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((more citations needed|date=February 2022))

In the field of [[photography]], a '''manual focus''' [[camera]] is one in which the user has to adjust the [[Focus (optics)|focus]] of the [[photographic lens|lens]] by hand.  Before the advent of [[autofocus]], all cameras had manually adjusted focusing; thus, the term is a [[retronym]].

The focus itself may be adjusted in a variety of ways.  Larger [[view camera]]s and the like slide the lens closer or further from the [[film plane]] on rails; on smaller cameras, a focus ring on the lens is often rotated to move the lens elements by means of a helical screw.  Other systems include levers on the lens or on the camera body.

There are a number of ways in which focus may be determined.  Simplest is using a distance scale and measuring or estimating distance to the subject.  Other methods include the [[rangefinder]], which uses triangulation to determine the distance.  On other cameras, the photographer examines the focus directly by means of a [[focusing screen]].  On the view camera, this ground glass is placed where the film will ultimately go, and is replaced by a sheet of film once focus is correct.  [[Twin lens reflex]] cameras use two lenses that are mechanically linked, one for focusing and the other to take the photograph.  [[Single lens reflex]] cameras, meanwhile, use the same objective lens for both purposes, with a mirror to direct the light to either the focusing screen or the film.<ref>((Cite book|last=Hedgecoe|first=John|title=The Photographer's Handbook|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|year=1982|location=New York))</ref>

Focusing screens, in their simplest form, consist of a matte glass or plastic surface on which the image can be focused.  Other devices, such as split-image prisms or microprisms, can help determine focus.

Manual focus lenses can also be used on modern digital cameras with an adapter. [[Carl Zeiss AG|Zeiss]], [[Leica Camera|Leica]] and [[Cosina Voigtländer]] are among current manufacturers who continue to make manual lenses in lens mounts native to modern cameras.

==References==
((Reflist))

[[Category:Photographic techniques]]

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