Manggarai people
Ata Manggarai
A Manggarai family.
Total population
725,000[1]
Regions with significant populations
Flores Island:
 Indonesia (East Nusa Tenggara)
Languages
Manggarai (including Rongga), Indonesian, Kupang Malay
Religion
Christianity (predominantly Roman Catholic) – 90%, Sunni Islam – 10%
Related ethnic groups
Lamaholot people

The Manggarai are an ethnic group found in western Flores in the East Nusa Tenggara province, Indonesia. Manggarai people are spread across three regencies in the province, namely the West Manggarai Regency, Manggarai Regency, and East Manggarai Regency.

Etymology

The Manggarai people sometimes refer to themselves as Ata Manggarai, which means "people of Manggarai".[2]

Settlements

Manggarai people are one of the aboriginal peoples of the island of Flores. Manggarai settlements cover over 6,700 square kilometers, almost a third of Flores, in the western part of the island.[3]

History

According to historical records, Manggarai has been ruled by the Bima people from the island of Sumbawa under Bima Sultanate and the Makassar people from Sulawesi under Gowa Sultanate. As of the late 20th century, there are about 500,000 Manggarai people.[4]

One of the early state formation in Manggarai in the 17th century was the formation of the tribal kingdom of Todo, whose first king was called Mashur of Minangkabau descent from the Sultanate of Gowa, Makassar. In 1727, the Manggarai region was given to the Bima Sultanate as a dowry when a Makassarese princess called Daeng Tamima was married into the Bima royalty,[5] and founded Reo on the coast. Under Bima Sultanate, the region was divided to systems of tributary kings called Kedaluan and Gelarang. Meanwhile the sultanate representatives were rulers of Reo and Pota which used the title naib, they ruled over smaller kedaluan called dalu koe (smaller kedaluan). The most powerful Kedaluans were Todo, Cibal, and Bajo, collectively called dalu mese (bigger kedaluan), which had origins before Bima Sultanate hegemonic rule, among these only Todo ruled over dalu koe, numbering thirteen hence called dalu campulutelu.[6]

In 1929, the Western part of Flores was separated from the Bima Sultanate.[7] Then, followed by the invasion of the Dutch colonialists in the 20th century and the subsequent Christianization of Manggarai.

Language

The language spoken throughout the region is called Tombo Manggarai, a language with around 43 sub-dialects divided into 5 dialect groups which is very distinct from the languages of ethnic groups to the east and from Indonesian.[8] The 5 dialect groups are Western Manggarai, Central West Manggarai, Central Manggarai, East Manggarai and Far East Manggarai. The latter, separated from other dialects by the Rembong language, is distributed in the north-central part of the island of Flores. It is spoken by about 300,000 people.[3] There are also native speakers of the Rongga language (there are about 5,000 of them) living in three settlements in the southern part of the East Manggarai Regency. This language is not singled out even by most of Manggarai people themselves, because it is considered as part of the Manggarai language.[9]

Culture

Manggarai (Todo-Pongkor) womenfolk.

Religion

More than 90% of the Manggarai people are Catholics; the eastern Manggarai in the region of Borong are Catholics.[10] Some living in the coastal west profess Sunnism (their number is approximately 33,898 people), the spread of Islam on the island of Flores most likely through trading sea-route.[11][12] Meanwhile the population of the central part of the island adheres of traditional beliefs and later mixed with catholicism. This is because under the agreement of 1783 between Sultan Abdulkadim of Bima and dalu of Manggarai, muslim citizens including children of mix marriages, were prohibited to live in the Kedaluan areas and only able to live in coastal area such as Reo, Pota, Bari, Gunung Tallo, and Nangalili.[6]

Traditional beliefs of settlements in the central part of the island include the cult of the supreme creator god, Mori Karaeng, a form of ancestral worship.[13] Massive celebrations are held by the priest to sacrifice buffalos (ata Mbeki), which are accompanied by ritual dances and battles between the two parties of men in military garb.[14]

Rituals

The Manggarai people are known to have series of ritual as a thanksgiving for the life that has been given to them to live in a certain time period. Among others are:-[15]

Traditional clothing

Initially, the traditional clothing consist of two pieces of fabric, reinforced in front and behind with a cord at the waist and hips. Modern clothing are of the same type as mainstream Indonesian.

