MTA Bridges and Tunnels
Company typePublic benefit corporation
FoundedNew York State (1933)
Headquarters
Randall's Island, Manhattan, New York City
Area served
New York City
Key people
Catherine T. Sheridan, President[1]
RevenueUS$1.9 billion (2017)[2]
US$546 million (2017)
Number of employees
1,589[3]
ParentMetropolitan Transportation Authority
Websitemta.info/bandt

The Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority (TBTA), doing business as MTA Bridges and Tunnels, is an affiliate agency of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority that operates seven toll bridges and two tunnels in New York City. In terms of traffic volume, it is the largest bridge and tunnel toll agency in the United States, serving more than a million people each day and generating more than $1.9 billion in toll revenue annually as of 2017.[2] As of 2018, its budget was $596 million, funded through taxes and fees.[4]

The Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority was founded in 1933 as the Triborough Bridge Authority (TBA). The agency was named after its first crossing, the Triborough Bridge. The Triborough Bridge Authority was reorganized as the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority in 1946. It began using the name MTA Bridges and Tunnels in 1994. In addition to operating all nine toll crossings located entirely within New York City, the TBTA also controlled several buildings such as the New York Coliseum and the East Side Airline Terminal, both of which have been demolished.

Facilities

MTA Bridges and Tunnels is located in New York City
RFK Bridge
RFK Bridge
Bronx–Whitestone Bridge
Bronx–Whitestone Bridge
Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge
Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge
Throgs Neck Bridge
Throgs Neck Bridge
Henry Hudson Bridge
Henry Hudson Bridge
Marine Parkway Bridge
Marine Parkway Bridge
Cross Bay Bridge
Cross Bay Bridge
Hugh L. Carey Tunnel
Hugh L. Carey Tunnel
Queens–Midtown Tunnel
Queens–Midtown Tunnel
Location of MTA Bridges and Tunnels facilities in New York City

The seven bridges are:[5]

The two tunnels are:[5]

Seal of the TBTA
Former Logo of the TBTA, adopted shortly after it was absorbed by the MTA

History

Founding

MTA Bridges and Tunnels was originally founded as the Triborough Bridge Authority (TBA), which was organized to head the construction of the Triborough Bridge.[6] The structure had started construction in 1929[7] but stalled during the Great Depression due to a lack of funding.[8][9]: 340–344  In February 1933, a nine-person committee applied to the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) for a $150 million loan for projects in New York state, including the Triborough Bridge.[10] While the RFC favored a loan for the Triborough project,[11] the mayor at the time, John P. O'Brien, banned the RFC from giving loans to the city.[12] Instead, O'Brien wanted to create a bridge authority to sell bonds to pay for the construction of the Triborough Bridge as well as for the planned Queens–Midtown Tunnel between Manhattan and Queens.[13] Robert Moses, the New York City parks commissioner, also pushed the state legislature to create an authority to fund, build, and operate the Triborough Bridge.[9]: 340–344 

A bill to create the TBA passed quickly through both houses of the state legislature,[14] and was signed by Governor Herbert H. Lehman in April 1933. The bill included a provision that the authority could sell up to $35 million in bonds and fund the remainder of construction through bridge tolls.[15][16] George Gordon Battle, a Tammany Hall attorney, was appointed as chairman of the new authority, and three commissioners were appointed.[17] Battle resigned from the chairmanship in November 1933, citing ill health, and was replaced by Nathan Burkan. [18]

Early years

In its first year, the TBA was in turmoil: by January 1934, one of the TBA's commissioners had resigned,[19] and New York City Mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia was trying another TBA commissioner, John Stratton O'Leary, for corruption.[20] As a result, Public Works Administration (PWA) administrator Harold L. Ickes refused to distribute parts of the RFC grant allotted to the Triborough Bridge, until the existing funds could be accounted for.[21] After O'Leary had been removed, La Guardia appointed Moses to the open commissioner's position,[22] and Ickes gave the city $1.5 million toward the bridge's construction.[23][24] Robert Moses became the CEO and Secretary of the TBA in February 1934, after the removal of O'Leary from the Board;[25][9]: 362  Moses was additionally appointed Chairman in November 1936, following Burkan's death the previous June. [26]

