Madonna
PronunciationEnglish: /məˈdɒnə/
Italian: [maˈdɔnna]
GenderFemale (given name)
Origin
Language(s)Old Italian
Meaning"My lady"
Other names
Alternative spellingMadona, Madonnah
Nickname(s)Maddy, Maddie, Madge, Donna

Madonna (/məˈdɒnə/) is a name from the 16th century, originally used as a respectful form of address to an Italian woman. It comes from Old Italian phrase ma donna which means "my lady". It was later adopted as one of the titles for Mary, mother of Jesus in Roman Catholic tradition in the 17th century. Its usage has been present in Western Christian art and literature.

The name has become prominently associated with American singer Madonna Ciccone since late twentieth century. She registered her name for trademark in the United States during the 1980s. Her trademark was also recognized internationally when she won a legal case in 2000 through the United Nations' arbitration at the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).

Etymology and title for Mary, mother of Jesus

Madonna also meant "prostitute" in early modern England, as used in Thomas Dekker's Blurt, Master Constable (1602).[1]

Madonna comes from Old Italian language words of ma ("my") and donna ("lady").[2][3] In modern Italian, "my lady" is translated as mia donna.[4] The name is alternatively spelled as Madona, Madonnah,[5] and Madòna.[6] Its short-form nicknames include Maddy, Maddie, Madge, and Donna.[7][8]

The Italian word came from the Latin phrase mea domina (or domina mea).[9][10][11] In Vernacular Italian communities of the Middle Ages, Madonna meant variously, including a spouse's mother.[6] It was also used as a sense of "pagan admiration and pride", for a man's possession of a woman.[12] Madonna was also used to mean "prostitute" in early modern England. The derogatory sense of the term is clear in Thomas Dekker's Blurt, Master Constable (1602).[1] Madonna was first attested in the 16th century as a respectful form of address to an Italian woman.[2][13] It became a loanword to English language in 1584,[14] defining as "an idealized virtuous and beautiful woman" (Oxford Dictionary of English, 1998).[2]

Although the Bible makes no mention of the word Madonna,[15] it was adopted as one of titles for Mary, mother of Jesus, in the 17th century (circa the 1640s).[4][a] The term has not been present in general Christianity, but is particular to Roman Catholic tradition. It was not used by Protestant denomination which dominated the American religious cultural landscape at that time.[3] In an article published by linguistic journal Transactions of the Philological Society in 1957, the word is defined as "essentially a term of art criticism and hardly belongs to the religious language of England".[16] Observers from academia to the art world, such as Robert Orsi and Stephen Knapp have referred to the word as a "Catholic term" or from the "Catholic cult",[17][18][15] while it was called a symbol of purity and virginity in Romanism by an author from Foundations Bible College.[19]

With the definite article (the Madonna), the term appeared as a complimentary term noting a likeness to Mary.[1] This designation to Mary as pointed out the International Marian Research Institute at University of Dayton, is translated into English as "Our Lady", and that term is also known in other languages of predominantly Catholic population as Nuestra Señora (Spanish), Notre-Dame (French), Nossa Senhora (Portuguse) or Unsere liebe Frau (German).[20]

Traditionally, the Madonna has been mostly used for "images of Mary holding the infant Jesus", although it is also referred to depictions of Mary without Jesus, according to publications ranging from 19th to 21st centuries.[21][22] In modern times, as reported Ginny Kubitz Moyer from Busted Halo, the term is very familiar to art historians thanks to Marian arts.[21] In the community, some have follow the distinction when it comes to Mary holding the infant or without him to apply the term,[23][24] which is also noted with the usage of the term "Madonna and Child".[25]

