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((Short description|Act or practice of men providing sexual services in return for payment))
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((more citations needed|date=July 2021))
[[Image:Samurai kiss.jpg|thumb|[[Miyagawa Isshō]], ''Samurai kisses male actor'', ca. 1750]]

'''Male prostitution''' is a form of [[sex work]] consisting of act or practice of men providing sexual services in return for payment. Although clients can be of any gender, the vast majority are older males looking to fulfill their sexual needs.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.eastbayexpress.com/oakland/the-gigolo-myth/Content?oid=3213768|title=The Gigolo Myth|first=Dan|last=Savage|date=30 May 2012|work=East Bay Express|access-date=18 November 2015))</ref><ref name=":1">((Cite book|last=West|first=D. J.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/932114039|title=Male prostitution|year=1993|publisher=Haworth Press |isbn=1-56023-022-3|oclc=932114039))</ref> Male prostitutes have been far less studied than female prostitutes by researchers.<ref>((harv|Weitzer|2000|p=8))</ref> Even so, male prostitution has an extensive history including [[regulation]] through [[homosexuality]], conceptual developments on sexuality, and the [[HIV/AIDS]] epidemic impact. In the last century, male sex work has seen various advancements such as popularizing new sexual acts, methods of exchange, and carving out a spot in cinema.<ref>((Cite journal |last=Logan |first=Trevon D. |date=2010 |title=Personal Characteristics, Sexual Behaviors, and Male Sex Work: A Quantitative Approach |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20799485 |journal=American Sociological Review |volume=75 |issue=5 |pages=679–704 |doi=10.1177/0003122410379581 |jstor=20799485 |s2cid=145533019 |issn=0003-1224))</ref>

==Terminology==
The terms used for male [[prostitution|prostitutes]] generally differ from those used for females. Some terms vary by clientele or method of business. Where prostitution is illegal or [[taboo]], it is common for male prostitutes to use [[euphemism]]s which present their business as providing companionship, nude modeling or dancing, body massage, or some other acceptable fee-for-service arrangement. Thus one may be referred to as a ''male escort'', ''[[gigolo]]'' (implying female customers), ''rent boy'', ''hustler'' (more common for those soliciting in public places), ''model'', or ''masseur''.<ref>((cite web|last=Clark |first=Tracy |url=http://www.salon.com/mwt/feature/2009/08/08/male_escorts_hung/ |title=Are they "Hung"? |work=Salon |date=8 August 2009 |access-date=2009-10-17))</ref> A man who does not regard himself as [[gay]] or [[bisexual]], but who has sex with male clients for money, is sometimes called ''[[gay-for-pay]]'', or ''[[Trade (gay slang)|trade]]''. A more dated term for a man who dressed similarly to female sex workers and tried to pass as a woman is known as a fairy.<ref name=":2">((Cite book|last=Ditmore|first=Melissa Hope|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/488419575|title=Encyclopedia of prostitution and sex work|date=2006|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=0-313-32968-0|oclc=488419575))</ref>

Male clients, especially those who pick up prostitutes on the street or in bars, are sometimes called ''[[john (prostitution)|johns]]'' or ''tricks''.<ref>((Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-25588234|title=BBC News - The escorts who want to rebrand male prostitution as a business|journal=BBC News|date=2014-01-05))</ref> Those working in prostitution, especially street prostitutes, sometimes refer to the act of prostitution as ''turning tricks''.

Michel Dorais describes four types of working patterns that male prostitutes usually fall into in his book, ''Rent Boys: the World of Male Sex Trade Workers''.<ref name=":0">((Cite book|first=Michel|last=Dorais|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/923230338|title=Rent Boys : the World of Male Sex Trade Workers.|date=2014|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|isbn=978-0-7735-7293-5|oclc=923230338))</ref>

# Outcasts: This group is severely impoverished and living day to day. They face substance abuse issues and most of their money goes towards alcohol and drugs (including cocaine and heroin). They frequently use drugs some time before, after, or during their sexual encounters. Compared to the others groups, outcasts included the highest number of sexual abuse victims. Male sex workers in this group are usually the youngest in the trade, with an average age of eighteen. Criminal activity, violence, and addiction are all characteristics of "outcasts".<ref name=":0" /> 
# Part-timers: Members of this group do not participate in sex work on a daily basis. They use sex work as a way to make life somewhat more comfortable, for example, if they needed to pay a bill or afford something they would not normally be able to. Drug and alcohol usage is uncharacteristic of the "part-timers". Their average age is twenty-eight years old.<ref name=":0" /> 
# Insiders: As the name implies, "insiders" grew up around the sex trade and view those surrounding them as their "family". Unlike the part-timers and the outcasts, the insiders view prostitution as an honorable occupation. Some try other jobs and turn back to prostitution because they miss the work. Most males use drugs to various extents in this category. The average age of an "insider" is seventeen.<ref name=":0" /> 
# Liberationists: A group who primarily identifies as homosexual for which prostitution is a source of exploration and realizing their fantasies. Liberationists have higher levels of education and self-esteem and maintain good connections with their families. They believe that prostitution fulfills their sexual and emotional needs, so relationships are casual.<ref name=":0" />

== Introduction to prostitution ==
Surveys show that male sex workers often report getting into prostitution after running away from home, due to unfortunate home situations.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> While the trade is not forced upon most, many participants turn to sex work out of desperation. After running away to major cities with no money, some resort to prostitution to take care of themselves. However, extreme poverty is not the only reason why men and boys partake in prostitution. Bridge Over Troubled Waters Inc, a Boston agency that works with children in crisis, surveyed young male prostitutes and 86% of them reported having to serve someone's sexual needs prior to joining in sex work.<ref name=":1" /> Many are sexualized and/or victimized as children, but there is little data that confirms a direct link to prostitution. Nonetheless, some do believe that sex, whether casual or transactional, is a way to acquire affection and attention, which can influence their sexual activity.<ref name=":0" /> Often, they have no prior experiences with prostitution and do not approach potential clients, but they allow the punters to approach them.<ref name=":1" /> Male prostitutes generally do not have pimps, but if they do, it is usually because they have not learned how to find their own clients and take care of themselves yet.<ref name=":1" />

If parents were to know about their child's participation in sex work, they usually have one of two responses. If their clients are older men, and the relationship is going, some parents take that as an exploitative relationship. In this case, they may report this observation. Other parents may condone the practice. If the household is struggling, they will let their son continue engaging in sex work because they need the additional income, and "working class boys" are expected to contribute to bills.<ref name=":1" />