Moses leveraged his leadership of the Triborough Bridge Authority, as well as the state and city positions he also held, to expedite the Triborough project.[27]: 392–394  The Triborough Bridge opened on July 11, 1936.[28][9]: 440–443  The TBA constructed a second bridge, the Bronx–Whitestone Bridge, between the Bronx and Queens. Construction started in 1937[29] and the bridge opened on April 29, 1939, in time for the 1939 New York World's Fair in Queens.[30][31] Moses had proposed a third bridge, the Brooklyn-Battery Bridge, on the site of what is now the Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel.[32][33] The United States Department of War ultimately rejected the Brooklyn-Battery Bridge as an impediment to shipping, since it would obstruct access from the New York Harbor to the Brooklyn Navy Yard.[34][35]

Under the chairmanship of Robert Moses, the agency grew in a series of mergers with four other agencies. In January 1940, as part of a deal to build an approach to the Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel, Moses proposed merging the New York City Parkway Authority, which operated the Henry Hudson, Marine Parkway, and Cross Bay Bridges.[36] The City Parkway Authority was merged with the TBA in February 1940.[37][38] The Parkway Authority had already been merged with the Henry Hudson Parkway Authority, which operated the Henry Hudson Bridge, and with the Marine Parkway Authority, which operated the Marine Parkway Bridge.[39]

This gave the TBA complete control of all parkways and toll bridges located entirely in New York City.[37] The same bill revoked the TBA's right to build a bridge from Brooklyn to the Battery.[40] In 1945, with the pending merger of the Triborough Bridge Authority and the New York City Tunnel Authority, the former was renamed the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority.[41] The authority operated the Queens–Midtown Tunnel and was building the Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel. The merger was finalized in 1946.[42] The TBTA completed the construction of the Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel, which opened to traffic in May 1950.[43][44]

Growth

Generating millions of dollars in toll revenue annually, the TBTA easily became a powerful city agency, as it was capable of funding large capital projects. From the 1940s to the 1960s, the TBTA built the Battery Tunnel Parking Garage, Jacob Riis Beach Parking Field, the New York Coliseum, and the East Side Airlines Terminal.[45]

Aside from toll crossings, one of the TBTA's most profitable properties was the New York Coliseum, an office building and convention center at Columbus Circle in Manhattan. The complex cost $35 million to build,[46] of which $26.5 million came from toll revenues collected by the TBTA.[47] The Coliseum, which became the New York City's major convention center, had a tax agreement with the city wherein the city government would collect a portion of the TBTA's revenue rather than collect taxes on the Coliseum property. Within the first ten years of the Coliseum's opening, the city had collected almost $9.1 million from the TBTA.[48] This special tax arrangement continued until the property was sold in 1998.[49]

The TBTA built two bridges in the 1960s. The Throgs Neck Bridge, a project to alleviate traffic on the Bronx-Whitestone Bridge, started construction in 1957[50][51] and opened in January 1961.[52][53] The long-planned Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge, which had been proposed as far back as the 1920s,[54]: 135 [55] started construction in 1959[56] and opened in November 1964.[57][58] Because of higher-than-expected traffic on the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge, the TBTA built a second deck on the bridge in 1969.[59]

Merger with MTA

Headquarters on Randall's Island

In January 1966, New York City Mayor John Lindsay proposed merging the New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA), which operated buses and subways in New York City, with the TBTA to create the MTA Bridge and Tunnel  (MTA B&T) (legal name, no longer used publicly: Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority)(MTA).[60] While Governor Nelson Rockefeller offered his "complete support" for Lindsay's proposed unified transit agency,[61] Robert Moses called the proposed merger "absurd" and "grotesque" for its unwieldiness.[62] Lindsay then proposed a bill in the state legislature that would allow the mayor to appoint a majority of the members in the new city-run transportation agency, but this was rejected.[63]: 229 

