Margrethe II
Margrethe II in 2012
Queen of Denmark
Reign14 January 1972 – present
PredecessorFrederick IX
Heir apparentFrederik
Prime Ministers
See list
Born (1940-04-16) 16 April 1940 (age 83)
Amalienborg, Copenhagen, Denmark
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1967; died 2018)​
Issue
Detail
Names
Margrethe Alexandrine Þórhildur Ingrid
HouseGlücksburg[1]
FatherFrederick IX of Denmark
MotherIngrid of Sweden
ReligionChurch of Denmark
SignatureMargrethe II's signature

Margrethe II (Danish: [mɑˈkʁeˀtə]; Margrethe Alexandrine Þórhildur Ingrid, born 16 April 1940) is Queen of Denmark.[a] Having reigned as Denmark's monarch for over 50 years, she is the world's only queen regnant and the longest-serving current female head of state.

Born into the House of Glücksburg, a cadet branch of the House of Oldenburg, Margrethe is the eldest child of King Frederick IX and Queen Ingrid. She became heir presumptive to her father in 1953, when a constitutional amendment allowed women to inherit the throne. Margrethe succeeded her father upon his death on 14 January 1972. On her accession, she became the first female monarch of Denmark since Margrethe I, ruler of the Scandinavian kingdoms in 1376–1412 during the Kalmar Union. In 1967, she married Henri de Laborde de Monpezat, with whom she had two sons: Crown Prince Frederik and Prince Joachim.

Margrethe is known for her strong archaeological passion and has participated in several excavations, including in Italy, Egypt, Denmark and South America.[2] She shared this interest with her grandfather Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden, with whom she spent some time unearthing artefacts near Etruria in 1962.[3]

As of 2023, Margrethe has, as sovereign, received 42 official state visits and she has undertaken 55 foreign state visits herself.[4][5] She and the royal family have made several other foreign visits.[4] Support for the monarchy in Denmark has been and remains consistently high at around 82%, as does Margrethe's personal popularity.[3][6]

Early life

Margrethe's birthplace: Frederik VIII's Palace at Amalienborg

Princess Margrethe was born 16 April 1940 at Frederik VIII's Palace, in her parents' residence at the Amalienborg palace complex, the principal residence of the Danish royal family in the district of Frederiksstaden in central Copenhagen. She was the first child of the Crown Prince and Crown Princess (later King Frederick IX and Queen Ingrid). Her father was the elder son of the then-reigning King Christian X, while her mother was the only daughter of the Crown Prince of Sweden (later King Gustaf VI Adolf). Her birth took place just one week after Nazi Germany's invasion of Denmark on 9 April 1940.[7]

Margrethe was baptised on 14 May in the Holmen Church in Copenhagen.[7] The Princess's godparents were King Christian X (paternal grandfather); Hereditary Prince Knud (paternal uncle); Prince Axel (her paternal grandfather's first cousin); King Gustaf V of Sweden (maternal great-grandfather); Crown Prince Gustaf Adolf of Sweden (maternal grandfather); Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten (her maternal uncle); and Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn (maternal great-grandfather).

She was named Margrethe after her late maternal grandmother, Margaret, Crown Princess of Sweden, Alexandrine after her paternal grandmother, Queen Alexandrine, and Ingrid after her mother. Since her paternal grandfather was also the King of Iceland, she was given the Icelandic name Þórhildur.[8]

When Margrethe was four years old, in 1944, her younger sister Princess Benedikte was born. Princess Benedikte later married Prince Richard of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg and lives some of the time in Germany. Her second sister, Princess Anne-Marie, was born in 1946. Anne-Marie later married King Constantine II of the Hellenes and currently lives in Greece.

Margrethe and her sisters grew up in apartments at Frederick VIII's Palace at Amalienborg in Copenhagen and in Fredensborg Palace in North Zealand. She spent summer holidays with the royal family in her parents' summer residence at Gråsten Palace in Southern Jutland. On 20 April 1947, King Christian X died and Margrethe's father ascended the throne as King Frederick IX.