==History==
===Ancient===
Male prostitution has been part of nearly all cultures, ancient and modern.<ref name=Dynes>((cite book |last=Dynes |first=Wayne R. |article=Prostitution |title=Encyclopedia of Homosexuality |volume=2 |pages=1054–1058 |location=Chicago |publisher=St. James Press |year=1990 |isbn=978-1-55862-147-3))</ref> The practice in the ancient world of men or women selling sexual services in sacred shrines, or [[sacred prostitution]], was attested to be practiced by foreign or [[paganism|pagan]] cultures in the [[Hebrew Bible]] or [[Old Testament]].<ref name=Dynes/> Male prostitutes are also attested to in Graeco-Roman culture in the [[New Testament]], among many other ancient sources. Some interpreters((who|date=April 2024)) consider that in one of the Pauline vice lists, [[1 Corinthians]] 6:9–10, one of the words ''malakoi'' ("soft") or ''arsenokoitai'' (a compound of "male" and "bed") refer to male prostitution (or male temple prostitution): this interpretation of ''arsenokoitai'' is followed in the [[New Revised Standard Version]].

The ''Encyclopedia of Homosexuality'' states that [[prostitutes in ancient Greece]] were generally slaves.<ref name=Dynes/> A well-known case is [[Phaedo of Elis]] who was captured in war and forced into slavery and prostitution but was eventually ransomed to become a pupil of [[Socrates]]; Plato's ''[[Phaedo]]'' is told from his perspective. Male brothels existed in both [[ancient Greece]] and [[ancient Rome]].<ref name=Dynes/>

===Modern===
[[File:Bowery- 10 cent Turkish Bath LCCN2014681388.jpg|thumb|A nude male prostitute giving a man a massage in the [[Bowery]] district in New York, ((circa|1884))]]

Young male prostitutes in the [[Edo period]] of Japan were called [[kagema]]. Their clients were mainly adult men. In southern areas of [[Central Asia]] and [[Afghanistan]], adolescent males between twelve and sixteen years old perform erotic songs and suggestive dancing and are available as sex workers. Such boys are known as [[bacchá]].

The most famous male prostitute of the Victorian era was the Irish born [[John Saul (prostitute)|John Saul]], who was involved in both the 1884 [[Dublin Castle]] scandal, and the [[Cleveland Street scandal|Cleveland Street Scandal]] of 1889.

A male sex worker in the [[Caribbean]] who solicits on the beaches and accepts clients of either sex is called a [[sanky-panky]]. [[Cuba]]n male prostitutes are called ''[[Jineterismo|jinetero]]'' – literally "horse jockey"; female prostitutes are called ''[[jinetera]]''.

====United States====
Court records and vice investigations from as early as the 17th&nbsp;century document male prostitution in what is now the United States. With the expansion of urban areas and the aggregation of gay people into communities toward the end of the 19th&nbsp;century, ((nowrap|male/male)) prostitution became more apparent. Around this time, prostitution was reported to have taken place in brothels, such as the [[Paresis Hall]] in the [[Bowery]] district of New York and in some [[gay bathhouse]]s. Solicitation for sex, including paid sex, took place in certain bars between so-called "fairies".<ref>((cite book |first=Heather Lee |last=Miller |title=Prostitution, Hustling, and Sex Work))</ref>

Male street prostitutes solicited clients in specific areas which became known for the trade. Well-known areas for street "hustlers" have included: parts of [[53rd Street (Manhattan)|53rd&nbsp;Street]] in New York City; [[Santa Monica Boulevard]] in Los Angeles; Cypress Street in Atlanta; [[Piccadilly Circus]] in London; "The Wall" in Sydney's [[Darlinghurst, New South Wales|Darlinghurst]]; [[The Drug Store]] and [[Rue Sainte-Anne]] in [[Paris]]; [[Polk Street|Polk Street Gulch]] in San Francisco; and [[Taksim Square]] in Istanbul. Bars such as ''Cowboys and Cowgirls'' and ''Rounds'' in New York City, ''Numbers'' in Los Angeles, and certain go-go bars in [[Patpong, Thailand]] were popular venues where male prostitutes offered their services.

A table in [[Larry Townsend]]'s ''The Leatherman's Handbook II'' (the 1983 second edition; the 1972 first edition did not include this list) which is generally considered authoritative states that a green handkerchief is a symbol for prostitution in the [[handkerchief code]], which is employed usually among gay male casual-sex seekers or BDSM practitioners in the United States, Canada, Australia and Europe. Wearing the handkerchief on the left indicates the top, dominant, or active partner; on the right indicates the bottom, submissive, or passive partner. However, negotiation with a prospective partner remains important because, as Townsend noted, people may wear hankies of any color "only because the idea of the hankie turns them on" or "may not even know what it means".<ref>((cite book |last=Townsend |first=Larry|title=The Leatherman's Handbook II |year=1983 |publisher=Modernismo Publications |location=New York |isbn=0-89237-010-6 |page=26))</ref>

The 1969 [[Stonewall riots]] were a turning point for male sex workers and the LGBTQ+ community.<ref>((Cite web|last=Pruitt|first=Sarah|title=What Happened at the Stonewall Riots? A Timeline of the 1969 Uprising|url=https://www.history.com/news/stonewall-riots-timeline|access-date=2021-12-13|website=History|language=en))</ref><ref>((Cite book|last=Stein|first= Marc|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1121117725|title=The Stonewall Riots: a documentary history|date=7 May 2019|publisher= NYU Press|isbn=978-1-4798-1685-9|oclc=1121117725))</ref>  As a result of the uprising, and the formation of the [[gay liberation]] movement, there was increased openness in the community along with more opportunities for sex workers.<ref name=":3">((Citation|last1=Grov|first1=Christian|title=Gay Subcultures|date=2014-09-01|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.17312/harringtonparkpress/2014.09.msws.010|work=Male Sex Work and Society|pages=240–259|publisher=Harrington Park Press|access-date=2021-12-13|last2=Smith|first2=Michael|doi=10.17312/harringtonparkpress/2014.09.msws.010|doi-broken-date=31 January 2024 |isbn=9781939594006 ))</ref> Gay publications and activist groups were created. Sex workers were now able to publish print advertisements that could be read in these newsletters that were distributed in the bars and bookstores, as well as sent through the mail.<ref name=":3" /> Telephone chat lines became another, potentially safer line of doing business than street hustling. Through phone sex the clients were able to control their fantasy and have some security in the fact that they were communicating anonymously.<ref name=":3" /> The emergence of hustler bars provided sex workers with a reliable and consistent supply of clients and created a more social atmosphere for them. The bars took some of the streetwalkers off the streets, providing them some protection. In exchange for being allowed to work in the hustler bars, sex workers would have to sacrifice a fraction of their incomes.<ref name=":3" /> The gay liberation era normalized gay men buying sex from other gay men. Before then, most gay and bisexual men hid their sexuality because gay sex was still illegal in most places as well as socially condemned; they feared arrest, exposure, ostracism or harsher punishment. Some male clients would also express a preference for "heterosexual" sex workers, saying they wanted to be dominated by men they perceived as straight.<ref name=":1" /> Formerly more taboo sexual practices such as homosexual threesomes, anal penetration, and roleplay began to be discussed more openly.<ref name=":2" /> Along with the rise in gay liberation and the sexual openness of the 1970s, gay prostitution became more openly discussed and less taboo, even though policing and discrimination kept many people closeted.<ref name=":3" />

