March 7, 1962: First Orbiting Solar Observatory launched by U.S.OSO IMarch 18, 1962: Algerian independence fighters and France sign the Évian Accords to end the Algerian War after more than seven yearsMarch 3, 1962: United Kingdom claims slice of Antarctica
All 95 people aboard American Airlines Flight 1 were killed when the Boeing 707, crashed shortly after its 10:07 am takeoff from Idlewild Airport at New York. The dead included W. Alton Jones, philanthropist and chairman of the board of Cities Service Company (now CITGO).[2] An investigation concluded that the crash was caused by a rudder malfunction, which sent the plane into an uncontrolled roll resulting and loss of control.[3]
A three-story hotel collapsed in the Egyptian city of Asyut, killing 34 people who were eating after sunset on Eid ul-Fitr, a feast celebrating the end of the fasting of the month of Ramadan on the Islamic calendar. Seven survivors were recovered alive from the rubble.[4]
Benedicto Kiwanuka became the interim Prime Minister of Uganda as the United Kingdom granted the African colony self-government. He would be replaced by Milton Obote the next month, before Uganda's independence on October 9, and would later be murdered by Ugandan President Idi Amin in 1972.[5]
The very first Kmart discount store was opened by the S.S. Kresge Corporation in the United States in Garden City, Michigan.[6] Kresge CEO Harry Cunningham founded and oversaw the growth of what would be the largest chain of American discount stores by 1964. In 1990, Kmart would yield its #1 spot to Walmart, also founded in 1962.[7]
The first test of another nation's nuclear weapon in the United States took place when the United Kingdom was allowed to perform an underground test of a 9,500-ton bomb at the Nevada Test Site.[8]
Marvel Comics introduced "The Incredible Hulk" as the first issue of the comic book, by that name, on the shelves of U.S. stores and newsstands. Issue #1 was post-dated to May 1962 in accordance with industry practice.[9][10]
The largest ticker-tape parade in history took place in New York City as an estimated 4 million well-wishers turned out to salute American astronautJohn Glenn. The city sanitation department collected 3,474 tonnes (3,419 long tons; 3,829 short tons) of tossed paper afterward, compared to an average of 50 tonnes (49 long tons; 55 short tons) for parades in the 21st century.[11][12] "John Glenn Day" also included Mayor Robert F. Wagner Jr. presenting Glenn and Robert R. Gilruth with the city's Medal of Honor.[11]
In Burma (now Myanmar), General Ne Win and the Burmese Army staged a nearly bloodless coup d'état against the civilian government of Prime MinisterU Nu. U Nu was arrested, along with the nation's president, the Chief Justice, and five of his cabinet members. Ne Win would rule the nation until his retirement in 1988, and military rule continued.[15][16]
In a nationally broadcast address, U.S. PresidentJohn F. Kennedy announced that the United States would resume atmospheric nuclear testing within six weeks unless the Soviet Union ceased above-ground testing while pursuing the proposed Nuclear Test Ban Treaty.[17] The U.S. would resume atmospheric testing on April 25 after the U.S.S.R. continued. A limited test ban treaty would be signed on July 25, 1963.[18]
Wilt Chamberlain set a professional basketball record, still standing 50 years later, by scoring 100 points in an NBA game in Hershey, Pennsylvania, where his Philadelphia Warriors were playing the New York Knickerbockers. Chamberlain broke the previous record of 78, which he had set in January, hitting 36 field goals and 28 foul shots. The Warriors' 169–147 over the Knicks set a record for most points (316) scored by both teams in a game. A crowd of 4,124 witnessed the event.[19][20]
Liu Cheng-sze, a second lieutenant in Communist China's air force, defected to Taiwan, bringing with him a Soviet-built MiG-15 jet fighter. Liu had broken away from a training mission, then flew the jet 200 miles (320 km) south and landed near Taipei, where he surrendered to the Nationalist Chinese Air Force.[28] A parade was held in his honor on March 10, with 200,000 people turning out to honor him.[29]
All 111 people on Caledonian Airways Flight 153 were killed when the Douglas DC-7, crashed into a jungle swamp near Douala in Cameroon, for the worst single plane crash in history up to that time. The flight had originated in Lourenço Marques (now Maputo) in Mozambique, making multiple stops with an eventual destination in Luxembourg City, and had taken off bound for Lisbon.[31] The bodies of the victims, most of them British and South African tourists, were buried in a common grave.[32]
U.S. pilots Scott Carpenter and Walter Schirra began water-escape exercises in conjunction with helicopter pickups, after being selected as pilot and backup pilot, respectively, for May's Mercury 7 mission.[11]
Giorgio Borġ Olivier became Prime Minister of Malta for the second time, following the return to power of his Nationalist Party in February elections. Mr. Borg Olivier had served previously from 1950 to 1955 and would serve again until 1971.
