M69 napalm incendiary bomb, that were used in bombing of Nagaoka in 1945. Exhibit at Niigata Prefectural Museum of History.

The M69 incendiary bomblet was used in air raids on Japan and China during World War II, including the firebombing of Tokyo in 1945. It was created by the Standard Oil Development Company, whose work was funded by the Office of Scientific Research and Development.[1] They were nicknamed "Tokyo calling cards".[2] The M69 was a plain steel pipe with a hexagonal cross section 3 inches (76 mm) in diameter and 20 inches (510 mm) long. It weighed about 6 pounds (2.7 kg).[3]

The bomblet used napalm as an incendiary filler, improving on earlier designs which used thermite or magnesium fillers that burned more intensely, but were less energy- and weight-efficient, and were easier to extinguish.[4] In Germany they were filled with jellied oil and dropped in clusters of 36 in the non-aerodynamic M19 bomb.[5] Over Japan they were used in clusters of 38 as part of the finned E-46 'aimable cluster', which opened up at about 2,000 feet (610 m). After separation, each of the 38 M69s would release a 3-foot (1 m) cotton streamer to orient its fuze downward.[6][7] Upon hitting a building or the ground, the timing fuze burned for three to five seconds and then a small explosive charge (black powder in the standard M-69 type deployed operationally during WW2, white phosphorus in a later modification, the M-69X, which did not see wide use) ignited and propelled the incendiary filling up to 100 feet (30 m) in several flaming globs, instantly starting intense fires.[3]

It was tested against typical German and Japanese residential structures at Japanese Village and German Village, constructed at Dugway Proving Ground, Utah, in 1943.[8] The M69 was the most successful incendiary in the tests.[3]

Against Japan, the M69 was carried in the bomb bay of the Boeing B-29 Superfortress, with a typical load containing 40 cluster bombs, a total of 1520 M69 bomblets.[3] As they were very useful in China at Hankou,[9] the bombs were very effective in setting fire to Japanese civilian structures in mass firebombing raids starting in February 1945 against Kobe.[10] In the first ten days of March 1945, raids with the M69 and M47,[11] extensive damage was done to Tokyo, to Nagoya, to Osaka, and to Kobe.[12]

See also

References

  1. ^ Wellerstein, Alex (August 30, 2013). "Who Made That Firebomb?". RESTRICTED DATA The Nuclear Secrecy Blog. Retrieved September 12, 2020.
  2. ^ 180 Degrees Out: The Change in U.S. Strategic Bombing Applications, 1935-1955- Dissertation of John M. Curatola, DPhil University of Kansas (2008). Quoting "Tokyo Calling Cards", Collier's Magazine, April 1945, 44 and 58.
  3. ^ a b c d Ross, Stewart Halsey (2002). Strategic Bombing by the United States in World War II: The Myths and the Facts. McFarland. pp. 107–108. ISBN 9780786414123.
  4. ^ Science: Incendiary Jelly, Time, Apr. 02, 1945
  5. ^ Sion, Edward M. (2008). Through Blue Skies to Hell: America's Bloody 100th in the Air War Over Germany. Casemate Publishers. p. 20. ISBN 9781935149965.
  6. ^ Bradley, F.J. (1999). No Strategic Targets Left. Turner Publishing. p. 33. ISBN 9781563114830.
  7. ^ "U.S. BOMB TYPES - INCENDIARY CLUSTER BOMBS". Archived from the original on 2011-06-14. Retrieved 2011-06-14.
  8. ^ "Historical Testing - Dugway Proving Ground". Archived from the original on 2010-05-09. Retrieved 2011-06-14.
  9. ^ Plung, Dylan J. “The Japanese Village at Dugway Proving Ground: An Unexamined Context to the Firebombing of Japan.” The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus, 15 Apr. 2018, Volume 16, Issue 8, Number 3.
  10. ^ World Battlefronts: BATTLE OF THE PACIFIC: Firebirds' Flight, Time, Mar. 19, 1945
  11. ^ "HyperWar: The Army Air Forces in WWII: Vol. V--The Pacific: MATTERHORN to Nagasaki [Chapter 20]".
  12. ^ World Battlefronts: Ten-Day Wonder, Time, Mar. 26, 1945
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