To her family and close friends, Margrethe is known affectionately as "Daisy."[9]

Heir presumptive

Princess Margrethe in August 1966

At the time of her birth, only males could ascend the throne of Denmark, owing to the changes in succession laws enacted in the 1850s when the Glücksburg branch was chosen to succeed. As Margrethe had no brothers, it was assumed that her uncle Prince Knud would one day assume the throne.

The process of changing the constitution started in 1947, not long after Margrethe's father ascended the throne and it became clear that Queen Ingrid would have no more children. The popularity of Frederick and his daughters and the more prominent role of women in Danish life started the complicated process of altering the constitution. The law required that the proposal be passed by two successive Parliaments and then by a referendum, which occurred 27 March 1953. The new Act of Succession permitted female succession to the throne of Denmark, according to male-preference cognatic primogeniture, where a female can ascend to the throne only if she does not have a brother. Princess Margrethe therefore became heir presumptive.[7] In 2009, the law of succession was modified into absolute primogeniture.[10]

On her eighteenth birthday, 16 April 1958, Margrethe was given a seat in the Council of State. She subsequently chaired the meetings of the Council in the absence of the King.[7]

In 1960, together with the princesses of Sweden and Norway, she travelled to the United States, which included a visit to Los Angeles, and to the Paramount Studios, where they met several celebrities, including Dean Martin, Jerry Lewis and Elvis Presley.[11]

Education

Margrethe was educated at the private school N. Zahle's School in Copenhagen, from which she graduated in 1959. She spent a year at North Foreland Lodge, a boarding school for girls in Hampshire, England,[12] and later studied prehistoric archaeology at Girton College, Cambridge, during 1960–1961, political science at Aarhus University between 1961 and 1962, attended the Sorbonne in 1963, and was at the London School of Economics in 1965.[13] She is a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London.[7]

Margrethe is fluent in Danish, French, English, Swedish and German, and has a limited knowledge of Faroese.[7][13]

Marriage and children

Margrethe and Henri in 1966

During Princess Margrethe's stay in London, she met the French diplomat, Henri-Marie-Jean-André de Laborde de Monpezat, who was legation secretary at the Embassy of France in London. Their engagement was announced on October 5, 1966. They were married on June 10, 1967, at the Holmen Church in Copenhagen, and the wedding reception was held at Fredensborg Palace.[7] Laborde de Monpezat received the style and title of "His Royal Highness Prince Henrik of Denmark" because of his new position as the spouse of the heir presumptive to the Danish throne.[7] They were married for over fifty years, until his death on 13 February 2018.[7]

Princess Margrethe with her firstborn child, Prince Frederik, in 1968

Less than a year after the wedding, Princess Margrethe gave birth to her first child, a son, on 26 May 1968. By tradition, Danish kings were alternately named either Frederick or Christian. She chose to maintain this by assuming the position of a Christian, and thus named her elder son Frederik. The following year, a second child, named Joachim, was born on 7 June 1969.[7]

Reign

Accession

Shortly after King Frederick IX delivered his New Year's Address to the Nation at the 1971/72 turn of the year, he fell ill, and died 14 days later on 14 January 1972. Margrethe succeeded to the throne at the age of 31, becoming the first female Danish sovereign under the new Act of Succession. She was proclaimed Queen from the balcony of Christiansborg Palace 15 January 1972 by Prime Minister Jens Otto Krag. Queen Margrethe II relinquished all the monarch's former titles except the title to Denmark, hence her style "By the Grace of God, Queen of Denmark" (Danish: Margrethe den Anden, af Guds Nåde Danmarks Dronning). The Queen chose the motto: God's help, the love of The People, Denmark's strength.[13]

In her first address to the people, Queen Margrethe II said:

My beloved father, our King, is dead. The task that my father had carried for nearly 25 years is now resting on my shoulders. I pray to God to give me help and strength to carry the heavy heritage. May the trust that was given to my father also be granted to me.[14]

Constitutional role

The Queen's main tasks are to represent the Kingdom abroad and to be a unifying figure at home. She performs the latter by opening exhibitions, attending anniversaries and inaugurating bridges, among other things. She receives foreign ambassadors, awards, honours and medals.