== Clients of male sex workers ==
Sex work clients are people who pay for sexual services. Before the mid-20th century, clients were invisible and shielded from public discourse. Sex workers face the double standard of people being critical of them for supplying sex, but not the clients for demanding/buying sex.

=== Characteristics of clients ===
Common reasons for resorting to buy sex include fear of not being able to find other partners without paying them, attraction to adolescents, or having unsatisfying sex lives. Overall, the rent boy would fill the sexual or emotional void that the client could be experiencing.<ref name=":1" />

Donald West explains three different scenarios in which clients may pay for a prostitute:

# They are married men with unsatisfied or non-existent sex lives. They may be homosexual or purely unhappy in their current situation, so they resort to commercial sex.<ref name=":1" /> 
# They are men who have healthy (heterosexual) marriages and homosexual experiences on the side, appearing to be bisexual.<ref name=":1" /> 
# They are non-married men who are closeted and scared of being found out, or men that are openly gay and looking for more opportunities for sex.<ref name=":1" />

Clients tend to request anal sex, but the most common services requested are mutual masturbation and oral sex.<ref name=":1" />

=== Friendship and support ===
In some instances, friendships can be made between the client and sex worker, to the exclusion of all sexual activity.<ref>((Cite book|editor-last= Aggleton|editor-first=Peter|editor-last2= Parker|editor-first2= Richard G. |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/895660921|title=Men who sell sex: global perspectives|date=13 November 2014|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-93530-8|oclc=895660921))</ref> Renters might finance the sex worker's education, find them new clients or other jobs, or provide them with food, shelter, or clothing.<ref name=":1" /> As a result, sex workers often praise their clients, and both the seller and buyer have their respective wants and needs satisfied.<ref name=":1" />

== Regulation ==
Initially, male prostitution was ignored and not subjected to any of the policing and examinations women faced.<ref name=":4">((Cite journal|last=Marques|first=Olga|date=2011-01-01|title=From Pathology to Choice |journal=Culture, Society and Masculinities|volume=3|issue=2|pages=160–175|doi=10.3149/csm.0302.160|doi-broken-date=31 January 2024|issn=1941-5583))</ref> Even though law enforcement might have suspected there were male sex workers, they would disregard it. Eventually when male prostitution started being regulated, men and boys would be arrested less frequently and receive lesser sentences and fines than women. As time progressed, the target of regulation became homosexuality.<ref name=":4" />

=== In the British Empire ===
In the 18th and 19th centuries, the [[United Kingdom]] indirectly regulated male sex work. By making homosexuality illegal, the U.K. caused male sex workers to become more discreet with their services to avoid being fined or jailed.<ref name=":5">((Cite book|editor-last=Minichiello|editor-first= Victor|editor-last2= Scott|editor-first2= John Geoffrey|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/886112699|title=Male sex work and society|date=2 September 2014|publisher= Columbia University Press|isbn=978-1-939594-03-7|oclc=886112699))</ref><ref name=":6">((Citation|last=Crofts|first=Thomas|title=Regulation of the Male Sex Industry|date=2014-09-01|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.17312/harringtonparkpress/2014.09.msws.007|work=Male Sex Work and Society|pages=178–197|publisher=Harrington Park Press|doi=10.17312/harringtonparkpress/2014.09.msws.007|doi-broken-date=31 January 2024 |isbn=9781939594006 |access-date=2021-12-13))</ref> Acts of indecency, whether in public or private, along with sodomy and homosexual solicitation, were a few regulatory practices put into place at that time. As the British Empire grew, the criminalization of homosexuality spread around the world. Subsequently, male prostitutes moved into more urban or commercialized spaces to blend in with their surroundings and not draw attention to themselves. Such laws were in place in [[England]] and [[Australia]] until the mid-1960s.<ref name=":6" />

Once anti-homosexuality laws started disappearing, much more scientific research started on the concept. Research challenged the idea that homosexuality was an act of deviance and caused a divide in the UK. For that reason, Sir [[John Wolfenden, Baron Wolfenden|John Wolfenden]] chaired the [[Wolfenden report|Wolfenden Report]]. The report resulted in the [[Royal commission|Royal Commission]] stating "it is not the function of the law to intervene in the private lives of citizens, or to seek to enforce any particular pattern of behavior" that is not already outlined.<ref name=":5" /> In the end, the commission suggested that adult consensual acts kept out of the public eye, should not be subject to criminalization.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />

The [[Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 2000|Sexual Offences Act of 2000]] lowered the age of consent for homosexual males from 18 to 16, similar to heterosexual and lesbian individuals.

Australia began to decriminalize homosexuality in the late 20th century.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />

=== In the United States ===
((More citations needed|date=January 2022))
In the 1910s, male prostitution was more about men who were identified as fairies,<ref name="Kaye 1–77">((Cite journal |last=Kaye |first=Kerwin |date=2004-03-23 |title=Male Prostitution in the Twentieth Century |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j082v46n01_01 |journal=Journal of Homosexuality |volume=46 |issue=1–2 |pages=1–77 |doi=10.1300/j082v46n01_01 |issn=0091-8369))</ref> since they took on a more effeminate role that the male clientele was seeking. The fairies, or pansies, took on ascribed feminine mannerisms and would be referred to as inverts for inverting their sex as well as regarded as a third sex that did not fit the binary gender system. Fairies did not base their identity on their sexuality, since many male sex workers used this identity, but rather based it on their expressed gender. Not all fairies were sex workers, but many male sex workers took on the identity for their clients.<ref>((Cite book |last=Chauncey |first=George |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/29877871 |title=Gay New York : gender, urban culture, and the makings of the gay male world, 1890-1940 |publisher=Hachette Book Group |year=1995 |isbn=0-465-02621-4 |pages=48 |oclc=29877871))</ref> The clients would take on the dominant role which was made a lot easier with the providers of the sex work being youth in the 1920s. There were also clients who preferred punks or wolves who were boys or men that took on ascribed masculine personas which was liked by some men like seamen and prisoners.<ref>((Cite book |last=Chauncey |first=George |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/29877871 |title=Gay New York : gender, urban culture, and the makings of the gay male world, 1890-1940 |publisher=Hachette Book Group |year=1995 |isbn=0-465-02621-4 |pages=88–89 |oclc=29877871))</ref>