Throughout history, the name has acquired other meanings. The word was later used to mean by others all sorts of things about women.[26][27] The term Madonna–whore complex, also known as "the Virgin/whore complex", has been used as a Christian teaching about sexuality and the female body.[28][29] It has also been used to refer to the stereotype of the sexualization of girls.[30] Others have interpreted the term to mean "virgin" —probably in the broadest sense of virginity— as an original Italian word.[31] In other cultures, like modern Japan, historically, the word Madonna "has little to do with Mary" according to the International Comparative Literature Association. The popularity of the word in that country was attributed to novelist Natsume Sōseki in the early 20th century, when he used it as a nickname for a character in one of his publications.[26] In mid-1980s, the term "Madonna" or "Madonna Boom" was popularized again in the country, after Doi Takako's emergence as the first woman in the political history of Japan to become the leader of a political party.[32] The American singer Madonna (born 1958), also had a slight effect on that catchphrase, according to Ardath W. Burks from Rutgers University.[33]

Late 20th-century effects

19th-century writer Thomas Adolphus Trollope described the term "Madonna", as in extenso "appropriated exclusively to the Holy Virgin".[34] The in extenso association to Mary was affected after the advent of Madonna (born Madonna Louise Ciccone, 1958), an American singer whose given name and middle name were taken from her mother, Madonna Louise (née Fortin).[35] A Brigham Young University professor explored how the ambiguation of the word "Madonna" had already begun before Internet algorithms.[36] The American singer became part of word's definition in some reference works of general knowledge,[37] both printed and online, including Oxford Dictionary of English (2010).[38][2][39]

According to authors in Governing Codes (2005), the association with Mary still popular in literature, although the American singer's figure was "much more familiar to contemporary audiences".[40] Semiotician Victorino Zecchetto agreed that in the Western system of meanings, "Madonna" evoked only the Virgin Mary, but after the emergence of the singer, the semantic field favored other interpretations.[41] Author Michael Campbell similarly claimed that the term acquired a more contemporary image: "The pop star whose given name was enough to identify her to the world at large".[25]

Common association with American singer Madonna (b. 1958)

Since the 1980s, the name has been particularly associated with the American pop star Madonna Ciccone

Lexicographer and corpus linguist Patrick Hanks, et alii (Oxford University Press, 2006.[42])
(2013 updated[43])

After American singer's debut in the 1980s, the name and term have been commonly associated to her according to various authors and international publications.[44][45][46][47] Explorations vary. For instance, anthologist Bruce Lansky, as reported in The Canberra Times in 1991, said: "Madonna Ciccone already has out stripped the Virgin Mother as the archetype for her name." Lansky noted Madonna as a perfect example of someone shaped by her name or, in her case, the rejection of it.[48] In an article published by the New Theatre Quarterly in 1996, Mark Watts wrote that "the persona (Ciccone) can be said to be signified of the word 'Madonna'. It embodies the indescribable combination of ideas that enters our mind when we think 'Madonna' —singer, star, exhibitionist, whataever".[49]

American singer's influence is noted on the Internet age landscape, notoriously in simplified results on websites and search engines of general wide use. For example, art museum Castagnino+macro concurred that the viewpoints of the word "Madonna" has been changed since its origin, and Google results, for instance, are virtually limited to Madonna Louise Veronica Ciccone, id est, Madonna.[27] On the same plain, a contributor from art institution MoMA PS1 said that "Madonna as Mary doesn't even show up on the first five pages of a simple Google search".[50] Musician turned-writer Alina Simone also noted singer's influence, by saying in Madonnaland (2016), "Google Madonna's name and the mother of Jesus is nowhere in sight".[51] Speaking about the point, authors of Constantly Consume (2007), explained that unlike AltaVista, the dominat search engine when Google surfaced and required "labyrinthic" searches, such as "Madonna and not singer", Google simplified the query process by analyzing how often web sites are linked to other highly ranked sites.[52]

Criticisms

The American singer frequently played and explored various female roles/sterotypes such as the whore complex, and often employed religious imagery in provocative ways. In doing so, she raises criticisms; Maury Dean documented how the singer was noted for her "morality and name coincidence".[53] In 1997, Finnish religious studies magazine Temenos commented that "several Christian critics" insisted on calling her by her second name, as Madonna is "anything but Madonna-like".[54] They preferred to assume, according to the magazine, it was a pseudonym/stage name.[54] Traditional Catholic activist, Plinio Corrêa de Oliveira used her name with "quotation marks".[55]