In June 1966, Rockefeller announced his plans to expand the MCTA's scope to create a new regional transit authority to encompass the existing MCTA, as well as the NYCTA and TBTA.[64] Lindsay disagreed, saying that the state and city should have operationally separate transit authorities that worked in tandem.[65] In early 1967, Rockefeller proposed merging the NYCTA and TBTA into the MCTA, as well as creating a $2.5 billion bond issue to fund transportation improvements.[63]: 231  In May 1967, Rockefeller signed a bill that allowed the MCTA to oversee the mass transit policies of New York City-area transit systems and the TBTA by the following March.[66]

Initially, the TBTA was resistant to the MCTA's efforts to acquire it.[67] Moses was afraid that the enlarged MCTA would "undermine, destroy or tarnish" the integrity of the TBTA,[68] One source of contention was Rockefeller's proposal to use TBTA tolls in order to subsidize the cheap fares of the NYCTA, since Moses strongly opposed any use of TBTA tolls for use by outside agencies.[69] Moses agreed to merge the TBTA into the MCTA in March 1967, and he even campaigned in favor of the transit bond issue.[63]: 231  In February 1968, the TBTA's bondholders acquiesced to the MCTA's merger proposal.[67] The TBTA archives, including models of projects built and unbuilt, were transferred to the MTA Bridges and Tunnels Special Archive, at 2 Broadway.[70]

In March 1968, the MCTA dropped the word "Commuter" from its name and became the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA). The MTA took over the operations of the other New York City-area transit systems as well as the TBTA.[71][72] Moses was relieved from his job as chairman of the TBTA, although he was retained as a consultant.[72] Moses stated that TBTA construction projects would reduce the MTA's budget surplus through 1970.[73] Surplus revenue, formerly used for new automobile projects, was then used to support public transportation.[74]

Since the merger, more than $10 billion has been contributed by the TBTA to subsidize mass transit fares and capital improvements for the New York City Transit, Long Island Rail Road, and Metro-North Railroad. The MTA Bridges and Tunnels trading name was adopted in 1994.[75] The name Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority is still the legal name of the Authority.[76][77]

Law enforcement

A patrol car of the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority

The Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority employs fewer than 100 Bridge and Tunnel officers (BTOs). The last civil service exam for MTA Bridge and Tunnel Officer (list # 6091) was in 2007.[78]

TBTA Officers perform various tasks concerning vehicular traffic, assisting stranded motorists, performing selected security duties at the nine intra-city crossings, as well as other miscellaneous duties.

TBTA officers

TBTA Officers are NYS Peace Officers with limited authority under Article 2, §2.10, sub 20 of New York State Criminal Procedure Law.[79]

Officer killed on duty

Bridge and Tunnel Officer Thomas K. Choi was struck by a vehicle on the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge on October 20, 2013. He suffered severe head injuries and was left in a coma. He died one year later. Choi had served with the TBTA for 11 years.[80]

Tolls

MTA Bridges and Tunnels collects the vast majority of its tolls through E-ZPass, an electronic toll collection system.[5] E-ZPass was introduced at MTA Bridges and Tunnels crossings between 1995 and 1997.[81]

Open-road tolling

In October 2016, Governor Andrew Cuomo announced that tollbooths would be removed at all bridges to speed up traffic.[82][83][84] Since September 2017, all MTA Bridges & Tunnels facilities have collected tolls through open-road cashless tolling.[85] Tollbooths previously in place have been dismantled, and drivers no longer pay cash at the crossings. Instead, cameras mounted onto new overhead gantries manufactured by TransCore[86] collect the tolls. While some are located where toll booths were previously located, others are located at the opposite ends of the facilities. A vehicle without an E-ZPass has a picture taken of its license plate and a bill for the toll is mailed to its owner. For E-ZPass users, sensors detect their transponders wirelessly.[82][83][84]