As an unelected public official, the Queen takes no part in party politics and does not express any political opinions. Although she has the right to vote, she opts not to do so to avoid even the appearance of partisanship.[7]

The Queen holds a meeting with the prime minister and the foreign affairs minister every Wednesday, unless she or the prime minister is outside of the kingdom.

After an election where the incumbent prime minister does not have a majority behind him or her, the Queen holds a "Dronningerunde" (Queen's meeting) in which she meets the chairmen of each of the Danish political parties.[15]

Each party has the choice of selecting a royal investigator to lead these negotiations or alternatively, give the incumbent prime minister the mandate to continue his or her government as is. In theory each party could choose its own leader as royal investigator, as the social liberal Det Radikale Venstre did in 2006, but often only one royal investigator is chosen plus the prime minister, before each election. The leader who, at that meeting succeeds in securing a majority of the seats in the Folketing, is by royal decree charged with the task of forming a new government. (No party has held an absolute majority in the Folketing since 1903.)

Once the government has been formed, it is formally appointed by the Queen. Officially, it is the Queen who is the head of government, and she therefore presides over the Council of State (privy council), where the acts of legislation which have been passed by the parliament are signed into law. In practice, nearly all of the Queen's formal powers are exercised by the Cabinet of Denmark.

The Queen is also the colonel-in-chief of the Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment (Queen's and Royal Hampshires), an infantry regiment of the British Army, following a tradition in her family.[7]

Silver and Ruby Jubilees

Margrethe II in a costume of the Faroese people. Stamp FR 302 of Postverk Føroya, Faroe Islands, issued 14 January 1997.

Queen Margrethe II marked her Silver Jubilee in 1997 with a religious service and a gala dinner attended by fellow Scandinavian royals.[16] She celebrated her Ruby Jubilee, the 40th year on the throne, on 14 January 2012.[17] This was marked by a church service, concert, carriage procession, gala banquet at Christiansborg Palace and numerous TV interviews.[16]

Immigration debate

In an interview within the 2016 book De dybeste rødder (The Deepest Roots), according to historians at the Saxo Institute of the University of Copenhagen she showed a change in attitude to immigration towards a more restrictive stance. She stated that the Danish people should have more explicitly clarified the rules and values of Danish culture in order to be able to teach them to new arrivals. She further stated that the Danes in general have underestimated the difficulties involved in successful integration of immigrants, exemplified with the rules of a democracy not being clarified to Muslim immigrants and a lack of readiness to enforce those rules. This was received as a change in line with the attitude of the Danish people.[18][19]

Golden Jubilee

Main article: Golden Jubilee of Margrethe II

The Queen's Golden Jubilee was marked on 14 January 2022, with celebrations to take place later in the year. In September, following the death of Queen Elizabeth II, it was announced by the Royal House that it was "Her Majesty The Queen's wish that a number of adjustments be made" to the upcoming celebrations.[20]

Personal life and interests

The official residences of the Queen are Amalienborg Palace (where she resides in Christian IX's Palace) in Copenhagen and Fredensborg Palace. Her summer residences are Marselisborg Palace[21] near Aarhus and Gråsten Palace[22] near Sønderborg, the former home of her mother, Queen Ingrid, who died in 2000.

