National Liberation Army and Partisan Detachments of Macedonia
The flag of the Macedonian Partisans
Active1941[1] (1943)[2] – 1945
AllegianceCommunist Party of Macedonia
Size1,000 (1941)
8,000 (August 1944)[3][4]
66,000 (late 1944)[5]
up to 100,000 (April 1945)
Part ofDemocratic Federal Yugoslavia Yugoslav Partisans
AnniversariesAugust 18
October 11
EngagementsNational Liberation War of Macedonia
(part of World War II in Yugoslavia)
Commanders
Notable
commanders		Mirče Acev  †
Mihajlo Apostolski
Metodija Andonov-Čento
Svetozar Vukmanović-Tempo

The Macedonian Partisans,[a] officially the National Liberation Army and Partisan Detachments of Macedonia,[b] was a communist and anti-fascist resistance movement formed in occupied Yugoslavia which was active in World War II in Yugoslav Macedonia. Units of the army were formed by Macedonians within the framework of the Yugoslav Partisans as well as other communist resistance organisations operating in Macedonia at the time[6] and were led by the General Staff of the National Liberation Army and Partisan Detachments of Macedonia, headed by Mihajlo Apostolski.[7]

Partisans of Stiv Naumov Battalion, set up in November 1943 in Gorna Prespa.
Formation of the 51st Division in Shirok Dol, October 1944.

History

Resistance under question

Partisans of the 4th Macedonian Brigade in August 1944.

After the Bulgarian takeover of Vardar Banovina in April 1941, the Macedonian communists fell in the sphere of influence of the Bulgarian Communist Party.[8] They thought that the ordinary Macedonian people believe in Bulgaria's role as liberator and that no Macedonian wants to fight against the Bulgarian soldiers.[9] Nevertheless when the USSR was attacked by Nazi Germany in June, some form of anti-Axis resistance started, with the emergence of Macedonian Partisan military units. Initially they had no real success.[10] The problem arose at the end of 1941, when CPY lost its contact with the local communists due to its leaders withdrawal into Bosnia and because the Bulgarian forces captured Lazar Koliševski, whom the CPY had appointed to led the Macedonian communists.[11] The role of the Bulgarian communists, which avoided organizing mass armed resistance in the area, was also a key factor.[12] Although several Macedonian partisan detachments were formed through the end of 1942 which fought battles against the Bulgarian, Italian, German and Albanian occupation forces and despite Sofia's ill-managed administration, most Macedonian Communists had yet to be lured to Yugoslavia. Between 1941 and 1943, Tito have sent five emissaries to Macedonia, to persuade his ill-disciplined comrades, but their efforts had limited success, and the Regional Committee of the Communists in Macedonia was de facto under the control of the Bulgarian Communist Party.[13]

Resistance in development

To change that, in the beginning of 1943 the Montenegrin Svetozar Vukmanović-Tempo was sent by Tito as an assistant to the HQ of the Macedonian partisan forces. One of his objectives was to destroy the influence of the BCP in Macedonia and to fight against any form of Macedonian autonomism. He would have to "Macedonize" the struggle’s form and content, and to give it an ethnic Macedonian facade. One of his main achievements was also that the wartime pro-Bulgarian trend receded into the background of pro-Yugoslav one. Tempo was able to capitalize on the growing contradictions towards Bulgarian authorities, which during 1942 were involved into a policy of centralization, contradicting their initial agenda to respect Macedonian autonomy. Yugoslav communists proclaimed as their aim the issue of unification of the three regions of Macedonia – Yugoslav, Greek and Bulgarian, and so managed to get also Macedonian nationalists. As result the Communist Party of Macedonia (CPM) was formed on 19 March 1943 in Tetovo, then in the Italian occupation zone. In May 1943 Mihajlo Apostolski was promoted to Major General and during the Second Session of AVNOJ he became a member of the Presidency of AVNOJ. Apostolski became the commander of the General Staff of the National Liberation Army and Partisan Detachments of Macedonia.[14]