Automatic number-plate recognition (ALPR) analysis is used to decode the image of the plate into alphanumeric data and the jurisdiction of issue. As of 2018, the MTA B&T's ALPR system was unable to read temporary paper license plates.[87] The system is subject to significant fraud from motorists who obstruct clear views of their license plates.[88] Drivers caught with such plates risk a ticket for an obstructed, missing or unreadable license plate under Section 402 of New York Vehicle and Traffic Law, though these drivers have not been subject to criminal enforcement.[89] Governor Cuomo's 2020 proposed Executive Budget included an amendment to specify the use of a modified license plate to avoid tolls as misdemeanor theft-of-service, but the proposal was not included in the final bill.[89]

The MTA has released no data detailing its losses to modified or obstructed license plates, even though the prevalence of such license plates may result in substantial revenue losses. However, it was theoretically possible for the MTA to have a toll collection rate of over 100 percent, because the $50 and $100 fines for late toll payments have been added to the sum of tolls collected, but not added to the sum of tolls incurred by drivers. This may obscure both sources of toll revenue and causes of toll revenue loss for the MTA.[89]

From December 2018 through November 2019, the MTA successfully collected 97.1 percent of all tolls incurred by drivers, with the lowest rate being 94.8 percent at the Cross Bay Bridge.[90] The preponderance of obstructed or modified license plates in New York City may suggest substantial revenue losses due to that form of fraud.[89] An audit performed by the New York State Comptroller in 2017 criticized the MTA for losses due to issues with reading, and obstruction of, license plates. The MTA's response characterized this as part of "leakage" that is "inherent in the process for any Cashless Tolling environment."[87]