There were young men who got involved in sex work out of desperation to be able to have income since many were from the poor and/or working classes. However, society understood that all male prostitution could be explained that heterosexual men of low socioeconomic backgrounds were the ones who engaged in sex work, willing to be with other men, all for the purpose of gaining a financial foothold rather than the men engaging in prostitution because they were homosexual.<ref>((Cite book |last=Stoddard|first=Thayne D.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/871760233 |title=Male Prostitution & Equal Protection: An Enforcement Dilemma |date=2014-02-19 |publisher=Duke University School of Law |oclc=871760233))</ref> Some men did turn to prostitution in hopes to gain wealth but there were others who did sex work simply because they chose to do so. Pimps were prominent on the scene of selling off young men to older men who were looking for young, same-sex relationships.<ref>((Cite journal |last=Don Romesburg |date=2009 |title="Wouldn't a Boy Do?": Placing Early-Twentieth-Century Male Youth Sex Work into Histories of Sexuality |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sex.0.0061 |journal=Journal of the History of Sexuality |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=367–392 |doi=10.1353/sex.0.0061 |pmid=19739331 |s2cid=30319577 |issn=1535-3605))</ref> Sometimes, the parents of the youth were aware of their children's actions and would support it since they would receive benefits from the older men who were paying to have sex with their sons. Other times, the young men would keep it hidden and use it as a means to be able to earn a lot of money in a quick way and would claim they only did so they don't steal or fall into line with other youth who fall into the criminal life due to poverty.<ref>((Cite journal |first=Don |last=Romesburg |date=2009 |title="Wouldn't a Boy Do?": Placing Early-Twentieth-Century Male Youth Sex Work into Histories of Sexuality |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sex.0.0061 |journal=Journal of the History of Sexuality |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=367–392 |doi=10.1353/sex.0.0061 |pmid=19739331 |s2cid=30319577 |issn=1535-3605))</ref>

During the mid-twentieth century, male prostitution was undergoing a revolution as to what exactly the clients were looking for as well as people equating male sex work with homosexuality. Many clients who identified as straight were struggling with the onslaught of criticism that the public had towards male sex work. Male sex work was garnering attention from the public who frowned upon it, so the clientele started to shift slightly since people started to associate male sex work more with homosexuality. The clients who sought out male sex workers identified as homosexual. The clients also looked for “real men” by the 1930s, in which they wanted men to be hypermasculine rather than be fairies and young men.<ref name="Kaye 1–77"/> However, after the 1930s, due to more public scrutiny, male prostitution suffered since it drove away men from engaging in the work due to the work being associated with homosexuality. This caused an identity crisis among men who engaged in sex work since they increasingly became aware that they themselves may be homosexual, but they still needed money. The public was adamant that such behavior was unacceptable in society which wounded the male sex work community.

Male sex work had gone so far underground that it became known, or rather believed, that all male prostitutes were gay. In the 1970s, the Gay Rights movement came to be, which allowed male prostitutes to have a voice. Men engaged in sex work would go to gay bars because the bars were the only places men were able to find clients.<ref>((Citation |last=Logan |first=Trevon D. |title=Introduction: Economics, Sexuality, and Male Sex Work |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781316423899.001 |work=Economics, Sexuality, and Male Sex Work |pages=1–16 |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/9781316423899.001 |access-date=2022-04-19))</ref> However, it became a bit of an issue to be part of the gay community considering that even the gay community thought male sex workers were also gay which perpetuated the stigma that male prostitutes were gay. Even then many people did not see male sex work as legitimate work, but rather something that men turn towards as a last resort to earn money. Male prostitutes tried to change the narrative that their sex work was just simply work, but it did not come across nor was it really accepted by society. Gay men were harassed by police officers for soliciting sex and were often caught by police officers who wore plain clothes were monitoring gay bars. Police would often conduct raids on the gay bars and arrest people inside.<ref>((Cite journal |last=Stewart-Winter |first=T. |date=2015-06-01 |title=Queer Law and Order: Sex, Criminality, and Policing in the Late Twentieth-Century United States |journal=Journal of American History |volume=102 |issue=1 |pages=61–72 |doi=10.1093/jahist/jav283 |issn=0021-8723|doi-access=free ))</ref> Male prostitutes frequented the bars since they would find many clients inside but with the raids, they had to go into hiding so they would not be harassed for their work in commercialized sex since they relied on making a living selling their bodies.

While male sex workers were combating police enforcement of sodomy laws, particularly more so in the 1970s, they attempted to fight for their rights through the judicial system. Male prostitutes faced an ongoing battle with legislatures attempting to pass laws that criminalized male prostitution. However, most of the anti-prostitution laws were more heavily enforced on female prostitutes rather than male. It was not until 1996 in ''[[Romer v. Evans]]'' that the court stated that moral disapproval of male prostitution was not enough to constitute a statute.<ref>((Cite book |last=Stoddard |first=Thayne D. |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/871760233 |title=Male Prostitution & Equal Protection: An Enforcement Dilemma |date=2014-02-19 |publisher=Duke University School of Law |oclc=871760233))</ref>

During the early decades of the [[HIV/AIDS epidemic in the United States|HIV/AIDS epidemic]], there was an increase in regulation among sex workers, who were seen as high transmitters of the virus and thus a threat to public health. In effect, the Prostitution Act of 1992 and Sex Work Act of 1994 prohibited people from engaging in sex work if there was a reasonable belief that they may have or transmit any sexually transmitted disease. Laws such as the Prostitution Act of 2000 prohibited the solicitation of sexual services in public places.

The [[World Health Organization]] has called for "international decriminalization of sex work to improve the well-being of sex workers." arguing that criminalization reinforces stereotypes of deviance, disease, and delinquency, and prohibits such improvements. The WHO also recommends the establishment of anti-discrimination laws for the protection of sex worker rights. To sex workers directly, they suggested voluntary testing, consistent and correct contraceptive usage, and anti-retroviral therapy for HIV-positive workers as good practice.