Margrethe is an accomplished painter and has held many art shows over the years. Her illustrations—under the pseudonym Ingahild Grathmer—were used for Danish editions of The Lord of the Rings, which she was encouraged to illustrate in the early 1970s.[23] She sent them to J. R. R. Tolkien, who was struck by the similarity of her drawings to his own style. Margrethe's drawings were redrawn by the British artist Eric Fraser for the Folio Society's English edition of The Lord of the Rings, first published in 1977 and reissued in 2002. In 2000, she illustrated Prince Henrik's poetry collection Cantabile. Another skill she possesses is costume designing, having designed the costumes for the Royal Danish Ballet's production of A Folk Tale and for the 2009 Peter Flinth film, De vilde svaner (The Wild Swans).[7][24] She also designs her own clothes and is known for her colourful and sometimes eccentric clothing choices. Margrethe also wears designs by former Pierre Balmain designer Erik Mortensen, Jørgen Bender, and Birgitte Taulow.[citation needed] The Guardian in March 2013, listed her as one of the fifty best-dressed over 50s.[25] In connection with her 80th birthday, British Vogue published an article calling her "An Unsung Style Heroine."[26]

Margrethe has been a chain smoker and is well known for her tobacco habit.[27] On 23 November 2006, the Danish newspaper B.T. printed an announcement from the Royal Court that the Queen would henceforth smoke only in private. She has since her spinal surgery in February 2023 not smoked. [28]

Health

The Queen has had a number of health issues. During the 1990s and early 2000s, she was operated several times in her right knee due to injuries and osteoarthritis. In 1994, she was treated for cervical cancer.[29] In 2003, she underwent a 4.5 hour long operation for spinal stenosis.[30]

On 9 February 2022, the Danish court disclosed in a press release that the Queen had contracted COVID-19.[31] On 13 February, the Queen could leave home isolation after having had a mild case of the virus.[32] On 21 September 2022, the Danish Royal House disclosed in a press release that the Queen had again contracted COVID-19, after attending the funeral of Elizabeth II, her third cousin, in London.[33][34] She left home isolation on 26 September and resumed her official duties immediately, stating that she felt fine.[35]

On 22 February 2023, the Queen underwent "major back surgery" at Rigshospitalet due to continued back pain.[36] In a statement the following day, a representative for the Queen said that the surgery had gone well and that she had already been up for a walk.[30] She was discharged from the hospital on 2 March, and will undergo "a longer rehabilitation process" during which members of her family will undertake her engagements.[36][37]

Family

Main article: Danish royal family
The Queen surrounded by her family waving to crowds on her 70th birthday in April 2010. From left to right: the Crown Princess, Prince Felix, the Crown Prince, Prince Christian, the Queen, Prince Nikolai, Prince Consort Henrik, Prince Joachim and Princess Isabella

The Queen has two children and eight grandchildren, all born at Rigshospitalet in Copenhagen:

Queen Margrethe II and her consort, Prince Henrik, in 2010

In 2008, the Queen announced that her descendants would bear the additional title of Count or Countess of Monpezat, in recognition of her husband's ancestry.[38]

In 2022, the Queen announced, that from the start of 2023 the descendants of Prince Joachim will only be able to use their titles of Count and Countess of Monpezat, their previous titles of Prince and Princess of Denmark ceasing to exist. To make the children have normal lives, the Queen "wants to create a framework for the four grandchildren, to a much greater degree, to be able to shape their own existence without being limited by the special considerations and obligations that a formal affiliation with the Royal House as an institution implies".[39] Her son and grandchildren publicly expressed shock and confusion because of the decision.[40] Later Queen Margrethe said she was sad about upsetting family members with her decision but she did not change it.[41]

Queen Margrethe II in Vágur, Faroe Islands, 21 June 2005
Queen Margrethe II and her husband the Prince Consort welcome President George W. Bush and his wife Laura Bush at Fredensborg Palace, 5 July 2005
Margrethe II with Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva during the latter's visit to Denmark, 12 September 2007

Honours

She is the 1,188th knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece in Spain, and only the seventh Lady of the Order of the Garter since 1901, when Edward VII appointed his consort a member. She is also Colonel-in-Chief of The Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment (Queen's and Royal Hampshires) in the United Kingdom.[42]

Queen Margrethe II Land in Northeast Greenland was named in her honour on 16 April 1990 on the occasion of her 50th birthday.[43]

See also: List of honours of the Danish royal family by country

National

Foreign

Honorary military appointments

Nongovernmental organizations

Arms, standards and monograms

See also

Notes

  1. ^ As a constitutional monarch, the Queen is head of state and commander-in-chief of the Danish Defence, but her executive powers are limited by constitutional rules.

