Marcellus
Bust of Marcellus, marble from Paros, dated around 25-20 BC
Born42 BC
Rome, Italy, Roman Republic
Died23 BC
Baiae, Italy, Roman Empire
Burial placeMausoleum of Augustus
Other namesMarcus Claudius Marcellus
SpouseJulia the Elder
Parents
FamilyJulio-Claudian
Roman imperial dynasties
Julio-Claudian dynasty
Chronology
27 BC – AD 14
AD 14–37
AD 37–41
AD 41–54
AD 54–68
Preceded by
Roman Republic		 Followed by
Year of the Four Emperors

Marcus Claudius Marcellus (42–23 BC) was the eldest son of Gaius Claudius Marcellus and Octavia Minor, sister of Augustus (then known as Octavian). He was Augustus' nephew and closest male relative, and began to enjoy an accelerated political career as a result. He was educated with his cousin Tiberius and traveled with him to Hispania where they served under Augustus in the Cantabrian Wars. In 25 BC he returned to Rome where he married his cousin Julia, who was the emperor's daughter. Marcellus and Augustus' general Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa were the two popular choices as heir to the empire. According to Suetonius, this put Agrippa at odds with Marcellus, and is the reason why Agrippa traveled away from Rome to Mytilene in 23 BC.[1]

That year, an illness was spreading in Rome which afflicted both Augustus and Marcellus. Augustus caught it earlier in the year, while Marcellus caught it later, after the emperor had already recovered. The illness proved fatal and killed Marcellus at Baiae, in Campania, Italy. He would be the first member of the imperial family whose ashes were placed in the Mausoleum of Augustus. Despite dying at a young age, Marcellus' position led to his celebration by Sextus Propertius, as well as by Virgil in the Aeneid.

Background

Marcellus was born into the Claudii Marcelli, a plebeian branch of the gens Claudia in 42 BC, the son of Gaius Claudius Marcellus and Octavia Minor.[2] He had two full sisters named Claudia Marcella Major and Claudia Marcella Minor[3] as well as two younger maternal half-sisters named Antonia Major and Antonia Minor.

His mother was the great-niece of Julius Caesar and the sister of Octavian. Octavian would later become the first emperor of Rome and assume the name "Augustus". His father was consul in 50 BC and, despite his initial loyalty to Pompey, sided with Caesar during Caesar's Civil War in 49 BC. After his father's death in 40 BC his mother was married to Marc Antony when Antony and her brother were the most powerful men in the Roman world.[2]

Sextus Propertius and Virgil connect Marcellus to his famous ancestor Marcus Claudius Marcellus, a famous general who fought in the Second Punic War.[4]

Early life

He was betrothed to Pompeia, the daughter of Sextus Pompey, in 39 BC at the peace of Misenum where Octavian and Sextus Pompey agreed to a truce. Marcellus never married Pompeia and she fled with her mother and father to Anatolia in 36 BC.[5][6][7]

Not much is known about his education except that he was taught philosophy by Nestor the Stoic alongside his cousin Tiberius who had moved into Octavia's house following the death of his father Tiberius Claudius Nero in 33 BC. He may also have received some education by Athenaeus Mechanicus, who was a Peripatetic philosopher.[8]

At the conclusion of the War of Actium, Antony was defeated by Octavian at the Battle of Actium in September 31 BC, for which Octavian was awarded a triple triumph. The triumph was held in Rome during which his chariot was preceded by Tiberius and Marcellus. Tiberius rode on the trace-horse to the left while Marcellus rode on the more honorable trace-horse to the right, though Tiberius led the older boys in the Lusus Troiae ("Trojan games") as part of the performances held at the Circus Maximus. Octavian also had money distributed to the children of Rome in Marcellus' name.[9][10][11][12]

Career

Marcellus and Tiberius either accompanied or followed Augustus to Hispania during his campaigns against the Cantabri and Astures in the Cantabrian Wars. During the second campaign in 25 BC, Marcellus and Tiberius were military tribunes with special aedile powers. After the second campaign, Augustus discharged some of his soldiers and allowed them to found the city of Emerita Augusta in Lusitania (now Mérida, Spain). For the soldiers still of military age, he held games under the direction of Marcellus and Tiberius. The campaigns were a way of introducing Marcellus and Tiberius to military life and, more importantly, to the soldiery.[12][13]

He and Tiberius then returned to Rome, probably in the spring of 25 BC. His political career saw acceleration by Augustus, and he was thought to be Augustus' preferred successor by many contemporaries.[14] He was married to his cousin Julia the Elder, who was Augustus' only daughter. The following year (24 BC) he was awarded extraordinary privileges by the Senate:[15][16]

Tacitus writes that Marcellus was a member of the college of pontiffs and a curule aedile.[17]

A question of succession

Augustus fell dangerously ill in 23 BC and did not expect to recover. The model of imperial succession suggested that the closest male relative would succeed, despite the fact that Marcellus had held no office and lacked military experience. His marriage to Augustus' daughter seemed to be a strong indicator, but Augustus seems to have planned his succession so that the strongest and most experienced member of his family would succeed. He gave his signet ring to his lifelong friend and general Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, a sign that Agrippa would succeed him if he were to die. This probably angered Marcellus, who expected to be his heir, though Augustus may have meant for Agrippa to run the empire until Marcellus became more experienced leading armies.[14][18][19]

The consequences of giving the ring to Agrippa is not entirely clear and it began much political speculation in Rome. It was an indication that Rome would remain under Caesarian control even after the death of Augustus. Regardless, the emperor was soon restored to health by an Antonius Musa and began grooming Marcellus for the principate. Agrippa left Rome to supervise the eastern provinces as the political climate in Rome became heated. Agrippa's absence from Rome served to protect him from personal attacks and to remove some of the perceived repression from republican-minded senators.[20] Suetonius reports that Agrippa left Rome because of Augustus' preference for Marcellus.[14][21]