References

  1. ^ "Cathy Sheridan". MTA. Retrieved October 23, 2023.
  2. ^ a b "MTA Annual Disclosure Statement Update" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved March 12, 2018.
  3. ^ "The MTA Network". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved February 22, 2018.
  4. ^ Rivoli, Dan (February 13, 2018). "MTA Budget: Where does the money go?". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on November 3, 2018. Retrieved November 3, 2018.
  5. ^ a b c "About MTA Bridges and Tunnels". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved November 15, 2018.
  6. ^ "Press Release - Bridges & Tunnels - MTA Bridges and Tunnels: Celebrating 75 Years of Linking New York City". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. April 9, 2008. Retrieved November 15, 2018.
  7. ^ "Walker Opens Work on Triborough Span". The New York Times. October 26, 1929. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 5, 2018.
  8. ^ Feuer, Alan (June 28, 2009). "Deconstructing the Robert F. Kennedy Bridge". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 5, 2018.
  9. ^ a b c d Caro, Robert (1974). The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York. New York: Knopf. ISBN 978-0-394-48076-3. OCLC 834874.
  10. ^ "State Board to Ask $150,000,000 of R.F.C." The New York Times. February 4, 1933. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  11. ^ "Harvey Hears Loan Report with Delight". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. February 12, 1932. p. 3. Retrieved November 6, 2018 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com.
  12. ^ "Mayor Bans Loans From R.F.C. For City". The New York Times. February 15, 1933. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  13. ^ "City Bridge Board Sought by O'Brien". The New York Times. March 29, 1933. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  14. ^ "Lehman to Demand Action on Charter". The New York Times. April 5, 1933. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  15. ^ "Signs Tri-Borough Bridge Bills". The New York Times. April 8, 1933. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  16. ^ "Lehman OKs Bill for 3-Boro Span". New York Daily News. April 9, 1933. p. 133. Retrieved November 6, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
  17. ^ "Battle Is Made Head of Bridge Authority; Mayor Also Names J.A. O'Leary and F.C. Lemmerman to Board for Triborongh Span". The New York Times. April 29, 1933. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  18. ^ "BATTLE, ILL, QUITS TRIBOROUGH POST; Burkan Immediately Named by O'Brien to Succeed Him in Bridge-Building Job". The New York Times. November 29, 1933. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 2, 2022.
  19. ^ "Bridge Official Quits Under Fire; Lemmerman Faced Charge of Taking Fee in Lease of Office to Tri-Borough Authority". The New York Times. January 11, 1934. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  20. ^ "LaGuardia to Try a Bridge Official as Tool of Bosses; O'Leary, Member of Triborough Board, Called for Removal Hearing on Jan. 25". The New York Times. January 14, 1934. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  21. ^ "Triborough Funds Tied Up Ickes". The New York Times. January 16, 1934. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  22. ^ "Mayor Ousts O'Leary; Moses Given Place on Bridge Authority". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. February 3, 1934. p. 1. Retrieved November 6, 2018 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com.
  23. ^ "$68,000,000 Loans for PWA Projects Won by LaGuardia". The New York Times. February 6, 1934. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  24. ^ "Plain Sailing for Triborough Bridge Project". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. February 10, 1934. p. 3. Retrieved November 6, 2018 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com.
  25. ^ "O'Leary Is Ousted; Moses Gets Post". The New York Times. February 4, 1934. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  26. ^ "MOSES TAKES OVER NEW BRIDGE POST; Sworn In by Mayor as Head of Triborough Authority to Succeed Nathan Burkan". The New York Times. November 15, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 2, 2022.
  27. ^ Federal Writers' Project (1939). New York City Guide. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-1-60354-055-1. (Reprinted by Scholarly Press, 1976; often referred to as WPA Guide to New York City.)
  28. ^ "Great Link Is Acclaimed". The New York Times. July 12, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 10, 2018.
  29. ^ "Mayor Lays Stone for Bronx Bridge; Ceremony Marks Completion of Anchorage Foundation for Whitestone Span". The New York Times. November 2, 1937. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 20, 2018.
  30. ^ "New Queens Span Opens in Time for Fair". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. April 30, 1939. p. 1. Retrieved October 25, 2018 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com.
  31. ^ "Bronx–Whitestone Bridge is Opened". New York Daily News. April 30, 1939. p. 43. Retrieved October 25, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
