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Magyaron, also Magyarons[1][2][3] (Ukrainian: Мадярони, Belarusian: Мадзяроны,[4] Slovak: Maďarón, Russian: Мадяроны,[5] Rusyn: Мадяроны,[6] Polish: Madziaroni[7][8]), is the name of a Transcarpathian ethno-cultural group,[9][10] which has an openly Hungarian orientation.[11] They renounced their native language, culture and religion and promoted Magyarization of the Rusyn and Ukrainian population.[12] The Magyarons did not embrace the Ukrainian identity of the Ruthenians in Carpathian Ruthenia but maintained their separate Rusyns identity. From 1920 to 1940, the group promoted the idea of re-joining Subcarpathian Rus' to Hungary.[13][14]

History

The term "Magyaron" and "Magyaronian", meaning national betrayal or treason, originated in the 19th century and in the first half of the 20th century in Ruthenian environments and was used to describe magyarized Ruthenians.[15]

Acculturation practices (magyarization) conducted by Hungarian authorities were the principal factor in the emergence of the Magyarons.[16][17] In the Hungarian kingdom, living conditions and a psychological climate were created which pressured minorities to adapt by renouncing their own national culture, language, political, religious, and other views.[citation needed] In Hungarian society, only adherence to these acculturation practices made it possible to obtain education, occupy a high position and enjoy career advancement, or simply have means of subsistence.[18][19][13]

In time of Ukrainian Revolution, the Magyarons conducted activities against the accession of Transcarpathia to West Ukrainian People's Republic.[20][better source needed]

During World War II, Magyarons worked closely with the Hungarian government, attacked the Sichovyks (soldiers of Carpathian Sich) [21][22] and participated in torture and shootings of them.[23][13]

Hungarian-Rusyn People's Council

On November 9, 1918 in Ungvár (now Uzhhorod, Ukraine), the "Hungarian-Rusyn People's Council" was formed by the Magyarons, headed by the canon of the Greek Catholic Eparchy of Munkács, Simeon Sabov (1863–1929). The Hungarian-Rusyn People's Council adopted the "Memorandum", which stated that the Hungarian-Rusyn people would join their homeland, Hungary, and advocated for the integrity of its territory.[24][13]

The main Magyarons party in Transcarpathia was the Autonomous Agricultural Union, founded in 1924 by Kurtyak Ivan Fedorovich.[25] This party was called "Kurtyakiv", and its followers were called kurtyakivtsi.[26]