==Present-day male prostitution==
The following categorization of the male prostitute is not exhaustive:[[File:A popular "Peep Show" along St Catherine street in Montreal's Gay Village..jpg|thumb|A "Peep Show" along [[Saint Catherine Street]] in [[Gay Village, Montreal|Montreal's Gay Village]]]]

===Online===
Professional escorts (indoor sex workers) often advertise on male escorting websites, usually either independently or through an [[escort agency]]. Such sites can face legal difficulties; in 2015, [[Rentboy.com]] – a well-known American site – was shut down by the [[United States Department of Homeland Security]] and its operators charged with facilitating prostitution and other charges.<ref>((cite news|title=Homeland Security's Peculiar Prosecution of Rentboy|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/29/opinion/homeland-securitys-peculiar-prosecution-of-rentboy.html|access-date=7 October 2015|work=The New York Times|date=28 August 2015))</ref> Recent research suggests a substantial growth in numbers of online escorts worldwide, to the extent that the online market accounts for the vast majority of male sex workers.<ref>((cite web|url=https://research.qut.edu.au/aboutmaleescorting/2017/11/01/number-of-online-male-escorts-by-nation-2/|title=Research shows distribution of online male escorts, by nation – Me, Us and Male Escorting|first=Suzanne|last=Dowey|website=Me, Us and Male Escorting|date=31 October 2017 ))</ref> This has persisted despite anti-sex worker laws like the [[FOSTA|Fight Online Sex Trafficking Act]] in the United States, thanks in part to escorting websites based in other countries.<ref>((cite journal |last1= Eichert|first1= David|title= 'It Ruined My Life: FOSTA, Male Escorts, and the Construction of Sexual Victimhood in American Politics|url= http://vjspl.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/12.2-FOSTA.pdf|journal= Virginia Journal of Social Policy & the Law|date= 12 March 2022|volume= 26|issue= 3|pages= 201–245))</ref>

===Streets, bars, and clubs===
Major cities in Europe and [[the Americas|the Western Hemisphere]] often have one or more areas where male street prostitutes regularly make themselves available to potential clients who drive by in cars. Such an area may have a locally known informal name. These areas tend to be risky for both the client and the prostitute, from a legal perspective when it is in a region where street prostitution or [[solicitation]] is prohibited by law, or also from a safety perspective. These areas may be targets for surveillance and arrests by law enforcement. Some male prostitutes solicit potential clients in other public spaces such as bus terminals, parks and rest stops.

==== Public toilets ====
Male prostitutes may work in public bathrooms in parks and establishments. Clients like this setting for various reasons. Some men like the "excitement" or rush that comes from the encounter. People have reported not being able to reach orgasm if they aren't in the toilets.<ref name=":1" /> In this case, the idea of almost getting caught is desirable. Other clients enjoy the anonymity and brief nature of the experience. As some clients have families and a reputation to uphold, the lavatory is convenient; they enjoy the sexual experience with minimal risk of being found out and without emotional attachment.<ref name=":1" />

===Bathhouses and sex clubs===
Male prostitutes may attempt to work in [[gay bathhouse]]s, [[sex shop|adult bookstores]] or [[sex club]]s, but prostitution is usually prohibited in such establishments, and known prostitutes are often banned by management.

===Male brothels===

A male prostitute may work in a male [[brothel]].

The [[Cleveland Street scandal]] of 1889 involved a male brothel in [[London]] frequented by aristocrats when male homosexuality was illegal in the United Kingdom. In her biography ''The First Lady'', [[April Ashley]] quotes her ex-husband, the late [[Arthur Corbett, 3rd Baron Rowallan|Hon. Arthur Corbett]], who worked in the [[City of London]], and was addicted to [[cross-dressing]], as telling her in 1960: "There's a male brothel, I pay the boys to dress me up, then masturbate me."<ref>((cite book |isbn= 978-1-84454-231-4 |title=The First Lady |first1= April |last1= Ashley |first2= Douglas |last2= Thompson |location= London |publisher= John Blake Publishing Ltd |year= 2006 |page= 160))</ref>

In order to work in a [[prostitution in Nevada|legal brothel in Nevada]], a [[Pap test|cervical exam]] is required by law, implying that men could not work as prostitutes. In November 2005, [[Heidi Fleiss]] said that she would partner with brothel owner Joe Richards to turn Richards' legal [[Cherry Patch Ranch]] brothel in [[Crystal, Nye County, Nevada|Crystal, Nevada]], into an establishment that would employ male prostitutes and cater exclusively to female customers, a first in Nevada.<ref>((cite news |first=Jonann |last=Brady |title=Are Women Ready for the 'Stud Farm'? |publisher= ABC News |date=November 18, 2005 |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=1324585))</ref><ref>((cite news |title=Fleiss plans makeover for Nevada brothel |agency=Associated Press |date= November 15, 2005 |url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2005-11-16-fleiss_x.htm |newspaper=USA Today))</ref> However, in 2009, Fleiss said that she had abandoned her plans to open such a brothel.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.lvrj.com/news/39357657.html|title=Heidi Fleiss gives up on plan for brothel for women|work=Las Vegas Review-Journal|date=14 October 2023 ))</ref> In late 2009, the owner of the [[Shady Lady Ranch]] brothel challenged this provision before the [[Nye County, Nevada|Nye County]] Licensing and Liquor Board and prevailed.<ref>[http://www.lvrj.com/news/brothel-to-get-the-bucks-80777187.html "Brothel to get the bucks"], ''Las Vegas Review-Journal'', 2010-01-06</ref> In January 2010, the brothel hired a male prostitute who offered his services to female clients,<ref>((cite web|title=First legal male prostitute hired in Nevada|url=https://nypost.com/2010/01/22/first-legal-male-prostitute-hired-in-nevada/|website=New York Post|access-date=10 April 2018|date=22 January 2010))</ref> but he left the ranch a few weeks later.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.lvrj.com/news/first--prostidude--leaves-shady-lady-ranch-89211477.html |title=First 'prostidude' leaves Shady Lady Ranch - News - ReviewJournal.com |publisher=Lvrj.com |date=2010-03-26 |access-date=2012-08-13))</ref>

Until 2009, when all [[prostitution in Rhode Island]] was outlawed, Rhode Island did not have a law prohibiting male sex workers.<ref name="projo1">((cite news |author=Arditi, Lynn |title='Behind Closed Doors" How RI Decriminalized Prostitution |url=http://www.projo.com/news/content/PROSTITUTION_LAW31_05-31-09_NVEHGBH_v161.3e90048.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601211914/http://www.projo.com/news/content/PROSTITUTION_LAW31_05-31-09_NVEHGBH_v161.3e90048.html|archive-date=2009-06-01|work=Providence Journal |date=31 May 2009))</ref>