References

  1. ^ "150 years of the House of Glücksborg". 15 November 2013. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
  2. ^ Scocozza, Benito (1997). Politikens bog om danske monarker (1. udg ed.). København: Politiken. pp. 204–205. ISBN 87-567-5772-7. OCLC 57288915.
  3. ^ a b Montgomery-Massingberd, Hugh, ed. (1977). Burke's Royal Families of the World. MCMLXXVII. Vol. I. London: Burke's Peerage Limited. pp. 62–63. ISBN 0-85011-023-8. OCLC 18496936.
  4. ^ a b "Stats- og officielle besøg" [State and official visits]. Kongehuset (in Danish). 4 August 2020. Retrieved 23 June 2021.((cite web)): CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  5. ^ "Statsbesøg til Forbundsrepublikken Tyskland" [State visit to the Federal Republic of Germany]. Kongehuset (in Danish). 22 September 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021.((cite web)): CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  6. ^ Stjer, Christian (2 June 2012). "Danskerne er vilde med kongehuset | Voxmeter" (in Danish). Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Her Majesty Queen Margrethe II". Kongehuset.dk. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
  8. ^ "Navnet til den ny prinsesse..." nfi.ku.dk. Nordisk Forskningsinstitut, University of Copenhagen. 18 May 2012. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2017.
  9. ^ Morris, Chris (13 January 2012). "Denmark's Queen Margrethe marks 40 years". BBC News.
  10. ^ "The Royal House - The Danish Monarchy". www.kongehuset.dk. Danish Royal Court. Archived from the original on 8 February 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2013.
  11. ^ "Elvis Presley with Princesses Margrethe of Denmark, Astrid of Norway, and Margaretha of Sweden". Elvispresleymusic.com.au. 7 June 1960. Archived from the original on 9 September 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
  12. ^ "Princess Margrethe, who is fifteen and is heir presumptive to the Danish throne, is to study for a year in England at North Foreland Lodge, a girls' boarding school near Basingstoke, in Hampshire...". The Illustrated London News. Vol. 227, no. 2. 1955. p. 552.
  13. ^ a b c "Margrethe and Henrik Biography". Royalinsight.net. 16 April 1940. Archived from the original on 30 October 2011. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
  14. ^ "Queen Margrethe II of Denmark 40 years on the Throne". Radical Royalist. 13 January 2012. Retrieved 11 December 2014. ((cite journal)): Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  15. ^ "The Monarchy today". Kongehuset.dk. Archived from the original on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
  16. ^ a b Ilse, Jess (20 November 2020). "The other Queen celebrating a jubilee in 2022". Royal Central. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
  17. ^ "Queen Margrethe II of Denmark marks 40 years on the throne". BBC News. 12 January 2012.
  18. ^ "Historiker om Margrethes danskheds-udtalelse: - Hun har fulgt folkesjælens bekymringer". TV2 (Denmark). 23 October 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
  19. ^ "Dronning Margrethe om integration: "Det er ikke en naturlov, at man bliver dansker af at bo i Danmark"". Berlingske Tidende. 22 October 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
  20. ^ "Modified celebration of the 50th Jubilee of HM The Queen's Accession to the Throne". The Royal House. 9 September 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
  21. ^ "Marselisborg Slot" [Marselisborg Castle]. Kongehuset.dk (in Danish). 20 December 2011. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
  22. ^ "Graasten Slot" [Graasten Castle]. Kongehuset.dk (in Danish). 20 December 2011. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
  23. ^ Roxborough, Scott (31 August 2021). "The Danish Queen Will Be the Set Designer on a New Netflix Film". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
  24. ^ "De vilde svaner (2009)". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
  25. ^ Cartner-Morley, Jess; Mirren, Helen; Huffington, Arianna; Amos, Valerie (28 March 2013). "The 50 best-dressed over 50s". The Guardian. Manchester, UK.
  26. ^ Madsen, Anders Christian (2 May 2020). "Meet Queen Margrethe Of Denmark, An Unsung Style Heroine". British Vogue. Condé Nast. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
  27. ^ Isherwood, Julian (23 March 2001). "Danish royals angry at cancer accusation". bbc.co.uk. BBC News. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
  28. ^ "Margrethe skruer ned for røgen". bt.dk. 26 November 2006. Archived from the original on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 7 May 2014.((cite web)): CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  29. ^ "Slidgigt, allergi og kræft". BT. 27 December 2001. Retrieved 27 September 2022.