A B-58 Hustler jet, piloted by U.S. Air Force Captain Robert Sowers, and a crew of two, set three new records by flying from Los Angeles to New York in 2 hours, 01:15, then back again in 2 hours, 15:02.[36] The sonic boom, from the jet's speed of more than 1,000 miles per hour (1,600 km/h), broke windows in Riverside, California, and Chillicothe, Missouri, when it accelerated at 30,000 feet (9,100 m) and during a refueling, and emergency calls were made in cities beneath the flight path. The USAF received more than 10,000 complaints as a result of the flight.[37]
Rated by the U.S. Geological Survey as "The most destructive storm ever to hit the mid-Atlantic states" of the US, and as one of the ten worst U.S. storms in the 20th century, the Ash Wednesday Storm of 1962 began forming off the coast of North Carolina and continued for three days as it moved up the Eastern seaboard as far as New York.[43] Heavy winds and rain coincided with a perigean spring tide, when a new Moon occurred when the Moon was making its closest approach to the Earth. The combined tugging of Moon and Sun made the tides higher than normal. Forty people were killed and $500,000,000 of damage was incurred.[44]
U.S. Patent #3,023,527 was granted to Wayne Leek and Charles Morse for the Remington Nylon 66, a rifle which required no added lubricants because the stock was made of the nylon variant Zytel.[45]
In a joint statement issued by U.S. Secretary of State Dean Rusk and Thailand's Foreign Minister Thanat Khoman, the United States pledged to go to war to defend against any attack on Thailand by Communist guerillas.[46]
In London, the Royal College of Physicians issued its report, "Smoking and Health", declaring that "Cigarette smoking is a cause of lung cancer. It also causes bronchitis and probably contributes to the development of coronary heart disease and various other less common diseases. It delays healing of gastric and duodenal ulcers." Sir Robert Platt, the president of the organization, led a committee of nine physicians to compile the research.[48][49] A panel led by the U.S. Surgeon General would draw a similar conclusion nearly two years later on January 11, 1964.
OSO I, the first of nine Orbiting Solar Observatory satellites, launched by the United States, was launched from Cape Canaveral and put into orbit around the Earth, to measure radiation from the Sun.[50] OSO I performed remarkably well in conducting the 13 different experiments for which it was programmed. Especially relevant to human spaceflight were its measurements of solar radiation in high frequency ranges, of cosmic dust effects, and of the thermal properties of spacecraft surface materials.[11]
The Tipsport Arena opened in Prague, as the Sportovni Hala Praha. In addition to concerts and entertainment, it is the host to the ice hockey team HC Sparta Praha.[51]
McDonnell awarded a $6.5 million subcontract to Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator Company, Minneapolis, Minnesota, to provide the attitude control and maneuvering electronics system for the Gemini spacecraft.[38] The Gemini Project Office accepted McDonnell's preliminary design of the spacecraft's main undercarriage for use in land landings and authorized McDonnell to proceed with detail design. Dynamic model testing of the undercarriage was scheduled to begin about April 1.[38]
American drug manufacturer Richardson-Merrell Pharmaceuticals withdrew its request for the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to approve the prescription of thalidomide, which the company had developed under the name Kelvadon. On the same day, the company withdrew the drug from sale in Canada. American marketing of the medicine, which had caused severe birth defects in 15,000 babies, primarily in West Germany, had been blocked by FDA reviewer Frances Oldham Kelsey, who was later given an award by President Kennedy.[53]
The MSC directed North American Aviation to develop an emergency parachute recovery system for the Paraglider Development Program and authorized North American to subcontract the emergency recovery system to Northrop's Radioplane Division for $225,000. North American also subcontracted $227,000 to Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company to study materials and test fabrics for inflatable structures.[38]
Born:Kim Ung-yong, South Korean engineer and former child prodigy listed by Guinness for "Highest IQ", with a measured intelligence quotient of 210; in Seoul[54]
In the second deadly mine explosion in West Germany in as many months, 29 underground coal miners were killed at the Saachen mine near Hamm.[55]
Three babies at the Binghamton General Hospital in Binghamton, New York, United States, died suddenly of heart failure. Three more were dead the next day, with four others in critical condition, and all had abnormally high sodium levels. The deaths of the six infants, three boys and three girls who ranged in age from 3 days to 8 months old, were traced to a nurse's mistaken placement of salt, three days earlier, into a sugar container used for the making of baby formula. Ironically, the discovery was made by another nurse who broke hospital rules when she made herself a cup of coffee in the formula room.[56][57] The deaths were subsequently ruled as accidental.[58]
Newly independent from France, the Kingdom of Morocco adopted its first constitution.[59]
Scottish football club Kilmarnock's home attendance record was broken when a crowd of 35,995 turned out to see them play Glasgow Rangers in the Scottish Cup, at the Rugby Park stadium.
