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((short description|Place of storage for ammunition or other explosive material))
((distinguish|Magazine (firearms)))
((More citations needed|date=September 2014))
[[File:Colonial magazine.jpg|thumb|[[Colonial Williamsburg]] magazine of the eighteenth century in [[Virginia]]]]
A '''magazine''' is an item or place within which [[ammunition]] or other explosive material is stored. The word is taken originally from the Arabic word ''makhāzin'' (مخازن), meaning "storehouses", via Italian and Middle French.<ref name="Dictionary.com">((cite web | url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/magazine#wordOrigin |title = Magazine |website = Dictionary.com |publisher= Dictionary.com, LLC |access-date=2018-07-12 |quote= <nowiki>Origin of magazine: 1575–85; < French magasin < Italian magazzino storehouse < Arabic makhāzin, plural of makhzan storehouse</nowiki> ))</ref><ref name="AmericanHeritage">((cite encyclopedia | title = magazine | encyclopedia = American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language | edition = Fifth | year = 2011 | access-date = 2018-07-12 | url = https://www.thefreedictionary.com/magazine | publisher = Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company | quote = French magasin, storehouse, from Old French magazin (possibly via Old Italian magazzino), from Arabic maḫāzin, pl. of maḫzan, from ḫazana, to store[...] ))</ref><ref name="Collins">((cite encyclopedia | title = magazine | encyclopedia = Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged | edition = 12th | year = 2014 | access-date = 2018-07-12 | url = https://www.thefreedictionary.com/magazine | publisher = HarperCollins Publishers | quote = via French magasin from Italian magazzino, from Arabic makhāzin, plural of makhzan storehouse, from khazana to store away ))</ref>

The term is also used for an [[ammunition dump]], a place where large quantities of ammunition are stored for later distribution. This usage is less common.

==Field magazines==
[[File:Shell lift, Les Landes, Jersey.JPG|thumb|right|A [[Ammunition hoist|shell hoist]] within a fixed gun emplacement at [[Battery Moltke]], used to lift ordnance from a room below]]
In the early history of tube [[artillery]] drawn by horses (and later by mechanized vehicles), ammunition was carried in separate unarmored wagons or vehicles.  These soft-skinned vehicles were extremely vulnerable to enemy fire and to explosions caused by a weapons malfunction.

Therefore, as part of setting up an [[artillery battery]], a designated place would be used to shelter the ready ammunition.  In the case of batteries of towed artillery the temporary magazine would be placed, if possible, in a pit, or natural declivity, or surrounded by [[sandbag]]s or [[Earthworks (engineering)|earthworks]].  Circumstances might require the establishment of multiple field magazines so that one lucky hit or accident would not disable the entire battery.

== Naval magazines ==
[[File:Animated gun turret with labels.gif|thumb|left|upright|Animated naval gun operations:
((image key
|list type=ordered
|Platform deck
|Shell room
|Lower deck
|Magazine
|Middle deck
|Trunk
|Main deck
|Barbette
|Working chamber
|Upper deck
|Roller path
|Cradle
|Gunhouse))]]

The ammunition storage area aboard a [[warship]] is referred to as a magazine or the "ship's magazine" by sailors.

Historically, when artillery was fired with [[gunpowder]], a warship's magazines were built below the water line—especially since the magazines could then be readily flooded in case of fire or other dangerous emergencies on board the ship. An open flame was never allowed inside the magazine.

More modern warships use semi-automated or automated [[Gun turret#Layout|ammunition hoist]]s. The path through which the [[naval artillery]]'s ammunition passed typically has blast-resistant airlocks and other safety devices, including provisions to flood the compartment with seawater in an emergency.

The separation of shell and propellant gave the storage of the former the name "shell room" and the latter "powder room".

[[File:US Navy 030327-N-1328C-519 Aviation Ordnancemen assemble bombs aboard USS Theodore Roosevelt (CVN 71).jpg|thumb|right|Weapons magazine aboard ((USS|Theodore Roosevelt|CVN-71|6)) in 2003]]
Surface warships that have carried [[torpedo]]es, and ones that still do (such as the [[Mark 46 torpedo]] for [[antisubmarine warfare]]), have had torpedo magazines for carrying these dangerous antiship and antisubmarine weapons in well-defended compartments.