Formation of the People's Liberation Army of Macedonia

The resistance started to grow in the summer of 1943 with the capitulation of Italy and the Soviet victories over Nazi Germany.[15] The date of the creation of its major unit, the Mirče Acev Battalion, on August 18, 1943 on Mount Slavej[16][page needed] between Ohrid and Kičevo, then in the Italian occupation zone, is officially celebrated today in North Macedonia as the Day of the Army of the Republic of North Macedonia. On 11 November 1943, the 1st Macedonian Kosovo Shock Brigade was formed in western Macedonia by merging two Vardar Macedonian and one Kosovo battalion. The second — larger ethnic Macedonian military unit was the 2nd Macedonian Shock Brigade, formed on 22 December 1943 just across the border in Greek Macedonia.[17][page needed] On 26 February 1944 in the village of Zegljane, near Kumanovo, the 3rd Macedonian Shock Brigade was formed. These three brigades were the nucleus of the National Liberation Army of Macedonia, which after constant battles became stronger in numbers. Meanwhile, the second session of AVNOJ recognized the Macedonians as a separate nation for the first time in November 1943. From 8,000 partisans in the summer of 1944, until the final military operations in the Yugoslav National Liberation War in April 1945, the National Liberation Army of Macedonia had increased to three corps, seven divisions and thirty brigades, all with a total of 100,000 regular soldiers.[18] Chronological composition by the number of the members of MNLA (partisans, their helpers, etc.) was as follows:[19]

Late 1941 Late 1942 September 1943 Late 1943 August 1944[20][21] Late 1944[22]
Macedonia 1,000 2,000 10,000 7,000 8,000 66,000

Commanders

Orders of battle

Brigades

Corps[edit]

Divisions[edit]

See also

Notes and references

Notes

  1. ^ Macedonian: македонски партизани, romanized: makedonski partizani
  2. ^ Macedonian: Народноослободителна војска и партизански одреди на Македонија, НОВ и ПОМ, romanized: Narodnoosloboditelna vojska i partizanski odredi na Makedonija, NOV i POM
    Serbo-Croatian: Narodnooslobodilačka vojska i partizanski odredi Makedonije

References

  1. ^ "Вчера и денес: Македонија" Јован Павловски, Мишел Павловски. Скопје, 2000.
  2. ^ The Bulgarian occupation forces in the Yugoslav part of Macedonia were received as liberators and pro-Bulgarian feeling ran high in the early stages of the occupation. Neither the Communists’ position regarding a separate Macedonian nation nor the idea of a Yugoslav federation met with much response from the Slav population, which nurtured pro-Bulgarian sentiments. The local Communists, led by M. Satorov, splintered off from the Communist Party of Yugoslavia and joined the Bulgarian Labour Party (Communists), with the slogan “One state, one party”. The subsequent dissatisfaction with the occupation authorities was due to social factors (high-handedness, heavy taxation, contempt for local sensitivities) rather than national ones. This was also why Tito’s resistance movement in Yugoslav Macedonia failed to develop till 1943. For more see: Sfetas, Spyridon. “Autonomist Movements of the Slavophones in 1944: The Attitude of the Communist Party of Greece and the Protection of the Greek-Yugoslav Border.” Balkan Studies 35, no. 2 (1995): 297–317. (299)
  3. ^ Lee Miller 1975, p. 202.
  4. ^ Poulton 2000, p. 104.
  5. ^ Rossos & Evans 1991, p. 304.
  6. ^ Trifunovska 1994, p. 209.
  7. ^ Ministry of Defense of North Macedonia.
  8. ^ Georgieva & Konechni 1998, p. 223.
  9. ^ Enciklopedija Jugoslavije, Vol. 7, p. 686.
  10. ^ Bechev 2009, p. 63.
  11. ^ Horncastle, J. (2016). The Pawn that would be King: Macedonian Slavs in the Greek Civil War, 1946-49, p. 73.
  12. ^ Meier 2005, p. 181.
  13. ^ Livianos 2008, p. 121.
  14. ^ Македонска енциклопедија, том 1 (in Macedonian). Skopje: Македонска академија на науките и уметностите. 2009. ISBN 9786082030234.
  15. ^ Lee Miller 1975, pp. 132–133.
  16. ^ Popovski 1962.
  17. ^ Stojanovski, Katardžiev & Zografski 1988.
  18. ^ Utrinski vesnik, no. 1342.
  19. ^ Cohen, Philip J.; Riesman, David (1996). Serbia's Secret War: Propaganda and the Deceit of History. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 0-89096-760-1, p 96.
  20. ^ Bulgaria During the Second World War, Marshall Lee Miller, Stanford University Press, 1975, p. 202.
  21. ^ Who Are the Macedonians? Hugh Poulton, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2000. p. 104.
  22. ^ The Slavonic and East European review, School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University of London, 1991, p. 304.

Sources

External links

Yugoslav factions in World War II
Resistance during World War II by country
Categories