  32. ^ "Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel: Modern Wonder of World". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. May 25, 1950. p. 50. Archived from the original on March 15, 2018. Retrieved March 14, 2018 – via newspapers.com.
  33. ^ "Bridge at Battery Proposed by Moses". The New York Times. January 23, 1939. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 20, 2018. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
  34. ^ "Battery Bridge Rejected by Woodring as War Peril; Mayor Revives Tube Plan; Navy Yard Danger". The New York Times. July 18, 1939. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 21, 2018. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
  35. ^ "Battle for New Boro-Battery Traffic Link". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. July 18, 1939. pp. 1, 4. Archived from the original on March 21, 2018. Retrieved March 19, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
  36. ^ "Crew to Draft Moses' Bill to Build Tube Links". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. January 7, 1940. p. 1. Retrieved November 14, 2018 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com.
  37. ^ a b "Lehman's O.K. of Crews' Bill Paves Way for Battery Tunnel". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. February 9, 1940. p. 40. Retrieved November 14, 2018 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com.
  38. ^ "Toll-pooling Bill Signed; Lehman Approves TriboroughParkway Authorities Merger". The New York Times. February 9, 1940. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 15, 2018.
  39. ^ "New Parkway Board Plans Bond Issue; City Authority to Use Part of $18,000,000 for Refunding". The New York Times. March 23, 1938. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 15, 2018.
  40. ^ "Assembly Passes Toll-pooling Bill". The New York Times. February 6, 1940. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 15, 2018.
  41. ^ "Tunnel Authority Being Reorganized". The New York Times. July 26, 1945. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 15, 2018.
  42. ^ "Dewey Affirms Authority Merger". The New York Times. April 24, 1946. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 15, 2018.
  43. ^ Ingraham, Joseph C. (May 26, 1950). "Brooklyn Tunnel Costing $80,000,000 Opened By Mayor". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 2, 2017. Retrieved March 6, 2010.
  44. ^ "Boro-Battery Tube Opens". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. February 23, 1949. pp. 1, 5. Archived from the original on March 23, 2018. Retrieved March 22, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
  45. ^ Schwab, Armand Jr. (July 18, 1954). "Progress Report; Seven-Month-Old Air Terminal Doing Good Job for Just About Everyone". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 30, 2021.
  46. ^ Gossett, Carl T. (April 29, 1956). "Coliseum Opened". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 13, 2018.
  47. ^ Knowles, Clayton (April 28, 1956). "Bridge Revenies Built New Center". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 14, 2018.
  48. ^ "City Collects $9,096,000 From Coliseum In Lieu Of Taxes" (PDF). Ridgewood Times. July 27, 1967. p. 9. Retrieved February 14, 2017 – via Fultonhistory.com.
  49. ^ Bagli, Charles V. (July 30, 1998). "Sale of Coliseum Site Receives Approval". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 13, 2018.
  50. ^ "Bridge Started at Throgs Neck; Moses and 5 Other Officials Break Ground for First of 3 Traffic-Relief Projects". The New York Times. October 23, 1957. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 7, 2018.
  51. ^ "Throgs Neck Span Work Starts; Queens-Bronx Link Ready in '61". Long Island Star-Journal. October 22, 1957. pp. 1, 5 – via Fultonhistory.com.
  52. ^ Phillips, McCandlish (January 12, 1961). "Throgs Neck Bridge Is Opened To No Pomp and Little Traffic". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 8, 2018.
  53. ^ Phillips, Dorothy A. (January 12, 1961). "Throgs Neck Bridge Opens New Gateway to Long Island". Long Island Star-Journal. pp. 1B, 13B – via Fultonhistory.com.
  54. ^ Rastorfer, Darl (2000). Six Bridges: The Legacy of Othmar H. Ammann. Six Bridges: The Legacy of Othmar H. Ammann. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-08047-6. Retrieved September 18, 2018.
  55. ^ "Asks Suburban Aid in Regional Plan". The New York Times. June 7, 1927. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 14, 2018.
  56. ^ Ingraham, Joseph C. (August 14, 1959). "Bridge Is Started Across Narrows". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 14, 2018.
  57. ^ "Verrazano Link Will Open on S.i." The New York Times. January 27, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
  58. ^ "Notables Salute the New Queen" (PDF). New York World-Telegram. November 21, 1964. p. 2. Retrieved March 14, 2018 – via Fultonhistory.com.
  59. ^ Schumach, Murray (June 29, 1969). "2d Level of Verrazano Bridge Opens 11 Years Ahead of Plan". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
  60. ^ "Albany Is Warm to Transit Unity; Leaders Indicate Readiness to Weigh Lindsay Plan". The New York Times. 1966. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
