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((Short description|Florentine noblewoman))
((Refimprove|date=December 2015))
((infobox nobility
| name = Maria Salviati
| image = Pontormo, Maria Salviati 2.jpg
| caption = ''[[Portrait of Maria Salviati]]'' by [[Pontormo]], c. 1543.  Oil on panel; 87 x 71 cm. [[Florence]], [[Uffizi Gallery]]
| noble family = [[Salviati (bankers)|Salviati]] (by birth) <br> [[House of Medici|Medici]] (by marriage)
| father = [[Jacopo Salviati]]
| mother = [[Lucrezia di Lorenzo de' Medici]]
| spouse = [[Giovanni delle Bande Nere]]
| issue = [[Cosimo I de Medici]]
| birth_date = ((birth_date|1499|7|17|df=yes))
| birth_place = [[Florence]], [[Republic of Florence]]
| death_date = ((death date and age|1543|12|12|1499|7|17|df=yes))
| death_place = [[Villa di Castello]], Republic of Florence
))

'''Maria Salviati''' (17 July 1499 – 29 December 1543) was a [[Republic of Florence|Florentine]] noblewoman, the daughter of [[Lucrezia di Lorenzo de' Medici]] and [[Jacopo Salviati]]. She married [[Giovanni delle Bande Nere]] and was the mother of [[Cosimo I de Medici]]. Her husband died 30 November 1526, leaving her a widow at the age of 27.  Salviati never remarried; after her husband's death she adopted the somber garb of a [[novice]], which is how she is remembered today as numerous late portraits show her attired in black and white.<ref name=":0">For information on portraits of Maria Salviati see Carl Brandon Strehlke, ''Pontormo, Bronzino, and the Medici:  The Transformation of the Renaissance Portrait in Florence'' ([[Philadelphia Museum of Art]], 2004) cats. 30 and 46.</ref>

==Life==
Maria Salviati was born in [[Florence]]. She descended from two of Florence's most powerful banking families: the [[Salviati family|Salviati]] on her father's side, and the [[House of Medici|de' Medici]] on her mother's. Her maternal grandfather was [[Lorenzo de' Medici|Lorenzo]] "il Magnifico".

When her cousin, [[Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence|Alessandro de' Medici]] was assassinated in 1537, Maria used her family connections to get involved in the discussions to decide the next [[Duke of Florence]].<ref name=":0" />  She played a key role in getting her son, [[Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany|Cosimo I de' Medici]], elected.<ref name=":0" />

=== Bia de' Medici ===
[[Image:Pontormo - Portrait of Maria Salviati de' Medici with Giulia de' Medici - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|right|''Maria Salviati with Giulia de' Medici'', by Pontormo, c. 1537; Oil on panel, [[Baltimore]], [[The Walters Art Museum]] [https://archive.today/20130415232336/http://www.thewalters.org/works_of_art/itemdetails.aspx?aid=26104]. ]]

Maria set up residence at [[Villa di Castello]] in northern Florence, where she would look after her grandchildren. Her son Cosimo had an illegitimate daughter named [[Bia de' Medici]]. Maria described Bia as a very happy and talkative little girl, often having long conversations with her. <ref>((cite book |last1=Langdon |first1=Gabrielle |title=Medici Women: Portraits of Power, Love, and Betrayal |date=2006 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=9780802095268 |pages=99-100))</ref>

Cosimo married [[Eleonora di Toledo]] in 1539. It was rumoured that Eleonora refused to tolerate Bia's presence in the palace after their marriage so Cosimo sent Bia off to live with Maria. Other sources say that Eleonora brought Bia up very lovingly. Bia shared a nursery with [[Giulia de' Medici]] an illegitimate daughter of [[Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence]], the pair being close in age. Maria knew who Bia's mother was but she would never tell Bia or anyone else the name of the woman. Both Bia and her cousin Giulia contracted a virulent fever; Giulia recovered from the illness but Bia only worsened and eventually died on 1 March 1542 aged only five years. Maria and Cosimo were said to be very sad by her loss.((Fact|date=March 2015))

Maria died one year after Bia on 29 December 1543.

=== Portrait of Maria Salviati with Giulia de' Medici ===
In the portrait called "Maria Salviati with Giulia de' Medici", there are many theories on who the portrait portrays. However, the almost universally accepted portrait is the one depicted by [[Pontormo]] in 1543-1544.<ref name=":1">((Cite book |last=Brown |first=David |title=Virtue and Beauty: Leonardo's Ginevra de' Benci and Renaissance Portraits of Women |publisher=National Gallery of Art, Washington |year=2001 |isbn=0894682857 |pages=222))</ref> The different theories arise from the overpainting of the portrait as well as the views of different sellers. 