  30. ^ a b "Dronning Margrethe er begyndt genoptræning". Berlingske. 23 February 2023. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
  31. ^ "HM The Queen has tested positive for COVID-19". www.kongehuset.dk. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  32. ^ "H.M. Dronningen kan ophæve sin isolation" [HM The Queen can lift her isolation]. www.kongehuset.dk. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
  33. ^ "Queen of Denmark tests positive to COVID-19 after attending funeral of Queen Elizabeth II". ABC News. 21 September 2022. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
  34. ^ "Danish queen tests positive after UK monarch's funeral". ABC News. Retrieved 21 September 2022.((cite web)): CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  35. ^ "Dronning Margrethe er ude af coronaisolation - har det "fint, fint"". TV2. 26 September 2022. Retrieved 27 September 2022.
  36. ^ a b "Danish queen to undergo 'major back surgery'". AP News. 8 February 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
  37. ^ "Danish queen discharged from hospital after back surgery". AP News. 2 March 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  38. ^ "Monpezat til Frederik og Joachim" [Monpezat for Frederik and Joachim]. Berlingske Tidende. 30 April 2008. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
  39. ^ "Denmark's Queen Margrethe strips four grandchildren of royal titles". the Guardian. 28 September 2022. Retrieved 29 September 2022.
  40. ^ 'Shocked and confused': Denmark's queen strips royal titles from grandchildren, Euronews, September 29, 2022.
  41. ^ Denmark’s Queen says sorry for family upset caused by taking away titles, The Guardian, 4 October 2022.
  42. ^ "No. 54745". The London Gazette (Supplement). 21 April 1997. p. 4766.
  43. ^ Higgins, Anthony K. (2010). "Catalogue of place names in northern East Greenland" (PDF). Exploration history and place names of northern East Greenland. Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland. p. 158. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
  44. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi "Dekorationer". Kongehuset.dk. Archived from the original on 16 June 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
  45. ^ "Bundeskanzler Anfragebeantwortung An die Präsidentin des Nationalrats" [Reply to a parliamentary question about the Decoration of Honour] (PDF). Parlament.gv.at (in German). p. 168. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
  46. ^ "Fálkaorðuhafar" [Holders of the Commander's Cross]. The President of Iceland. Archived from the original on 20 December 2014. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
  47. ^ "Apdovanojimai" [Awards Database]. President of the Republic of Lithuania. Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
  48. ^ "ACUERDO por el que se otorga a Su Majestad Margrethe II Reina de Dinamarca, la Condecoración de la Orden Mexicana del Aguila Azteca en el grado de Collar" [AGREEMENT that the Collar of the Order of the Aztec Eagle is awarded to Her Majesty Queen Margrethe II of Denmark]. Secretariat of the Interior. 13 February 2008. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
  49. ^ "Tildeling av Kong Harald Vs jubileumsmedalje 1991-2016". Kongehuset (in Norwegian). Retrieved 20 January 2016.
  50. ^ "REAL DECRETO 1948/1985. de 23 de octubre. por el Que se concede el Collar de la Insigne Orden del Toisón de Oro a Su Majestad Margarita ll, Reina de Dinamarca" [Her Majesty Margrethe II, Queen of Denmark is awarded the Collar of the Illustrious Order of the Golden Fleece] (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado. 24 October 1985. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
  51. ^ "REAL DECRETO 738/1980, de 15 de marzo, por el que se concede el Collar de la Real y Muy Distinguida Orden de Carlos Ill a Su Majestad Margarita ll, Reina de Dinamarca" [Royal Decree 738/1980 of 15 March, granting the Collar of the Royal and Most Distinguished Order of Carlos III Margarita ll to Her Majesty, Queen of Denmark] (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado. 24 April 1980. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
  52. ^ a b "Connection with The Princess of Wales Royal Regiment". The Danish Royal House. 22 April 2023. Retrieved 30 June 2023.
  53. ^ Servare et Manere (5 October 2020). "Her Majesty Queen Margrethe II of Denmark received the highest Servare et Manere award". Tree of peace / Strom pokoja. Retrieved 26 December 2020.