  61. ^ "Governor Backs Mayor on Transit; Support on Legislation for Unification Is Assured". The New York Times. February 9, 1966. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
  62. ^ "Moses Scores a Transit Merger as Unworkable". The New York Times. 1967. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
  63. ^ a b c Danielson, M.N.; Doig, J.W. (1982). New York: The Politics of Urban Regional Development. Lane Studies in Regional Government. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-90689-1. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
  64. ^ "Rockefeller Seeks Regional Agency to Direct Transit". The New York Times. June 3, 1966. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
  65. ^ "Lindsay Is Strongly Opposed To State Transit Proposal". The New York Times. June 4, 1966. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
  66. ^ "Governor Signs 2d Transit Bill; Unification Measure Names Agency to Head Operation". The New York Times. May 3, 1967. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
  67. ^ a b "Triborough Pact Ends Last Block to Transit Unity". The New York Times. February 10, 1968. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
  68. ^ "Moses Cautions New Authority; Praises Triborough Bridge Operations in Final Report". The New York Times. February 19, 1968. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
  69. ^ "Triborough Funds Are Again Sought to Save 20c Fare". The New York Times. February 28, 1967. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
  70. ^ "MTA Bridges & Tunnels Special Archives - New York City, New York". wikimapia.org. Retrieved January 4, 2022.
  71. ^ Penner, Larry (July 15, 2014). "Happy 51st Birthday To Queens Public Transportation". Queens Gazette. Archived from the original on September 12, 2015. Retrieved November 1, 2015.
  72. ^ a b "M.T.A. Takes Over Transit Network; Moses Will Be Kept On as Consultant to Agency". The New York Times. March 2, 1968. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
  73. ^ "Moses Says Triborough Projects Will Absorb Surpluses Until '69". The New York Times. March 31, 1967. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
  74. ^ Roberts, Sam (July 11, 2006). "Reappraising a Landmark Bridge, and the Visionary Behind It". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 30, 2021.
  75. ^ McKinley, James C. Jr. (August 28, 1994). "What's in a Symbol? A Lot, the M.T.A. Is Betting". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 30, 2021.
  76. ^ "Metropolitan Transportation Authority Description and Board Structure Covering Fiscal Year 2009" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. c. 2010. pp. 2, 3. Retrieved February 10, 2017.
  77. ^ "MTA Subsidiary Public Benefit Corporations Report 2015" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. 2015. p. 3. Retrieved February 10, 2017.
  78. ^ Notice of examination City of New York
  79. ^ https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/dcas/downloads/pdf/noes/bridgeandtunnelofficer.pdf. Archived January 3, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
  80. ^ "Bridge and Tunnel Officer Thomas K. Choi". www.odmp.gov. odmp. October 20, 2013. Retrieved December 14, 2021.
  81. ^ Gross, Jane (March 25, 1997). "Electronic Tolls Are Catching On, And Commuters Are Catching Up". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
  82. ^ a b Siff, Andrew (October 5, 2016). "Automatic Tolls to Replace Gates at 9 NYC Spans: Cuomo". NBC New York. Retrieved December 25, 2016.
  83. ^ a b Staff (December 21, 2016). "MTA rolls out cashless toll schedule for bridges, tunnels". ABC7 New York. Retrieved December 25, 2016.
  84. ^ a b Staff (October 5, 2016). "Governor Cuomo Announces Transformational Plan to Reimagine New York's Bridges and Tunnels for 21st Century". governor.ny.gov. Office of Governor Andrew M. Cuomo. Retrieved November 15, 2018.
  85. ^ Castillo, Alfonso A. (October 2, 2017). "Cashless tolling arrives at all MTA bridges". Newsday. Retrieved February 16, 2018.
  86. ^ "Project Profile Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA), New York". TransCore. Retrieved July 11, 2022.
  87. ^ a b DiNapoli, Thomas P. (July 11, 2018). "Efforts to Collect Tolls and Fees Using License Plate Images and Law Firms. New York State Comptroller Report 2017-S-70" (PDF). Retrieved January 29, 2021.
  88. ^ McClain, Noah (January 26, 2021). "Automated License Plate Recognition Countermeasures: An Art & Science of Street-Level Privilege in New York City". Researchgate. Retrieved January 29, 2021.
  89. ^ a b c d McClain, Noah (July 1, 2020). "Felony vs. 'Fuhgeddaboudit': Technical Crime, Street-Level Privilege, and the Deception of Computers in New York City". Researchgate. Retrieved January 29, 2021.
  90. ^ "Bridges and Tunnels Committee Meeting January 2020". web.mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. January 2020. p. 6. Retrieved January 19, 2018.

External links

Bridges and tunnels in New York City
Metropolitan Transportation Authority
Authority control databases
Categories