Died:John Henry Turpin, 85, African-American U.S. Navy officer and one of the last survivors of the 1898 explosion and sinking of the U.S. Navy cruiser USS Maine[61]
Mars Rafikov, one of the original 20 Soviet cosmonauts, was arrested for public intoxication, along with Ivan Anikeyev. Rafikov, who had been reprimanded on several other occasions, was dismissed from the program on March 14.[64]
The "Franc Zone" was created among former French African colonies that had become independent nations, with France managing their economic policies, treasuries, and currencies.[65]
Cuba began the rationing of rice, beans, and lard throughout the nation, and of beef, chicken, fish, eggs, and milk in Havana, and introduced the "libreta", literally the "little book", of rationing coupons for families.[66]
U.S. Army General L. L. Lemnitzer, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, presented Operation Northwoods, a top-secret proposal to use American funding for terror attacks within the United States, to U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara. With the goal of carrying out violent acts that could be blamed on the Communist government in Cuba in order to get support for an invasion, the proposals included exploding an empty U.S. Navy ship in Guantanamo Bay and creating a false list of casualties; and faking an attack, to be blamed on Cuba, on a chartered airliner flying from the United States. The most incredible proposal was to simulate a "Communist Cuban terror campaign in the Miami area, other Florida cities, and even in Washington", including "exploding a few plastic bombs in carefully chosen spots", and directed against Cuban refugees "even to the point of wounding." McNamara vetoed the plan, which would be declassified in 2001, before it reached President Kennedy.[70][71]
Wing Luke, a native of China who moved to the United States as a child, was elected as the first non-white person to serve on the city council of Seattle, and the first Asian American to hold an elective office in the State of Washington. Luke would serve until May 17, 1965, when he was killed in a plane crash.[72]
Edward M. "Teddy" Kennedy, the 30-year-old brother of U.S. President John F. Kennedy and U.S. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, announced his candidacy for the Democratic nomination for the United States Senate seat that had been held by JFK. The incumbent, Benjamin A. Smith II, was a Kennedy family friend who had been appointed to fill the seat until a special election could be scheduled. Ted Kennedy, who had to wait until his 30th birthday, on February 22, to become eligible, would win the primary and general election, and then re-election in 1964, 1970, 1976, 1982, 1988, 1994, 2000 and 2006, serving for almost 47 years until his death in 2009.[73]
Use of ejection seats to escape from the Gemini spacecraft
Specifications for the ejection seat for the Gemini spacecraft were made by the Project Office, with the seats to be operated manually. Under the design proposal, both seats had to eject simultaneously if either system was activated. Although ejection seats had been widely used in military aircraft for years, Gemini requirements, notably for off-the-pad abort capability, were beyond the capabilities of existing flight-qualified systems. McDonnell awarded a $1.8 million subcontract to Weber Aircraft for the Gemini ejection seats on April 9 and a $741,000 subcontract to Rocket Power, Inc. May 15 for the escape system rocket catapult.[38]
The MSC revised the Gemini program schedule to increase the number of test vehicles. The first uncrewed qualification flight was still scheduled for July 1963, but crewed flight was postponed to late October 1963, and the first Agena flight to April 1964.[38]
In an address to a joint session of the U.S. Congress and a milestone in the history of consumer protection, President Kennedy asked for the passage of the "Consumer Bill of Rights". The President listed four basic rights that should be guaranteed by the federal government to American purchasers of goods and services— the right to safety, the right to be informed, the right to choose and the right to be heard. After being passed into law, the idea would be taken up worldwide and serve as the inspiration for the United Nations Guidelines for Consumer Protection.[78]
Flying Tiger Line Flight 739, a Lockheed Constellation airliner carrying 96 Army personnel and a crew of 11 to the Philippines, disappeared at 1:30 am local time (1530 GMT on March 15) after taking off from Guam.[83] Despite a massive search of the Pacific Ocean, no trace of the airliner, nor the 107 people on board, was ever found.[84]
Kosmos 1, the first of a series of earth-orbiting satellites from the Soviet space program, was launched. Kosmos 1000 would be sent up in 1978, and Kosmos 2000 in 1989.[86] Over the first fifty years, 2479 of the series would be launched.