Fighting arts

Main article: Caci (fighting)
A Caci warrior and his whip, Ruteng, Flores, Indonesia, 2007.

Manggarai people also have a traditional folk sport and war dance called caci, a form of whip fighting where fighting and parrying each other using a whip and a shield is usually performed by two young men in a large field. Caci performance usually begins with danding dance performances, before the caci warriors display their abilities to hit and parry in the competition. The dance is commonly referred to as Tandak Manggarai, a dance performed on stage to predict the outcome of the caci competition.[15]

Society and lifestyle

The early political system of Manggarai was clan-based patrilineal system, and historically they lived in villages consisted of at least two clans.[4] This system was already practiced by communities of Todo, Bajo and Cibal. Later on, the Bima Sultanate organized this system[6] into 39 kedaluans (chiefdoms), each led by a ruler called dalu, which in turn split into smaller administrative units that are known as gelarang (dalu-helpers) and beo (village leaders), additionally Sultan's representatives called naib ruled Reo and Pota, they historically had higher ranking than dalu and were intermediaries between the dalu and Sultan.[6] At the head of the kedaluan is controlled by one of the localized patriarchate clan (wa'u), that ascended from the first settlers.[21] Family relationships are based on the patrilineal line. The Manggarai people recognizes several types of marriages such as matrilateral cross-cousin marriage, Levirate marriage, Sororate marriage, a marriage between the offspring of two sisters that marries the sons of two brothers, and so on.[22] Most monogamous family are formed by Christians, and small groups among Muslims and adherents of traditional beliefs allows Polygyny. The Manggarai people to this day are divided into three social groups namely, aristocrats (karaeng),[23] community members (ata-leke) and descendants of slaves.[24]

The traditional settlement has a circular layout, and the modern (beo) is an ordinary one. In the center of the settlement is a round public space on which is a large tree; usually of the Ficus genus and megalithic structures are found.[25] In the past, a settlement could consist of one large house, which could hold up to 200 people.[26] In modern settlements, beo usually has from 5 to 20 homes of round or oval shape on stilts, with a high (about 9 meters) conical roof descending to the ground.

In Manggarai settlements, free spaces are paved with huge stones. In the city of Ende, the dead are buried in round holes, which are closed by stones placed on the grave.[27]

Livelihood

Distribution of handicrafts are such as carving, metalworking and weaving. They also engage in manual tropical farming (they switched from slash-and-burn system to Crop rotation system to grow Upland rice, legumes, vegetables, tobacco, coffee and corn). Animal husbandry is widespread (buffaloes are bred for socially significant animal ceremonies, horses are kept as packs transportation, pigs and chickens). Manggarai people do not hunt nor do they fish.[10]

