Malva sylvestris is a species of the mallow genusMalva in the family of Malvaceae and is considered to be the type species for the genus. Known as common mallow to English-speaking Europeans,[3]
it acquired the common names of cheeses, high mallow and tall mallow (mauve des bois by the French)[4]
as it migrated from its native home in Western Europe, North Africa and Asia through the English-speaking world.[5]
M. sylvestris is a vigorous plant with showy flowers of bright mauve-purple, with dark veins, standing 3–4 feet (0.91–1.22 m) high and growing freely in meadows, hedgerows and in fallow fields.[6]
Common names
It is one of several species of different genera sometimes referred to as Creeping Charlie, a term more commonly applied to Glechoma hederacea (ground ivy).[7]
Description
Common mallow is a herbaceous perennial with an erect or decumbent branched stem up to 1 m (sometimes 1.5 m) long. The minutely-ridged stems are covered with fine soft hairs, sometimes with a slightly bulbous base. The leaves are alternate, with a petiole up to 20 cm long, simple but palmate, up to 7 cm long by 10 cm wide, with stellate hairs (i.e. several strands radiating from a common center) and prominent veins on the underside.[8][9]
Flower
The flowers are reddish-purple with dark stripes and occur in axillary clusters of 2 to 4 along the main stem with the flowers at the base opening first. There are 5 petals, each being up to 20 mm long, and 5 sepals, 3-6 mm long, which are fused in the lower half, and have broadly triangular lobes. There is also an epicalyx (or false calyx) with oblong segments, two-thirds as long as calyx lobes (2–3 mm long x 1.5 mm wide).[5][10]
Fruits
Nutlets strongly reticulate (10–12 mericarps, usually without hair, with sharp angle between dorsal and lateral surfaces, 5–6 mm in diameter.[3][5]
Seeds
Also called 'cheeses,'[6] seeds are brown to brownish green when ripe, about 2.5 millimeters long and wide[5][11] 5 to 7 millimeters in diameter[11] and are shaped like a cheese wheel.
Distribution and habitat
Malva sylvestris spreads itself on waste and rough ground, by roads and railways throughout lowland England, Wales and Channel Islands, Siberia and scattered elsewhere.[3][9] One of the major areas that Malva sylvestris grows is northeast and central Iran. It is also found in North Africa,[12] grows as a biennial[5][9] in the Mediterranean[12] and grows as a perennial elsewhere.[12][11] It has been introduced to and has become naturalised in eastern Australia,[11] in the United States, Canada, and Mexico as an invasive species.[9]
In 1931, Maud Grieve wrote that the "use of this species of Mallow has been much superseded by marsh-mallow (Althaea officinalis), which possesses its properties in a superior degree, but it is still a favorite remedy with country people where marsh-mallow is not obtainable."[6] The flowers were spread on doorways and woven into garlands or chaplets for celebrating May Day.[6] The boiled young leaves are a vegetable eaten in several parts of Europe in the 19th century.[13]
In Morocco, Tunisia and Palestine, Malva leaves are steamed with garlic and tomatoes, and eaten as an appetizer or salad. In Egypt, the leaves are made into a stew-like vegetable dish, especially in winter, known as khobeiza, which is similar to Molokheia.
The species has long been used as a natural yellow dye,[17] and dyes of various yellow-green colors can be obtained from the plant and its seeds.[18] A tincture of the flowers can make a sensitive test for alkalis.[6]
Subspecies
Plants previously often described as Malva sylvestris var. malaca are now considered a cultivar groupMalva sylvestris Mauritiana group.[12]
Cultivation
The cultivar 'Zebrina', selected for its striped petals
It is often grown as an ornamental plant for its attractive flowers, produced for a long period through the summer. Numerous cultivars have been selected and named.
Cultivars of Malva sylvestris include: 'Annita', 'Aurora', 'Bardsey Blue', 'Blue Fountain', 'Brave Heart', 'Cottenham Blue', 'Gibbortello', 'Harry Hay', 'Highnam', 'Inky Stripe', 'Knockout', 'Magic Hollyhock', 'Mest', 'Mystic Merlin', 'Perry's Blue', 'Purple Satin', 'Richard Perry', 'Tournai', 'Windsor Castle', 'Zebrina' (soft lavender-purple striped with deep maroon veins)
[19]
and 'Zebrina Zebra Magis'.
Malva sylvestris L. Mauritiana group: Swedish: mauretansk rödmalva, Estonian: mauri kassinaeris, Slovene: Mavretanski slezenovec, Hungarian: mórmályva. Malva mauritiana used to be recognized as a species whose range is Iberia, Italy and Algeria. Garden plants are often called Malva sylvestris var. mauritiana and they make a cultivar group that includes:
'Bibor Felho'
'Moravia'
Malva sylvestris L. Eriocarpa group: Hairy seeds and hairy stems found between Italy and the Himalayas, Central Asia and China.
Malva sylvestris L. Canescens group: Every part except for the flower is covered with dense white woolly hair, growing in the Montpellier region of France, and on the Balearic Isles. Some 19th-century botanical works called this group Malva sylvestris L. var. canescens.
Malva sylvestris L. Sterile Blue group: Vegetatively propagated pale violet-blue flowered cultivars:
Marina 'Dema'
'Primley Blue'
'Maria's Blue Eyes' (dark violet-blue flowered)
Virus
Malva vein clearing potyvirus which is transmitted by mechanical inoculation in a non-persistent manner via insects, such as Aphis umbrella (syn. Aphis malvae Koch) and Myzus persicae (all are Aphididae). The virus can be found in Tasmania, Brazil, the former Czechoslovakia, Germany, Israel, Italy, Portugal, California, Russia and the former Yugoslavia.[20][21]
Chemistry
M. sylvestris contains malvin and malonylmalvin.[22] It also contains the naphthoquinone malvone A, which is also a phytoalexin.[23]
Botanical gallery
Standard upright, spreading form; flowers large but quite variable
Standard upright form; flowers large
Trampled or mown form, stays close to ground
Tall form (culvated escapee)
Inflorescence top
Flowers generally large, bold coloured
May be lighter coloured
Colour may be rather bold
Floral organs
Calyx 5-part, parts broad (narrow epicalyx also showing)
Epicalyx 3-part, parts narrow to moderately broad
Epicalyx 3-part, parts narrow to moderately broad
Inflorescence showing features above
Inflorescence top showing features above
Fruit immature, wrinkles starting to show, hairy form (var. eriocarpa)
Fruit wrinkled, hairless form
Fruit, hairless form
Hairs bulbous-based (may be less apparent)
Hairs of cultivated plant, very weak with bulbous bases not very conspicuous
^Malonated anthocyanins in malvaceae: Malonylmalvin from Malva sylvestris. Kosaku Takeda, Shigeki Enoki, Jeffrey B. Harborne and John Eagles, Phytochemistry, 1989, Volume 28, Issue 2, pp. 499–500, doi:10.1016/0031-9422(89)80040-8
^Malvone A, a phytoalexin found in Malva sylvestris (family Malvaceae).Olga Veshkurova, Zamira Golubenko, Egor Pshenichnov, Irina Arzanova, Vyacheslav Uzbekov, Elvira Sultanova, Shavkat Salikhov, Howard J. Williams, Joseph H. Reibenspies, Lorraine S. Puckhaber and Robert D. Stipanovic, Phytochemistry, November 2006, Volume 67, Issue 21, pp. 2376–2379, doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.08.010
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