With the advent of missile-equipped [[warship]]s, the term missile "magazine" has also been applied to the storage area for [[guided missile]]s on the ship, usually carried below the main decks of the warships. For ships with both forward and aft [[surface-to-air missile]] launchers, there are at least two missile magazines. Sometimes the magazines of [[guided-missile frigate]]s and [[guided-missile destroyer]]s have carried or do carry a mixture of various types of missiles: [[surface-to-air missile]]s, [[antisubmarine]] missiles such as the [[ASROC|ASROC missile]], and [[antiship missile]]s such as the [[Harpoon missile]]. See especially the ((Sclass|Oliver Hazard Perry|frigate|1))s, owned by several different navies around the world, in which one 40-missile magazine carries a mixture of all three types of missiles: surface-to-air, surface-to-surface, and surface-to-underwater.

In [[aircraft carrier]]s, the magazines are required to store not only the aircraft carrier's own defensive weapons, but all of the weapons for her [[warplane]]s, including rapid-fire gun ammunition, [[air-to-air missile]]s such as the [[Sidewinder missile]], [[air-to-surface missile]]s such as the [[Maverick missile]], [[Mk 46 torpedo|Mk 46 ASW torpedo]]es, [[Joint Direct Attack Munition]]s, "dumb bombs", [[HARM missile]]s, and antiship missiles such as the [[Harpoon missile]] and the [[Exocet missile]].

=== Detonation threat ===
[[File:Yamato_explosion.jpg|thumb|right|The magazines of the ''Yamato'' explode|alt=A view of the ocean stretching to the horizon with the silhouette of a distant small warship visible to the left. To the right an enormous mushroom cloud rises high into the sky.|201x201px]]
Naval magazines face considerable risk of [[detonation]], especially in cases of attack, accident, or fire. Such detonations have sunk many warships and caused many other incidents.<ref name=":0">((Cite web|title=H-029-5 Ordnance Accidents|url=http://public2.nhhcaws.local/content/history/nhhc/about-us/leadership/director/directors-corner/h-grams/h-gram-029/h-029-5.html|access-date=2020-11-09|website=public2.nhhcaws.local|language=en-US))</ref>

Battleships were highly armored to protect from external attack, but the strength of the construction aids to constrict and worsen the impact of internal explosions, as the rigid steel does not allow blast waves to dissipate. The [[USS Iowa turret explosion|USS ''Iowa'' turret explosion]] was such an example: in 1989 a loading incident caused a gun turret explosion, which spread to further powder stores in the turret, which eventually killed all 47 men in the turret. The turret served to contain the blast, protecting the rest of the ship, but amplified the blast inside the turret ensuring deadly conditions.<ref name=":0" /><ref>((Cite web|title=H-029-4 USS Iowa Turret Explosion|url=http://public2.nhhcaws.local/about-us/leadership/director/directors-corner/h-grams/h-gram-029/h-029-4.html|access-date=2020-11-09|website=public2.nhhcaws.local|language=en-US))</ref>

During World War II, many ships met their end via magazine detonations. During the 1941 [[Attack on Pearl Harbor]], the ((USS|Arizona|BB-39|6)) was destroyed when a Japanese armor-piercing bomb punched through her deck and detonated in proximity to the ship's ammunition magazine, which was caught on film. The magazines of the [[Japanese battleship Yamato|Japanese battleship ''Yamato'']] exploded in 1945 after hours of continuous assault by Allied aircraft, utterly destroying the ship and leaving few survivors.<ref name="G&D65">Garzke and Dulin (1985), p. 65.</ref><ref name="cfrecord">((Cite web|year=2009|title=Combined Fleet – tabular history of ''Yamato''|url=http://combinedfleet.com/yamato.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129040009/http://www.combinedfleet.com/yamato.htm|archive-date=29 November 2010|access-date=1 April 2010|publisher=Parshall, Jon; Bob Hackett, Sander Kingsepp, & Allyn Nevitt))</ref>

==See also==
*[[Ammunition dump]]
*[[Armory (military)|Armory]]
*[[Arsenal]]
*[[Gunpowder magazine]]
*[[Gunroom]]

== References ==
* ((cite book|last=Garzke|first=William H.|title=Battleships: Axis and Neutral Battleships in World War II|last2=Dulin|first2=Robert O.|publisher=Naval Institute Press|year=1985|isbn=978-0-87021-101-0|location=Annapolis, Maryland|oclc=12613723))
((reflist))

==External links==
((Commons category|Magazines (artillery)))
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051203055908/http://colonialwilliamsburg.com/Almanack/places/hb/hbmag.cfm Colonial Williamsburg Magazine]

((Fortifications))

((DEFAULTSORT:Magazine (Artillery)))
[[Category:Magazines (artillery)| ]]
[[Category:Ammunition dumps]]
[[Category:Artillery ammunition]]
[[Category:Fortifications by type]]

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