As the political drama developed in Rome, Marcellus had developed a fever. Musa treated his illness the same way he had treated Augustus, using cold baths, but it was to no avail, and Marcellus died. [note 2][22][23]

Post mortem

He was cremated and his ashes were the first to be interred in the Mausoleum of Augustus on the Campus Martius beside the river Tiber. The Mausoleum became the family tomb for Rome's first monarchic family in five centuries.[23] Livia was suspected of having a hand in his death, despite the fact that there was a plague in Rome that claimed many lives. Dio reports that his contemporaries blamed her because Marcellus was favored above her son Tiberius.[24][25][26]

The new theater that was under construction at the foot of the Capitoline Hill was named the Theater of Marcellus by Augustus in his honor. The Theater is an impressive structure even today after centuries of reuse.[23]

His mother Octavia had a library dedicated to him in the Porticus Octaviae, which would later be organized by Gaius Maecenas Melissus, former slave of the famous Maecenas.[27][28]

Sextus Propertius wrote an epikedion for Marcellus (3.18) in which he criticizes Baiae, the place of his death, and elevates Marcellus to the level of Julius Caesar and his famous (alleged) ancestor Marcus Claudius Marcellus who fought in the Second Punic War.[4]

Virgil published Aeneid, his great epic of the foundation of Rome, four or five years after the death of Marcellus. In book six, the protagonist Aeneas is taken to the Underworld in one of the prophecy scenes where he encounters the spirit of Marcellus. It includes a narrative of the funeral of Marcellus on the Campus Martius. Virgil writes he was to have been the greatest of Romans, but even the gods were jealous and took Marcellus from the Roman people.[29]

Cultural depictions

Due to his close relation to the leading member of Roman politics, he is depicted in many works of art. The most notable of which include:

Ancestry

Notes

  1. ^ Barbara Levick says he was given the right to stand for the aedileship of 23 BC (Levick 2003, p. 8), but Cassius Dio says Marcellus was immediately made aedile and Tiberius was made quaestor (Cassius Dio LVIII, 26).
  2. ^ Augustus was ruling as the first among equals (princeps), not as an outright monarch. The public mourning of Marcellus was seen as the emergence of a royal dynasty, one in which Marcellus was a fallen prince (Alston 2015, p. 252).
  3. ^ Though the work does not depict him directly, it is of his mother fainting after hearing Virgil recite lines referencing Marcellus' youthful virtues in book six of his Aeneid (Woolf 2003, p. 16).

References

  1. ^ Richardson 2012, p. 98
  2. ^ a b c Southern 2013, p. 4
  3. ^ Wood 2000, p. 322
  4. ^ a b Cairns 2006, p. 351
  5. ^ Cassius Dio, XLVIII, 38
  6. ^ Smith 1873, p. 473
  7. ^ Syme 1989, p. 256
  8. ^ Levick 2003, p. 5
  9. ^ Suetonius, Life of Tiberius 6
  10. ^ Gurval 1998, p. 21
  11. ^ Alston 2015, p. 225
  12. ^ a b Levick 2003, pp. 8–9
  13. ^ Cassius Dio, LIII, 26
  14. ^ a b c Dunstan 2010, p. 274
  15. ^ Cassius Dio, LIII, 28
  16. ^ Levick 2003, p. 8
  17. ^ Tacitus, I.3
  18. ^ Alston 2015, p. 248
  19. ^ Southern 2013, p. 120
  20. ^ Alston 2015, pp. 249–250
  21. ^ Suetonius, Life of Augustus 66.3
  22. ^ Cassius Dio, LIII, 30
  23. ^ a b c Alston 2015, pp. 250–252
  24. ^ Cassius Dio, LIII 33.4
  25. ^ a b Southern 2013, p. 208
  26. ^ Swan 2004, p. 302
  27. ^ Cairns 2006, p. 260
  28. ^ Swan 2004, p. 72
  29. ^ Alston 2015, p. 251
  30. ^ Woolf 2003, p. 16
  31. ^ Newcomb 1997, p. 1157

Bibliography

Primary sources

Secondary sources

  • Alston, Richard (2015), Rome's Revolution: Death of the Republic and Birth of the Empire, Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780190231606
  • Cairns, Francis (2006), Sextus Propertius: The Augustan Elegist, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521864572
  • Dunstan, William E. (2010), Ancient Rome, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, ISBN 9780742568341
  • Gurval, Robert Alan (1998), Actium and Augustus: The Politics and Emotions of Civil War, University of Michigan Press, ISBN 9780472084890
  • Levick, Barbara (2003), Tiberius the Politician, Routledge, ISBN 9781134603787
  • Newcomb, Horace (1997), Encyclopedia of Television, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-203-93734-1
  • Richardson, J. S. (2012), Augustan Rome 44 BC to AD 14: The Restoration of the Republic and the Establishment of the Empire, Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 9780748655335
  • Southern, Patricia (2013), Augustus, Routledge, ISBN 9781134589562
  • Swan, Michael Peter (2004), The Augustan Succession: An Historical Commentary on Cassius Dio's Roman History, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-516774-0
  • Syme, Ronald (1989), The Augustan Aristocracy, Clarendon Press, ISBN 9780198147312
  • Wood, Susan E. (2000), Imperial Women: A Study in Public Images, 40 B.c. - A.d. 68, BRILL, ISBN 9789004119697
  • Woolf, Greg (2003), The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Roman World, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521827751
  •  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1873). "Pompeia". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Vol. 3. p. 473.

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