Bibliography

  • Andersen, Jens (2011). Nørholm, Elise H. (ed.). M, 40 år på tronen (in Danish) (1st ed.). Copenhagen: Lindhardt og Ringhof. ISBN 9788711419694.
  • Bloch Skipper, Jon (2008). Tre søstre : samtaler mellem dronning Margrethe, prinsesse Benedikte og dronning Anne-Marie [Three sisters: conversations between Queen Margrethe, Princess Benedikte and Queen Anne-Marie] (in Danish). Copenhagen: Lindhardt og Ringhof. ISBN 978-87-11-30060-2.
  • Bramsen, Bo (1992). Huset Glücksborg. Europas svigerfader og hans efterslægt [The House of Glücksburg. The Father-in-law of Europe and his descendants] (in Danish) (2nd ed.). Copenhagen: Forlaget Forum. ISBN 87-553-1843-6.
  • Dehn-Nielsen, Henning (2005). Margrethe 2., Danmarks dronning (in Danish) (3rd ed.). Copenhagen: Aschehoug. ISBN 8711222832.
  • Fabricius Møller, Jes (2013). Dynastiet Glücksborg, en Danmarkshistorie [The Glücksborg Dynasty, a history of Denmark] (in Danish). Copenhagen: Gad. ISBN 9788712048411.
  • Lerche, Anna; Mandal, Marcus (2003). A royal family : the story of Christian IX and his European descendants. Copenhagen: Aschehoug. ISBN 9788715109577.
  • Lyding, Henrik (2009). Dronningens teater (in Danish). Copenhagen: Gyldendal. ISBN 9788702078787.
  • Margrethe II (2012). Andersen, Jens (ed.). Om man så må sige, 350 Dronning Margrethe-citater (in Danish). Copenhagen: Lindhardt og Ringhof. ISBN 9788711394168.
  • Rubinstein, Mogens (1996). Dronning Margrethe II, 25 år som regent (in Danish). Copenhagen: Møntergården. ISBN 8775535521.
  • Scocozza, Benito (1997). "Margrethe 2.". Politikens bog om danske monarker [Politiken's book about Danish monarchs] (in Danish). Copenhagen: Politikens Forlag. pp. 204–209. ISBN 87-567-5772-7.
  • Skipper, Jon Bloch (2008). Tre søstre, samtaler mellem dronning Margrethe, prinsesse Benedikte og dronning Anne-Marie (in Danish). Copenhagen: Lindhardt og Ringhof. ISBN 9788711300602.

External links

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Margrethe II of Denmark House of GlücksburgCadet branch of the House of OldenburgBorn: 16 April 1940 Regnal titles Preceded byFrederick IX Queen of Denmark 14 January 1972 – present IncumbentHeir apparent:Frederik
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