong Kong emigrated mainly to the state of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. With the exception of a few families in Amazonas, Pernambuco and Minas Gerais, the cities of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro account for the majority of settlement of Luso-Asians.<ref>Pp.238–239. Diáspora Macanese: Territóios, Itinerários e Processos de Integração (1936–1995).</ref> Another group of Luso-Asians arrived between the 16th and mid-17th centuries, when the most important parts of the [[Portuguese Empire]] were their colonies in India. These included [[Diu, India|Diu]], [[Daman, Daman and Diu|Daman]], [[Mumbai|Bombay]], [[Thane|Thana]], [[Goa]], [[Kochi|Cochin]] and some smaller settlements in [[Hooghly River|Hugli River]]. Later as the settlement of coastal Brazil developed, many governors, Catholic clerics, and soldiers who had formally served in Asia arrived with their Asian wives, concubines, servants and slaves. later [[Luso-Indian]] servants and clerics connected with the religious orders, such as the [[Society of Jesus|Jesuits]] and [[Franciscans]] and spice cultivators arrived in Brazil.<ref>East in the West: Investigating the Asian presence and influence in Northeast Brazil from the 16th to the 18th centuries. By Clifford Pereira. In Proceedings of the 2nd Asia-Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage. Honolulu, Hawai'i, USA. May 2014.</ref> In the eighteenth century there were Luso-Indians arriving in Brazil on ships of the English [[East India Company]].<ref>Research by Clifford Pereira 2010.</ref> Other people of Luso-Indian Origin migrated to that country from various former African Portuguese colonies (especially [[Mozambique]]), soon after their independence in the 1970s.

===Luso-Asians in Canada===
Luso-Asian sailors known as [[Lascars]] first probably arrived in Canada in the sixteenth century on Portuguese vessels and in the seventeenth century on British vessels in the [[Maritime Provinces]]. Research in British Columbia suggests that Luso-Asian and Hispano-Asian (i.e. Filipino) Lascars arrived on the Pacific coast of Canada in the late eighteenth century.<ref>Research by Clifford J Pereira. 2015.</ref>

During the First World War Goan crewmen served as volunteers on the ships of the Canadian Pacific Railway that were seconded by the British Admiralty as Armed Merchant Vessels and performed troop transport duties in the Indian Ocean.<ref>Research by Clifford J Pereira. presented at UBC, Vancouver 2016.</ref>
There are Luso-Asian communities in Canada today in the form of Catholic and Hindu Goans. The Goans are considered part of the [[Indo-Canadian]] population and the majority hail from East Africa. Though there are older communities from Pakistan. Most Goans live in the [[Greater Toronto Area]], with smaller communities in Montreal, Calgary, Edmonton and Vancouver.<ref>Goans of the North Atlantic: Pp.165–183. A Transnational study of Migration, Technology Adoption, and Neoculturation across Six Generations. By Clifford Pereira. In Migration, Technology, and Transculturation: A Global Perspective. Edited by Myna German and Padmini Banerjee. 2011. ((ISBN|978-0-9846307-4-5))</ref> There are some Goans from Pakistan and a few from Britain and oil-rich states of Western Asia.

British Columbia and Ontario, followed by Alberta and Quebec were the most popular destinations for Luso-Asian immigrants from both Macau and Hong Kong. There is a small Macanese community in the [[Vancouver]] area and at Toronto and Ottawa.<ref>Pp.235–236. Diáspora Macanese: Territóios, Itinerários e Processos de Integração (1936–1995).</ref>

===Luso-Asians in United States===
Luso-Asians in the United States are part of a larger [[Indian-American]] community. Despite their Portuguese, British, French or Dutch passports, Luso-Asians, like other Asians were excluded from entry to the continental USA by the [[Immigration Act of 1924]]. The act also banned the entrance of Arabs. The [[Naturalization Act of 1790]] and 1890 also made it impossible for Asians, including Eurasians from becoming US Citizens. These laws remained in place until the [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965]]. As a result, the majority of Luso-Asians migrated to the United States in the later half of the twentieth century. The main destination of Macanese from Macau and Hong Kong has been California, followed by Hawaii, Washington, Oregon, Florida and New York states. The cities of San Francisco and Los Angeles are the primary centres of Macanese culture in the USA.<ref>Pp.234–235. Diáspora Macanese: Territóios, Itinerários e Processos de Integração (1936–1995).</ref>

==Luso-Asians in Australia==
((See also|Chinese Australians|Macanese people|Hong Kong Australians|Kristang people|Eurasian Singaporeans|Indian Australians|Luso-Indians))

Research suggests that Luso-Asians were leaders in the creation of the Indian and Indonesian Union of Seamen in Australia.<ref>Research by Dr. Heather Goodhall. 2011.</ref> Today there are Luso-Asian communities in many Australian cities, including people of Goan, [[Portuguese Burghers|Sri Lankan]], Macanese, [[East Timor|Timorese]] and Kristang origin.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111010102041/http://www.aeawa.asn.au/?page_id=1078 500th Anniversary of Portuguese Landing in Malacca 1511], October 2011, at Australian Eurasian Association of WA (Perth) Inc. Archived from the [http://www.aeawa.asn.au/?page_id=1078 original] ((webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010102041/http://www.aeawa.asn.au/?page_id=1078 |date=10 October 2011 )) on 10 October 2011.</ref>
There is a large Timorese community in [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]].<ref>((Cite web|url=https://nt.gov.au/community/multicultural-communities/community-profiles/portuguese-timorese|title = Portuguese-Timorese|date = 2 March 2016))</ref> Many of the [[Anglo-Indians]] of Melbourne also have Luso-Asian ancestry.

Most Luso-Asians from Macau and Hong Kong settled in [[New South Wales]], with a smaller number in Queensland. Sydney and Canberra appear to be the primary destinations.<ref>Pp.237–238. Diáspora Macanese: Territórios, Itinerários e Processos de Integração (1936–1995).</ref>

==References==
((Reflist))
((Portuguese diaspora))
((Multiethnicity))

[[Category:Portuguese diaspora in Asia| ]]
[[Category:Portuguese Empire]]
[[Category:Multiracial affairs in Asia]]

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