In January 2010, the first brothel for gay men in [[Switzerland]] was opened in an industrial area of [[Zürich]].<ref>((citation|url=http://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/zuerich/stadt/GayBordell-in-Zuerich-eroeffnet/story/23270088|title=Gay-Bordell in Zürich eröffnet|date=2010-01-18|language=de|newspaper=Tages Anzeiger|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160928090036/http://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/zuerich/stadt/GayBordell-in-Zuerich-eroeffnet/story/23270088|archive-date=2016-09-28|url-status=dead))</ref>

===Sex tourism===
((main|Sex tourism))Sex tourism goes beyond the transactional exchange of sex for currency; it may involve temporary relationships, emotional, or physical intimacy. Due to the unclear parameters, these relationships have been described as "ambiguous entanglements".<ref>((Cite book |last=Williams |first=Erica |title=Sex Tourism in Bahia: Ambiguous Entanglements |publisher=University of Illinois Press |year=2013))</ref> Gay sex tourism is found throughout Brazil in many different communities and some areas of the Amazon rainforest. Different entities throughout Brazil have focused on straight-aligned sex work and have neglected gay sex tourism.<ref name="Mitchell 2015">((Cite book |last=Mitchell |first=Gregory |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/933584150 |title=Tourist attractions : performing race and masculinity in Brazil's sexual economy |date=2015 |isbn=978-0-226-30907-1 |location=Chicago |oclc=933584150))</ref> Sex tourists may travel to specific locations to enjoy a holiday and find a "temporary relationships" who will fill the roles of sexual partner, dining companion, tour guide, or dancing companion/instructor. Women who spend time with male escorts while on vacation may be any age but are predominantly middle-aged women looking for romance along with sex. The rates of [[HIV/AIDS]] and other sexually transmitted infections are high in some Caribbean and African countries, which are popular destinations for female sex tourism.

The connections established by sex tourism challenge the ways that scholars of sexuality, gender, and race by pushing back on traditional conversations about agency and resistance.<ref name="Mitchell 2015"/> Most research regarding sex tourism have been from tourist perspectives instead of the perspective of sex workers themselves. This has negated sex worker experiences and has largely only focused on negative connotations of sex tourism like child sex trafficking and sexually transmitted diseases.<ref>((Cite journal |last=Mendoza |first=Cristóbal |date=March 2013 |title=Beyond Sex Tourism: Gay Tourists and Male Sex Workers in Puerto Vallarta (Western Mexico): Beyond Sex Tourism |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jtr.1865 |journal=International Journal of Tourism Research |language=en |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=122–137 |doi=10.1002/jtr.1865|hdl=10553/127595 |hdl-access=free ))</ref> However, recent studies have helped problematize these oversimplifications by highlighting the economic, sexual, and racial dynamics that are leveraged by both the tourist and the sex worker in these sexual economies. In the case of women who consume male sexual labor while on vacation, scholars have previously insisted that they should not be analyzed using the same language and framework as their male counterparts because rather than sex, they were thought to have engaged in an economy of romance or "romance tourism."<ref>((Cite journal |last=Taylor |first=Jacqueline Sanchez |date=2006 |title=Female Sex Tourism: A Contradiction in Terms? |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3874382 |journal=Feminist Review |volume=83 |issue=83 |pages=42–59|doi=10.1057/palgrave.fr.9400280 |jstor=3874382 |s2cid=144455247 ))</ref> Women engaging in sex tourism with male sex workers are just as capable of leveraging their race, class, nationality, and other privileges in these relationships, making them far more similar to their male counterparts than the "romance tourism" model of analysis would allow.<ref>((Cite journal |last=Taylor |first=Jacqueline Sanchez |date=2006 |title=Female Sex Tourism: A Contradiction in Terms? |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3874382 |journal=Feminist Review |volume=83 |issue=83 |pages=42–59 |doi=10.1057/palgrave.fr.9400280 |jstor=3874382 |s2cid=144455247 |issn=0141-7789))</ref>

===Risks===
[[File:Thai FETP collecting serum in Patpong from male sex worker for Thailand’s first large HIV prevalence survey in 1985. The Abbot testing kit was provided by CDC).jpg|thumb|right|[[Field epidemiology|FETP]] testing a young sex worker for [[HIV]] in [[Patpong]], Thailand in 1985]]

As in all forms of prostitution, male prostitutes and their clients can face risks and problems. For prostitutes, the risks may include: social stigma; [[Homophobia|legal]]/criminal risks;<ref>((Cite journal | doi=10.1080/19317611.2011.537958|title = An Investigation of the Incidence of Client-Perpetrated Sexual Violence Against Male Sex Workers| journal=International Journal of Sexual Health| volume=23| pages=63–78|year = 2011|last1 = Jamel|first1 = Joanna|s2cid = 143617176))</ref> physical abuse; health-related risks, including the potential risk of [[sexually transmitted disease]]s; rejection by family and friends; [[gay bashing]] (in the case of male((ndash))male prostitution); the [[financial risk]]s that come with having an insecure income; and risks of the mental/emotional effects that come with all of those factors. Teenagers and runaways engaging in sex work have shown to be particularly at risk. A 2008 master's thesis reported that 300,000 male prostitutes were under the age of 16.<ref>((Cite journal|last=Glennon|first=Megan|date=2008|title=Resilience and street level prostitution : a collective case study|url=https://scholarworks.smith.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2311&context=theses|journal=Smith ScholarWorks))</ref>

For clients, risks may include: fear of social stigma and family or work problems if their activities with prostitutes do not remain secret; health-related risks; being robbed; falling pregnant (if a fertile woman); or, very rarely, being blackmailed or injured.<ref name=Dynes/> German fashion designer [[Rudolph Moshammer]], for example, was killed by a man who said that Moshammer had reneged on a promise to pay him for sex.<ref>BBC News, 2005-01-16. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4179807.stm Man 'confesses' to Munich murder].</ref> If a male prostitute steals from a male client or accepts money without then "putting out" the agreed-upon sexual services, it is sometimes referred to as "rolling a john".

Research suggests that the degree of violence against male prostitutes is somewhat lower than for female sex workers. Men working on the street and younger men appear to be at greatest risk of being victimized by clients.<ref>((cite journal |last1= Eichert|first1= David|title= 'It Ruined My Life: FOSTA, Male Escorts, and the Construction of Sexual Victimhood in American Politics|url= http://vjspl.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/12.2-FOSTA.pdf|journal= Virginia Journal of Social Policy & the Law|date= 12 March 2022|volume= 26|issue= 3|pages= 201–245))</ref> Conversely, the risk of being robbed or blackmailed posed to clients of sex workers appears to be much lower than many imagine. This is especially true when clients hire sex workers through an established agency or when they hire men who have been consistently well reviewed by previous clients.