The U.S. Air Force made its first test launch of a Titan IIintercontinental ballistic missile. The launch was successful, as the missile flew 5,000 miles (8,000 km) out over the Atlantic Ocean.[38]
The annual Gaelic Games competition was televised for the first time, as RTÉ broadcast the finals of the Railway Cup, hurling championship of the Gaelic Athletic Association. Leinster beat defending champion Munster by a score of 1 goal, 11 points to 1 goal, nine points, equivalent to 14–12.[89]
Kalpana Chawla, Indian-born American astronaut and aerospace engineer who was one of the seven crew members who died in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster when the spacecraft disintegrated during its re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere; in Karnal, East Punjab[92]
Representatives of France and of the Front de libération nationale (FLN) leading the independence movement in Algeria signed the Évian Accords, an agreement in Évian-les-Bains ending the Algerian War.[95]Krim Belkacem and Saad Dahlab negotiated for the FLN, while the Minister for Algerian Affairs, Louis Joxe, appeared for France. Krim successfully resisted a threatened partition of Algeria into European and Arab sections, as well as a plan to give dual citizenship to European Algerians, while Joxe was able to secure French military bases in the former overseas department.[96] The agreement would be approved by 91% of French voters and nearly 100% of Algerian voters in separate referendums, and Algeria would become independent on July 3.[97]
After more than seven years of fighting between the French Army and the Algerian FLN, a ceasefire was declared in the Algerian War at noon local time pursuant to Article 1 of the Évian Accords.[99] Sporadic fighting continued in Saint-Denis-du-Sig (now Sig), where 52 people were killed in fighting between Muslim crowds and a Muslim unit of the French Army.[100]
Resolution 83-A took effect in Cuba, outlawing professional sports.[101]
Advanced Technology Laboratories, Inc. received a $3.2 million subcontract from McDonnell to provide the horizon sensor system for the Gemini spacecraft, while Thiokol Chemical Corporation was awarded a $400,000 subcontract to provide the retrograde rockets for the Gemini spacecraft.[38]
Defying the ceasefire between the French Army and the Algerian FLN guerillas, the dissident European Algerian group, the OAS fired five mortar shells into a crowd of civilians at the Casbah in Algiers, killing four and wounding 67 people.[105]
At an extraordinary session of the National Assembly, French deputies and senators approved the statements made by the President of the Republic, Charles de Gaulle, and by the Government following the signing of the Évian Accords on Algeria.
