The Manifesto of the 343 (French: Manifeste des 343) is a French petition penned by Simone de Beauvoir, and signed by 343 women, all publicly declaring that they had had an illegal abortion. The manifesto was published under the title, "Un appel de 343 femmes" ('an appeal by 343 women'), on 5 April 1971, in issue 334 of Le Nouvel Observateur, a social democratic French weekly magazine. The piece was the sole topic on the magazine cover.[1][2] Abortion was illegal in France, and by admitting publicly to having aborted, women exposed themselves to criminal prosecution.[citation needed]

The manifesto called for the legalization of abortion and free access to contraception. It paved the way for the "Veil Act"—named for Health Minister Simone Veil—which repealed the penalty for voluntarily terminating a pregnancy. The law was passed in December 1974 and January 1975, and afforded women the ability to abort during the first ten weeks (later extended to fourteen weeks).

Background

Main article: Abortion in France

Following the Liberation of Paris in 1944, the death penalty for abortion was reformed, but abortion continued to be prosecuted vigorously. Illegal abortion rates remained fairly high during the post-war period, and increasing numbers of women began to travel to the United Kingdom to procure abortions after the UK legalized abortion in 1967.

During the period of civil unrest during and after the events of May 1968, a new civil rights movement was becoming prominent throughout the media campaigning for more equal rights and opportunities for women. The Mouvement de Libération des Femmes's ('The Women's Liberation Front') main goal was to advocate for the right of autonomy from their husbands as well as rights that pertained to the use of contraception and legalization of abortion.

The text

The text of the manifesto was written by Simone de Beauvoir.[2] It began (and translated into English):[3]

Un million de femmes se font avorter chaque année en France. Elles le font dans des conditions dangereuses en raison de la clandestinité à laquelle elles sont condamnées, alors que cette opération, pratiquée sous contrôle médical, est des plus simples.

On fait le silence sur ces millions de femmes. Je déclare que je suis l'une d'elles. Je déclare avoir avorté. De même que nous réclamons le libre accès aux moyens anticonceptionnels, nous réclamons l'avortement libre.

One million women in France have abortions every year. Condemned to secrecy, they do so in dangerous conditions, while under medical supervision, this is one of the simplest procedures.

Society is silencing these millions of women. I declare that I am one of them. I declare that I have had an abortion.

Just as we demand free access to contraception, we demand the freedom to have an abortion.

Response

The week after the manifesto appeared, the front page of the satirical weekly Charlie Hebdo carried a drawing attacking male politicians with the question "Qui a engrossé les 343 salopes du manifeste sur l'avortement?"[4][5] ("Who got the 343 sluts from the abortion manifesto pregnant?").[6] This drawing by Cabu gave the manifesto its familiar nickname, often mistaken as the original title.[1] For Maud Gelly,[7] doctor and author, "A caricature meant at ridiculing politicians left a macho insult to qualify these women, and that tells a lot about the anti-feminism sometimes dominating the rewriting of the history of women's struggles."

In 1971, the feminist group Choisir ('To Choose') was founded by Gisèle Halimi, to protect the women who had signed the manifesto. In 1972, Choisir formed itself into a clearly reformist body, and the campaign greatly influenced the passing of the law allowing contraception and legal abortion carried through by Simone Veil in 1974.[8]

It was the inspiration for a February 3, 1973, manifesto by 331 French doctors declaring their support for abortion rights:

We want freedom of abortion. It is entirely the woman's decision. We reject any entity that forces her to defend herself, perpetuates an atmosphere of guilt, and allows underground abortions to persist ...[9]

Notable signatories

See also

Further reading

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh
  2. ^ a b Marie Renard (February 11, 2008). "Swans Commentary: The Unfinished Business Of Simone de Beauvoir". Retrieved December 19, 2008.
  3. ^ "Manifesto of the 343 (translated into English), with signatures". 1971-04-05. Archived from the original on 2016-06-11. Retrieved 2016-06-11.
  4. ^ Image of cover from Charlie Hebdo
  5. ^ "Brief history of women's rights". SOS Femmes. Retrieved December 19, 2008.
  6. ^ Charlie Hebdo (March 6, 2020). "Rétrospective - Le manifeste des 343 salopes". YouTube (in French). Retrieved 20 October 2022.
  7. ^ Gelly, Maud (2005). "Le MLAC et la lutte pour le droit à l'avortement". Fondation Copernic. Archived from the original on 5 April 2008. Retrieved 21 October 2022. PDF
  8. ^ Raylene L. Ramsay (2003). French women in politics: writing power, paternal legitimization, and maternal legacies. Berghahn Books. pp. 135–139. ISBN 978-1-57181-081-6. Retrieved 15 January 2011.
  9. ^ Zancarini-Fournel, Michelle (2003). "Histoire(s) du MLAC (1973-1975)". Clio. Histoire, Femmes et Sociétés (in French). Université de Toulouse-Le Mirail (Mixité et coéducation 18-2003): 241–252. doi:10.4000/clio.624. ISSN 1777-5299. Archived from the original on 2008-12-17. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
  10. ^ In the 2007 film 2 Days in Paris, the mother, played by Marie Pillet, of a character played by Julie Delpy acknowledges herself to have been one of the "343 bitches", reflecting her action in real life.
  11. ^ Hervé, Fred (19 January 2010). "Boris Vian : Sa veuve Ursula Vian-Kübler, est décédée..." pure people (in French). Archived from the original on 2010-01-22. Retrieved 2021-08-26.
  12. ^ Williams, James S (2017-10-10). "Anne Wiazemsky obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved 2021-08-26.

External links

Categories