The [[pimp]] is relatively rare in male prostitution in the West, where most prostitutes generally work independently or, less frequently, through an agency.<ref name=Dynes/>

====Stigma====
Factors like the [[age disparity in sexual relationships|difference in age]], in [[social status]] and in economic status between the sex worker and his client have been cited as major sources of social criticism.<ref name=negatives>See, for example, [http://www.enmp.org/downloads/activity_report_compr.pdf European Network Male Prostitution Activity Report, November 2003] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070221184110/http://www.enmp.org/downloads/activity_report_compr.pdf |date=2007-02-21 )), "Practical experiences of Men in Prostitution" (Sweden, Denmark, Stockholm), pp. 23–26: "All [the] interviewed men [in Denmark] are aware of societies’ negative perception of prostitution and do whatever possible to cover up. As a result they live double lives and create more and more distance from close relations and the wider society. Isolation and sufferance from not having anybody to share prostitution experiences with is profound. Some men describe[d] how the clients are their main or only social relation to society, and consider the relations as sexual friendships or the customers as father figures."</ref> Similar social stigma may also be attached to amorous relationships that do not involve direct payment for sexual services, and therefore do not fit the definition of prostitution, but which may be seen by some as a form of "quasi"-prostitution, (in that there is a power imbalance and a reward for companionship or sex). The older member in such relationships may be referred as a "sugar daddy" or "sugar momma"; the young lover may be called a "kept boy" or "boy toy".<ref>see Dynes, ''supra'', for a discussion of the fine line between "kept boys" and prostitution.</ref> Within the gay community, the members of this kind of couple are sometimes called "dad" (or "daddy") and "son"—without implying incest. The social disdain for age/status disparity in relationships is, and has been, less pronounced in certain cultures at certain historical times.((which|date=April 2019))

==Help and support for male sex workers==
In the United States and other places, there are few resources and little support readily available for male sex workers working and/or living on the streets.<ref>((cite web|last=Siegel|first=Joe|title=Do HIV/AIDS Service Organizations Effectively Reach Male Sex Workers?|url=http://www.edgenewengland.com/index.php?id=126242|work=Article in Edge New, Boston, Mass.|access-date=28 October 2011))</ref> Men and boys in this situation may face many issues. Male sex workers are often portrayed as having complete agency and rationality, while women are more often seen as vulnerable victims. This framework contributes to the idea that men do not suffer from emotional issues.<ref name=":3" /> Male street prostitutes may have issues such as drug addiction. Men also omit the fact that they are sex workers more often than not. Male prostitutes keep this aspect of their lives hidden to prevent judgement and shame from being passed on to them.<ref name=":3" /> Because male sex workers do not disclose this information, they frequently deal with social isolation.<ref name=":3" /> Isolation and concealable stigma identities (negative stereotypes that can be hidden from others) can increase psychological distress, explaining the heightened vulnerability to mental health problems.<ref name=":3" /><ref>((Cite journal|last1=Quinn|first1=Diane M.|last2=Earnshaw|first2=Valerie A.|date=January 2013|title=Concealable Stigmatized Identities and Psychological Well-Being|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12005|journal=Social and Personality Psychology Compass|volume=7|issue=1|pages=40–51|doi=10.1111/spc3.12005|pmid=23730326|pmc=3664915|issn=1751-9004))</ref> Offering support and health care to such stigmatized people can be difficult due to a reluctance to disclose information about their work to health care professionals, which can also make male prostitutes difficult to identify in order to reach out to. There are now a number of organisations that exist to support male-sex-workers such as The Men's Room in Manchester.<ref>((Cite web |title=The Men's Room ((!)) Help & Support Manchester |url=https://hsm.manchester.gov.uk/kb5/manchester/directory/service.page?id=IQMHHZ6-4qI |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=hsm.manchester.gov.uk))</ref>

==Feminist studies==

The topic of male prostitution has been examined by [[feminism|feminist theorists]]. Feminist theorists Justin Gaffney and Kate Beverley stated that the insights gained from research on male sex workers in central [[London]] allowed comparison between the experiences of the 'hidden' population of male prostitutes and the traditionally subordinate position of women in a patriarchal society. Gaffney and Beverley argue that male sex workers occupy a subordinate position in our society which, as with women, is ensured by hegemonic and patriarchal constructs.<ref>Justin Gaffney & Kate Beverley, "Contextualizing the Construction and Social Organization of the Commercial Male Sex Industry in London at the Beginning of the Twenty-First Century," ''Feminist Review'', No. 67, Sex Work Reassessed (Spring, 2001), pp. 133–141.</ref> At the same time, other feminists have noted that male [[sex workers]] are usually seen as engaging in sex work out of their own free will and for enjoyment much more than female sex workers, who are often perceived to be victims of [[human trafficking]] and [[sexual exploitation|exploitation]], especially by second-wave feminist activists. A review of the public discourse and media reactions following the closing of two websites hosting [[sex work]] ads – one for women and one for gay men – found that concerns with human trafficking and victimization were cited only for the closure of the former. The closure of the latter was attributed to [[homophobia]] and conservative religious values.<ref>((cite journal |last1=Majic |first1=Samantha |title=Same Same but Different? Gender, sex work, and respectability politics in the MyRedBook and Rentboy closures |journal=Anti-Trafficking Review |date=27 April 2020 |issue=14 |pages=82–98 |doi=10.14197/atr.201220146|doi-access=free ))</ref>

==Popular culture==
((Main|Male prostitution in the arts))

The male prostitute has become a literary and cinematic [[stereotype]] in the West. He is often portrayed as a tragic figure. Examples in film include Oscar-winner ''[[Midnight Cowboy]]'' (1969), about a tragic would-be gigolo; ''[[My Own Private Idaho]]'' (1991), about the friendship of two young hustlers; ''[[Mandragora (film)|Mandragora]]'' (1997), about young runaways who are manipulated into prostitution; and ''[[Mysterious Skin]]'' (2004) in which a hustler has a history of being molested as a child.