Mercury spacecraft 19, the latest in the US human spaceflight program. was delivered to Cape Canaveral in the orbital-manned configuration, but this mission would be canceled after the successful six-orbit flight of Wally Schirra.[11]
The US town of Woodruff Place, Indiana, incorporated in 1876, came to an end as a separate town after the United States Supreme Court declined to review a state court decision that allowed the area to be annexed by Indianapolis.[106]
Died:Stan Wootton, 66, Australian rules footballer and cricketer
Protesting the decision of the military government to require approval of any candidates for political office, Yun Po Sun resigned as President of South Korea.[109]
The U.S. Air Force Space Systems Division awarded a contract to Aerojet-General Corporation for the research, development, and procurement of 15 propulsion systems for the Gemini launch vehicle. The final engine was scheduled for delivery by April 1965.[38]
McDonnell Aircraft awarded a $4,475,000 subcontract to the Western Military Division of Motorola, Inc. to design and build the digital command system (DCS) for the Gemini spacecraft.[38]
Having moved to the Soviet Union, Lee Harvey Oswald received a March 7 notice advising that his discharge from the U.S. Marines had been changed from "honorable" to "undesirable" and wrote an unsuccessful protest to the U.S. Department of Defense.[113]
Adolf Eichmann began an appeal to an Israeli court, as his lawyer, Robert Servatius sought to spare Eichmann from the death sentence ordered in his 1961 war crimes conviction.[114] The verdict would be upheld, and Eichmann would be executed on May 31.[115]
As part of the Evian Accords, France and Algeria granted a general amnesty to Algerian nationalists who "aided or abetted the Algerian insurrection" and to French and Algerian servicemen who "have committed infractions during the maintenance of order against the Algerian insurrection". On June 17, 1966, France would extend the amnesty to OAS members "who committed infractions against state security during the events in Algeria.[116]
JFK, Hoover and RFK in February 1961
FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover met at the White House with John F. Kennedy, to advise him about what findings from a wiretap revealed. Not only was Hoover aware that President Kennedy was conducting an extramarital affair with Judith Exner, Hoover advised that Ms. Exner was also romantically involved with organized crime figures Sam Giancana and Johnny Roselli, and with Frank Sinatra.[117] After the meeting, Kennedy called Exner to terminate the relationship. The affair would not become public knowledge until Congressional hearings were held in 1975.[118]
Louis Joxe, France's Minister for Algerian Affairs, broadcast on radio to clarify the substance of the Franco-Algerian Accords signed in Évian five days previously, as well as the future outlook for Algeria.
The Scandinavian States of the Nordic Council signed the Helsinki Convention on Nordic Co-operation.
The Air Force Space Systems Division published the "Development Plan for the Gemini Launch Vehicle System". From experience in Titan II and Mercury programs, the planners estimated a budget of $164,400,000, including a 50% contingency for cost increases and unforeseen changes.[38]
World welterweight boxing champion Benny Paret of Cuba lost his title to former champion Emile Griffith of the US Virgin Islands in a bout at Madison Square Garden in New York City, United States. In the 12th round, Griffith unleashed a torrent of punches as Paret was on the ropes, and referee Ruby Goldstein stopped the fight. Peret sagged, then collapsed.[122] Paret, who had knocked down Griffith at the end of the sixth round, was taken to Roosevelt Hospital, where he underwent emergency brain surgery. He never regained consciousness and died on April 2.[123]
Edmond Jouhaud, former General of the French Army who had become second-in-command of the European Algerian OAS, was arrested in Oran. It was not until six hours after his capture that police discovered that Messr. Gerberd was actually General Jouhaud. OAS Commander Raoul Salan remained at large.[127]
In Baker v. Carr, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled, 6–2, that federal courts could order state legislatures to reapportion seats.[131] In doing so, the Court overturned its 1946 ruling, in Colegrove v. Green, that it had no jurisdiction to decide redistricting disputes were political issues. Within a year after the ruling, lawsuits had been filed in 36 states to redraw the legislative maps.[132]
Hundreds of European settlers in Algeria staged a peaceful march in Algiers to protest against the sealing off of their neighborhood at Bab El Oued. As they approached French Army barricades, fighting broke out, leaving 51 dead, mostly European, and 130 wounded.[133]
After having withdrawn from public view for several months, Cuban Premier Fidel Castro went on television to denounce Anibal Escalante, who had been a high-ranking official of the Cuban Communist Party. Escalante, whom Castro accused of "sectarianism" and using the Party to further his personal ambition, was fired the next day.[134]
France shortened the term for military service from 26 months to 18.
After an eleven-day showdown with the Argentine armed forces over the gains of Peronists in the March 18 elections, President Arturo Frondizi was forced to resign. Frondizi, who had reportedly avoided overthrow in 25 previous coups d'état, was arrested at his home and then flown to a military base on Martín García Island.[140] Two days later, Senate President José María Guido would be approved by the armed forces as the new president.[141]
McDonnell awarded a $2,500,000 subcontract to Collins Radio Company for voice communications systems for the Gemini spacecraft.[38]
Died:Robert Neyland, 70, former U.S. Army Brigadier General and long time (1926 to 1953) football coach of the University of Tennessee, including the 1951 college football championship ranking. Neyland received the Distinguished Service Medal during World War II and was an inductee into the National College Football Hall of Fame.[142] Tennessee's Neyland Stadium, with more than 100,000 seats, would be named in his honor.