Other authors were critical or concerned about a cultural illiteracy step. In an article published in 1991 for Irish Catholic periodical The Furrow, catechist Stephanie Walsh explored about a generational gap in a fast-changing society.[56] In The Authority of Women in the Catholic Church (2015), Catholic theologian Monica Migliorino Miller from the Madonna University recognized the psyche associated to the singer, but lamented: "When the word Madonna is mentioned, it's not Mary who comes to mind but someone arguably her antithesis. [She] has managed to rise to the center of consciousness when the word is used in the public square. It's not Christ's mother who comes to mind but a crude and irreverent vocalist".[57] Other commentators claimed that "once it was a name spoken with reverence, but now people have a whole new attitude toward the name",[58] to describe: "Madonna has appropriated the word and turned the intended insult to her advantage".[59]

Popularity

A French-language placard displaying her name. Lexicographers such as Iseabail Macleod, have claimed she "made [the name] famous".[60][61]

Various international observers agreed that Madonna is a rare name for babies, even among Catholic population.[62][63] It was not used as a given name in Italy and was first used as a name by Italian Americans. The oldest Madonna in the United States census is Madonna Klotz (born 1843), daughter of John and Julianna in Philadelphia.[4] The US Social Security's yearly baby name lists started in 1880, but Madonna only began entering the top-1,000 position in 1909.[4] The name was mildly popular through most of the first half of the 20th century.[64] It reached an all-time peak at 536th in 1933 and made its last appearance within the top 1,000 in 1968. The American singer's early popularity helped give a slight increase in the 1980s, but it did not last long. Since 1992 fewer than 20 newly-born babies named Madonna in the United States every year.[4] In Finland, according to a report by the Population Register Centre in 2012, thirty babies were named Madonna, most of them since singer's emergence.[65]

The singer herself claimed to have never met anyone else with the name other than her mother while growing up.[62] Janaya Wecker from Men's Health wrote "Not many new parents have dared to name their kid after the Queen of Pop..."[66] Writing for Omaha World-Herald in 2016, Cleveland Evans, a Bellevue University psychology professor said that Madonna still so rare as a name because "it's the premier example of a rare name so identified with one super-celebrity", further adding that "Madonna won't have many namesakes until parents of newborns no longer think only of the 'high priestess of pop' when they hear or see 'Madonna'".[4]

Beyond its usage, lexicographers such as Iseabail Macleod agree that the name was "made famous" by the American singer.[60] As documents British linguist, David Crystal, she is a "well-known" example of a single-name.[67] The New Zealand Herald's Charlie Gowans-Eglinton said in 2020, the woman became "so globally famous by her mononym that I'd forgotten her surname (Ciccone)".[68] According to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2008, "Madonna is one of the most recognizable names in the world – and not just the world of music."[69]

Trademark

The American singer became one of the earliest celebrities to register her name for trademark in the United States in the 1980s.[70] Her trademark for the name Madonna was also recognized internationally when she won a legal case in 2000 through the United Nations' arbitration at the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). In comparison, her fellow British singer Sting's case was denied by WIPO in the same year, because sting was considered "a common English word".[71]

JD Supra Business Advisor, explored a "scandalous" case in the 1930s after an intent to register the "Madonna Wine", with complainers arguing the word has been recognized in several English-speaking countries as an associated with Mary; in contrast, website further adds in the post 1979-years, the "singer altered and distracted from the previous and exclusive reference to the Virgin Mary".[72] In 1993, The Trademark Reporter mentioned another case by saying "apparently, the term 'Madonna' was still believed to be generally understood as referring to the Virgin Mary in 1959. Whether that might be found true in 1993 is another question".[73]

List of people

Given name

Surname

Alias and stage name

Notes

  1. ^ Its religious usage for Mary is commonly dated in the Renaissance, although her artistic representations have existed before throughout the early Middle Ages. The Sistine Madonna is an example.

References

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