See also

References

  1. ^ Giuseppe Motta. Less than nations: Volume 1 and 2 : Central-Eastern European minorities after WWI. Cambridge Scholars Publishing; Unabridged edition (October 1, 2013)
  2. ^ Marek Wojnar. Department of Central and Eastern Europe, Institute of Political Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences A minor ally or a minor enemy? The Hungarian issue in the political thought and activity of Ukrainian integral nationalists (until 1941)
  3. ^ Martin Pekár et al. Ethnic minorities in Slovakia in the years 1918-1945. A survey ISBN 978-80-555-0442-1
  4. ^ Гісторыя Закарпацьця ў ХХ стагоддзі. Частка ІІ
  5. ^ R. Mayor, UKRAINIAN INTELLECTUALS AND CLERGY OF TRANSCARPATHIA AS OBJECTS OF THE MAGARIZATION POLICY IN THE LATE ХIХ – EARLY XX CENTURY
  6. ^ Анна Плїшкова. Русиньскый язык на Словеньску (Короткый нарис історії і сучасности). Світовый конґрес Русинів. Пряшів 2008
  7. ^ Mozgawa, Konrad. Relacje rusińsko-ukraińskie u progu XX wieku. Rusini – Ukraińcy, czy odrębny naród?. Kraków : Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Pedagogicznego, 2019. - S. 469-487.
  8. ^ Czasy Nowożytne. Periodyk poświęcony dziejom polskim i europejskim od XV do XX wieku. Tom VIII (IX) / 2000 [Stanisław Salmonowicz, przewodn. kom. red.] Toruń [etc.] 2000
  9. ^ "Drahomanov_Avstro-ruski_spomyny_1867-1877.pdf" (PDF). docs.google.com. Retrieved 2018-10-28.
  10. ^ Olgerd Hippolyte Bochkovsky. Selected Works and Documents / Order: O. Hnatyuk, M. Chek. National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy; Center for the Study of the History and Culture of Eastern European Jews; Center for European Humanities Research. - Volume II. - K .: Ukraine Modern, SPIRIT AND LITERATURE, 2018. - 976 p. - (Ukraine: Europe: 1921-1939) ISBN 978-966-378-575-2
  11. ^ Jarnecki M. THE ROAD TO NATIONAL IDENTITY: SUBCARPATHIAN RUS ON THE EVE OF WWI AND IN THE INTERWAR PERIOD Sprawy Narodowościowe
  12. ^ Andrew Chutky. History of Ukraine. Kyiv: MAUP, 2006. ISBN 966-608-548-8
  13. ^ a b c d Hungary – Social and economic developments". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-20.
  14. ^ Przemystaw Piotr Zurawski vel Grajewski. Sprawa ukrainska na konferencji pokojowej w Paryzu w roku 1919 ISBN 978-83-7507-202-0
  15. ^ Rostislav Mayor. Features of the mentality of Ukrainians in Transcarpathia (mid XIX - early XX centuries). Scientific works of the Kamyanets-Podilsky National University named after Ivan Ogienko. Historical sciences. Volume 24
  16. ^ Philip Lyon. After empire : ethnic Germans and minority nationalism in interwar Yugoslavia. 2008
  17. ^ Michał Jarnecki. Droga do identyfikacji narodowej. Stosunki narodowościowe na Rusi Zakarpackiej w przededniu I wojny światowej i w okresie międzywojennym. Instytut Slawistyki Polskiej Akademii Nauk. 2005
  18. ^ Shandor, V. Transcarpathia: historical and legal essay from the XI century. till 1920. / Vikentii Shandor [uk]. — New York: Carpathian Union, 1992. — P. 97
  19. ^ Smiian, P. The revolutionary and national-liberation movement in Transcarpathia of late XIX — early XX century. Petro Smiian [uk]. – L.: Publisher of L'viv university, 1968. — 208 p.
  20. ^ "Як Закарпаття приєднували до ЗУНР @ Закарпаття онлайн". zakarpattya.net.ua. Retrieved 2018-10-28.
  21. ^ Pahiria, O. "The events of March 13-14, 1939 in Khust: coup, rebellion or armed conflict. (2019)". Retrieved 2020-06-29.
  22. ^ Сергій, Є.; Олександр, П.; Світлана, К.; Микола, М. (2009). Єфремов Сергій. Бої 14-15 березня 1939 року на Карпатській Україні. Graz͡hda. p. 50. ISBN 9789668924484. Retrieved 2018-10-28.
  23. ^ Угорський терор в Карпатській Україні навесні 1939 року Archived 2017-11-11 at the Wayback Machine Museum «Terror Territory»  [uk]
  24. ^ Гай-Нижник П., Яремчук В. На шляху до Української державності в Закарпатті // Збірник наукових праць НДІ українознавства. Київ, 2008. Т. ХХІІ. С. 300—319.
  25. ^ Minority Hungarian Communities in the Twentieth Century. Social Science Monographs, Boulder, Colorado – Atlantic Research and Publications, Inc., Highland Lakes, New Jersey, 2011, 859. (Atlantic Studies on Society in Change 138.) Eds. Bárdi Nándor, Fedinec Csilla, Szarka László
  26. ^ Gyrya V. I. ACTIVATION OF THE PROHGORIAN INTERVIEW IN TRANSCARPATHY IN 1920s

Sources

Further reading

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