Danish cargo ship Kirsten Skou collided with a West German ship, Karpfanger, in the English Channel and sank. All 35 crew members were rescued.[144]
The conveying of a life peerage on British Conservative MP Sir Ian Macdonald Horobin was announced. Two weeks later he would withdrew his acceptance[145] and would be subsequently jailed for an indecency offence.
Honeywell received an $18,000,000 subcontract from McDonnell to provide the inertial measuring unit (IMU) for the Gemini spacecraft, a stabilized inertial platform including an electronic unit and a power supply, designed to provide a stable reference for determining spacecraft attitude and to indicate changes in spacecraft velocity.[38]
U.S. Comedian Jack Paar concluded his last appearance as host of The Jack Paar Show, then known informally as The Tonight Show on NBC, after five years.[146] The guests on the last show were Jack E. Leonard, Alexander King, Robert Merrill and Buddy Hackett. Among those appearing in taped farewell messages were Richard Nixon, Robert Kennedy, Billy Graham, Bob Hope and Jack Benny. Hugh Downs was the announcer, and Jose Melis led the band. The show would continue as The Tonight Show the following week, with guest hosts, until Johnny Carson took over on October 1, 1962. Paar's last regular appearance was on a Thursday. The final show, on Friday March 30, 1962, was a "Best Of Paar" rerun.
President Kennedy nominated former college and pro football player Byron "Whizzer" White, the Deputy Attorney General of the United States, to succeed Charles Whittaker.[147]
Ted Kennedy, running for the U.S. Senate seat vacated by his older brother, President John F. Kennedy, disclosed that he had been required to drop out of Harvard University in 1951, after having cheated on a freshman examination.[148] Nevertheless, the younger Kennedy would win the 1962 primary and general elections, and be re-elected for more terms by Massachusetts voters.
Martin-Baltimore submitted a "Description of the Launch Vehicle for the Gemini Spacecraft" to Air Force Space Systems Division. This document laid the foundation for the design of the Gemini launch vehicle by defining the concept and philosophy of each proposed subsystem.[38]
A tornado killed 15 people in the city of Milton, Florida, and injured more than 75.[152]
The McDonnell Aircraft Company formally froze further changes in the configuration of the Gemini spacecraft, and the specifications were submitted to NASA and approved.[38]
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^"Babies Die In Hospital; Probe Due". Spokane Spokesman-Review. March 12, 1962. p. 1.
^"Why 6 Babies Died Of Salt Poison". Miami News. June 20, 1962. p. 2A.
^Timothy Waema and Edith Ofwona Adera, Local Governance and ICTs in Africa: Case Studies and Guidelines for Implementation and Evaluation (IDRC, 2011) p167
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^Phillip C. Naylor, Historical Dictionary of Algeria (Scarecrow Press, 2006) pp224-225
^Martin Evans and John Phillips, Algeria: Anger of the Dispossessed (Yale University Press, 2007) p63
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^"French Troops Capture One Of Top Underground Leaders", Ocala (FL) Star-Banner, March 26, 1962; "Secret Army's No. 2 Man Arrested in Raid in Oran", New York Times, March 27, 1962, p1
^FAA Aviation News. Office of Public Affairs, Federal Aviation Agency. May 1972. p. 8.
^"US High Court Reverses Stand on Reapportionment", Milwaukee Journal, March 26, 1962, p1
^Christine L. Compston, Earl Warren: Justice for All (Oxford University Press, 2002) p125
^"51 Die in Algiers Massacre", Milwaukee Journal, March 25, 1962, p1
^"Castro Fires Stalin-Type Red Leader", Pittsburgh Press, March 27, 1962, p1
^James Glanz and Eric Lipton, City in the Sky: The Rise and Fall of the World Trade Center (Macmillan, 2003) p66; "Rockefeller Signs Hudson Tube Bill; H. & M.-Trade Center Work to Be Started Quickly", New York Times, March 28, 1962, p27
^Churchman, Geoffrey B; Hurst, Tony (2001) [1990, 1991]. The Railways of New Zealand: A Journey through History (Second ed.). Transpress New Zealand. ISBN0-908876-20-3. page 183