Dietary

The main food is corn porridge with vegetables and pork (which are only consumed by non-Muslim Manggarai people), as well as palm wine (tuak). Rice is served on the table only as a festive meal.[28]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Manggarai in Indonesia". Joshua Project. Retrieved 2015-01-17.
  2. ^ Frank M. LeBar & George N. Appell (1972). Ethnic Groups of Insular Southeast Asia: Indonesia, Andaman Islands, and Madagascar. Human Relations Area Files Press. p. 81. ISBN 08-753-6403-9.
  3. ^ a b Darrell T. Tryon (1995). Comparative Austronesian Dictionary: An Introduction to Austronesian Studies. Walter de Gruyter. p. 585. ISBN 31-108-8401-1.
  4. ^ a b "Manggarai". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2017-05-26.
  5. ^ Michael Hitchcock (1996). Islam and identity in Eastern Indonesia. University of Hull Press. p. 33. ISBN 08-595-8646-4.
  6. ^ a b c d [1] Hans Daeng. 1995. Manggarai daerah sengketa antara Bima dan Goa
  7. ^ Karel Steenbrink (2014). Catholics in Indonesia, 1808–1942: A Documented History. Volume 2: The Spectacular Growth of a Self Confident Minority, 1903–1942. BRILL. p. 89. ISBN 978-90-042-5402-2.
  8. ^ Ethnologue: Manggarai
  9. ^ Margaret Florey (2009). Endangered Languages of Austronesia. OUP Oxford. p. 304. ISBN 978-01-995-4454-7.
  10. ^ a b James J. Fox, ed. (1980). "Monni Adams". The Flow of Life: Essays on Eastern Indonesia. Harvard University Press. p. 49. ISBN 06-743-0675-9.
  11. ^ Taufik Abdullah (2009). Indonesia: Towards Democracy. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 60. ISBN 978-98-123-0366-0.
  12. ^ Narendra Singh Bisht & T. S. Bankoti (2004). Encyclopaedia of the South East Asian Ethnography. Global Vision Publishing House. p. 49. ISBN 81-877-4696-3.
  13. ^ Musée Barbier-Mueller (1999). Douglas Newton (ed.). Arts of the South Seas: island Southeast Asia, Melanesia, Polynesia, Micronesia ; the collections of the Musée Barbier-Mueller. Prestel. p. 103. ISBN 37-913-2092-0.
  14. ^ J. A. J. Verheijen (1991). Manggarai dan Wujud Tertinggi. LIPI-RUL. p. 145. ISBN 97-982-5800-2.
  15. ^ a b "Etnis Manggarai, dari Ritual ke Ritual". Liputan6. 19 August 2001. Retrieved 2015-01-17.
  16. ^ Maribeth Erb, Carol Faucher & Priyambudi Sulistiyanto (2013). Regionalism in Post-Suharto Indonesia. Routledge. ISBN 978-11-342-6380-6.
  17. ^ Markus Makur (7 November 2014). I Made Asdhiana (ed.). "Unik, Tradisi "Poka Kaba" di Lembah Kampung Bumbu". Kompas. Retrieved 2016-11-01.
  18. ^ Markus Makur (5 May 2016). "Clean-up ritual a la Manggarai people". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 2016-11-01.
  19. ^ "Penti Weki Peso Beo, Ritus Pembersihan Dosa Kampung (Bagian II)". Berita Satu. 18 August 2012. Retrieved 2016-11-01.
  20. ^ David Edison (1 April 2012). "Mengenal Upacara Penti dalam Budaya Manggarai". Kompasiana. Retrieved 2016-11-01.
  21. ^ M. Junus Melalatoa (1995). Ensiklopedi Suku Bangsa di Indonesia Jilid L-Z. Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan. p. 518.
  22. ^ James J. Fox, ed. (1980). "Monni Adams". The Flow of Life: Essays on Eastern Indonesia. Harvard University Press. pp. 54-55. ISBN 06-743-0675-9.
  23. ^ Louis Fontijne (2004). Gregory L. Forth (ed.). Guardians of the Land in Kelimado: Louis Fontijne's Study of a Colonial District in Eastern Indonesia. KITLV. p. 192. ISBN 90-671-8223-0.
  24. ^ Musée Barbier-Mueller (1999). Douglas Newton (ed.). Arts of the South Seas: island Southeast Asia, Melanesia, Polynesia, Micronesia ; the collections of the Musée Barbier-Mueller. Prestel. p. 102. ISBN 37-913-2092-0.
  25. ^ Robert M. Z. Lawang (2004). Stratifikasi sosial di Cancar, Manggarai, Flores Barat tahun 1950-an dan 1980-an. Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, Universitas Indonesia. p. 56. ISBN 97-995-1357-X.
  26. ^ Timothy L. Gall & Jeneen Hobby, ed. (2009). Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life, Volume 4. Gale. p. 608. ISBN 978-14-144-4892-3.
  27. ^ Ernest Bender, ed. (1969). Journal of the American Oriental Society, Volume 89, Number 3. Baltimore, JAOS. p. 673. ISBN 08-753-6403-9.
  28. ^ Rusyad Adi Suriyanto1, Janatin Hastuti, Neni Trilusiana Rahmawati, Koeshardjono & T. Jacob (2008). "Acromiocristalis Population of Pygmy Rampasasa (Manggarai District, Flores Island, Nusa Tenggara Timur Province)" (PDF). Gadjah Mada University. Retrieved 2015-05-29.((cite web)): CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

Further reading

External links

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