The male prostitute may be presented as an impossible object of love or an idealized rebel such as in ''[[The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone]]'' (1961) about a middle-aged woman and a young gigolo in a tragic tryst. Though less frequent in cinema and in novels, the gigolo (a male prostitute with an exclusively female clientele) is generally depicted as less tragic than the gay hustler. In the film ''[[American Gigolo]]'', [[Richard Gere]] stars as a high-priced gigolo who becomes romantically involved with a prominent politician's wife while simultaneously becoming the prime suspect in a murder case. The comedy-drama TV series ''[[Hung (TV series)|Hung]]'' (2009–2011) is about a high-school basketball coach who turns to prostitution to deal with financial troubles. Male prostitution is sometimes the subject of derisive humor, such as the slapstick farce ''[[Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo]]'' (1999) and [[Deuce Bigalow: European Gigolo|its sequel]] (2005), while movies such as ''[[Good Luck to You, Leo Grande]]'' (2022) paint its male protagonist as intelligent, charming, sensitive, professional, and offering a valuable sexual service for his clients.

==See also==
((Portal|Human sexuality|LGBT))
*[[Age of consent]]
* [[Male promiscuity]]
* [[Male prostitution in Bangladesh]]

==References==
((Reflist))

==Bibliography==
((refbegin|colwidth=35em))
<!--Alphabetic-->
* ((Cite book|author=Aggleton, Peter|title=Men Who Sell Sex: International Perspectives on Male Prostitution and AIDS|url=http://www.temple.edu/tempress/titles/aggle_reg_print.html|location=Philadelphia|publisher=Temple University Press|isbn=978-1-56639-669-1|year=1999|ref=none|access-date=2007-07-28|archive-date=2009-03-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090314032036/http://www.temple.edu/tempress/titles/aggle_reg_print.html|url-status=dead))
* ((Cite book|last=Elias|first=James|year=1998|title=Prostitution : on whores, hustlers, and johns|publisher=Prometheus|isbn=978-1-57392-229-6|oclc=39379620|ref=none))
* ((Cite book|last=Friedman|first=Mack|year=2003|title=Strapped for cash : a history of American hustler culture|publisher=Alyson Books|isbn=978-1-55583-731-0|oclc=51607360|ref=none))
* ((Cite book|last=Itiel|first=Joseph|year=1998|title=A Consumer's Guide to Male Hustlers|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-7890-0596-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0PA-4hrt_NoC|ref=none))
* ((Cite book|last=Itiel|first=Joseph|year=2002|title=Sex Workers As Virtual Boyfriends|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-56023-191-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ucUHlUEWb0C|ref=none))
* ((Cite book|last1=Koken|first1=Juline|last2=Bimbi|first2=David|last3=Parsons|first3=Jeffrey|chapter=Male and Female Escorts: A Comparative Analysis|year=2000|title=Sex for Sale: Prostitution, Pornography, and the Sex Industry|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-92295-1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LEhzBddEcjkC|ref=none))
* ((Cite book|last=Lawrence|first=Aaron|year=2000|title=The Male Escort's Handbook: Your Guide to Getting Rich the Hard Way|publisher=Late Night Press|isbn=978-0-9667691-1-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6XauPAAACAAJ|ref=none))
* ((Cite book|last=Lumsden|first=Ian|year=1996|title=Machos, maricones, and gays: Cuba and homosexuality|publisher=Temple University Press|isbn=978-1-56639-371-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mbH2pWBOZ1YC|page=7|ref=none))
* ((Cite book|last=Padilla|first=Mark|year=2007|title=Caribbean pleasure industry: tourism, sexuality, and AIDS in the Dominican Republic|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-64436-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HVS8GuF7QPUC|ref=none))
* ((Cite book|last=Preston|first=John|year=1994|title=Hustling: a gentleman's guide to the fine art of homosexual prostitution|publisher=Masquerade Books|isbn=978-1-56333-137-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AeK0AAAACAAJ|ref=none))
* ((Cite book|last=Saunders|first=Dean|year=2008|title=Nice Work If You Can Get It|publisher=John Blake|isbn=978-1-84454-509-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_t1XGgAACAAJ|ref=none))
* ((Cite book|last=Steward|first=Samuel M.|year=1991|title=Understanding the male hustler|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-56024-111-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=huJ6UwvZeL4C|ref=none))
* ((Cite book|last=Sycamore|first=Matt Bernstein|year=2000|title=Tricks and treats: sex workers write about their clients|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-7890-0703-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BMrb5En0_S0C|ref=none))
* ((cite news|last=Taylor|first=Jacqueline Sánchez|year=1997|title=Marking the margins: research in the informal economy in Cuba and the Dominican Republic|publisher=University of Leicester, Faculty of Social Sciences, Dept. of Sociology|series=Leicester University discussion papers in sociology, no S97/1|oclc=37157551|ref=none))
* ((cite journal|last=Taylor|first=Jacqueline Sanchez|year=2001|title=Dollars Are a Girl's Best Friend? Female Tourists' Sexual Behaviour in the Caribbean|journal=Sociology|pages=749–764|volume=35|issue=3|issn=0038-0385|oclc=367611972|doi=10.1177/s0038038501000384|s2cid=67792112|url=http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/800/1/WRAP_Sanchez_taylor_Dollars_female_tourists.pdf|ref=none))
* ((cite book|last1=Weitzer|first1=Ronald John|title=Sex for Sale: Prostitution, Pornography, and the Sex Industry|date=2000|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780415922944|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4XZjQgAACAAJ&q=0415922941|language=en))
* ((Cite book|last=Weitzer|first=Ronald|year=2010|title=Sex for Sale: Prostitution, Pornography, and the Sex Industry|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-92295-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LEhzBddEcjkC|ref=none))
* ((Cite book|last=Weitzer|first=Ronald|year=2011|chapter=Male Prostitution|editor-first=Clifton|editor-last=Bryant|editor-link=Clifton D. Bryant|title=The Routledge Handbook of Deviant Behavior|location=New York|publisher=Routledge|ref=none))
((Cite book|last1=Minichiello|first1=Victor|title=Male Sex Work and Society|last2=Scott|first2=John Geoffrey|publisher=Harrington Park Press|year=2014|isbn=9781939594037))((Cite journal|last1=Quinn|first1=Diane M|last2=Earnshaw|first2=Valerie A.|date=January 2013|title=Concealable Stigmatized Identities and Psychological Well-Being|journal=Social and Personality Psychology Compass|volume=7|issue=1|pages=40–51|doi=10.1111/spc3.12005|pmid=23730326|pmc=3664915))((Cite web|last=Pruitt|first=Sarah|date=2020-06-01|title=What Happened at the Stonewall Riots? A Timeline of the 1969 Uprising|url=https://www.history.com/news/stonewall-riots-timeline|website=History))

((refend))

((Prostitution))
((Authority control))

[[Category:Male prostitution| ]]
[[Category:Sex industry]]

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