At the end of the nineteenth century, the work was attributed to Piombo where the portrait looked different by the child being taken out and the single women identified as being [[Vittoria Colonna]].<ref name=":1" /> In 1937, the overpaint done by Piombo was removed, revealing the child where Edward S. King (1940) believed the child to be a boy publishing it as the work of ''Maria Salviati and Her Son Cosimo.''<ref name=":1" /><ref>((Cite journal |last=Langdon |first=Gabrielle |title=Pontormo and Medici Lineages: Maria Salviati, Alessandro, Giulia and Giulio de' Medici |journal=RACAR: Revue d'art Canadienne/ Canadian Art Review |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=20-40))</ref> Others came forward disagreeing with the sex of the child based on the King's argument. It was not until 1992, where Gabrielle Langdon proposed the painting of the child to not only be a girl, but Giulia de' Medici. He was able to discover this based on the different attributes the painting held. He pointed out that the child was under the age of 7, the connection between the bare throat of Maria's and the child is strong showing femininity, as well as being shown as vulnerable under the protection of Maria Salviati.<ref name=":1" />

== Ancestors ==

((Ahnentafel
| 1 = '''Maria Salviati'''
| 2 = [[Jacopo Salviati]]
| 3 = [[Lucrezia de' Medici (1470–1553)|Lucrezia de' Medici]]
| 4 = [[Giovanni Salviati (1419-1472)|Giovanni Salviati]]
| 5 = [[Elena Gondi]] 
| 6 = [[Lorenzo de' Medici]]
| 7 = [[Clarice Orsini]]
| 8 = [[Alemanno Salviati]]
| 9 = [[Catherine de' Medici (15th century)|Catherine de' Medici]]
|10 = [[Simone Gondi]]
|11 = [[Maria Buondelmonti]]
|12 = [[Piero di Cosimo de' Medici]]
|13 = [[Lucrezia Tornabuoni]]
|14 = [[Jacopo Orsini, Lord of Monterotondo]]
|15 = [[Maddalena Orsini]]
))

==Descendants==
Salviati's descendants became crowned figureheads of Europe over the succeeding generations.  Her grandson [[Francesco I de' Medici]] married [[Joanna of Austria, Grand Duchess of Tuscany|Johanna of Austria]]; they were the parents of [[Eleonora de' Medici]], who married [[Vincenzo I Gonzaga]] and was the mother of [[Francesco IV Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua|Francesco IV Gonzaga]]. Francesco and Johanna's other daughter was [[Marie de' Medici]], who married Henry IV of France and was the mother of [[Louis XIII of France]] and [[Henrietta Maria of France]].  Louis was the father of [[Louis XIV of France]], Henrietta Maria was the mother of [[Charles II of England]] and [[James II of England]].

{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Descendants of Maria Salviati in 5 generations'''
|-
|-
| align="center"| Maria Salviati <br />[[Image:Pontormo, Maria Salviati 2.jpg|80px]]
| align="center"| '''Son:''' <br /> [[Cosimo I de' Medici]]<br /><br />[[File:Cosimo I de Medici in armour (1545) Oil on wood by Angelo Bronzino - Galleria degli Uffizi - Florence.jpg|80px]] <br />[[Grand Duke of Tuscany]]
| align="center"| '''Grandson:'''<br />[[Francesco I de' Medici]]<br /><br />[[Image:FrancescodeMedici.jpg|80px]] <br /> Grand duke of Tuscany
| align="center"| '''Great-granddaughter:'''<br />[[Marie de' Medici]]<br />[[Image:Peter Paul Rubens 095b.jpg|80px]] <br /> [[Queen of France]]
| align="center"| '''Great-Great-granddaughter:'''<br />[[Henrietta Maria|Henrietta Maria of France]]<br />[[Image:Sir Peter Lely 001.jpg|80px]] <br /> [[List of English consorts|Queen of England]]
|align="center"| '''Great-Great-Great-granddaughter:'''<br />[[Henrietta Anne Stuart]]<br/>[[Image:Henriette-Anne d'Angleterre, duchesse d'Orléans, dite Madame.jpg|80px]] <br />[[Duchess of Orleans]]
|}

== Influence on Medicine ==
Maria Salviati had an influence on medicine that is not as pronounced as other aspects of her life. Her influence with medicine is expressed in daily care routine and critical decision making which brought her into contact with many different professionals of medicine.<ref name=":2">((Cite book |last=Strocchia |first=Sharon T. |title=Forgotten Healers: Women and the Pursuit of Health in Late Renaissance Italy |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2019 |isbn=9780674241749 |pages=14-33))</ref> The beginning of her interaction with medicine took place in the 1530-1540's as a household healer. Her familiarities arose in remedies and health regimens which left impacts on pharmacy, pediatrics, and local healing. <ref name=":2" /> It was believed that Maria Salviati, with her social standing, had access to information that promoted health literacy such as manuscripts. Most of them being handwritten recipe books that provided a basis for medical authority for women in order to navigate problems and pharmaceutical practices.<ref>((Cite book |last=Laroche |first=Rebecca |title=Medical Authority and Englishwomen's Herbal Texts |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=9781138250529 |pages=1550-1650))</ref> One of the more significant recipe books believed to be in Salviati's hand was an Italian recipe book compiled by [[Caterina Sforza]] (1463-1509), her mother-in-law. <ref name=":2" /> Part of the book contained recipes for powders and pills to cure fever, elixirs to strengthen the body, and concoctions to help with infection. With this underlying knowledge of remedies, Salviati was able to experiment and develop a "secrete" remedy for intestinal worms which were found mostly in children. <ref>((Cite journal |last=Pieraccini |first=Gaetano |title=La Stirpe de' Medici di Cafaggiolo |journal= |volume=1 |pages=471))</ref>

Maria Salviati's influence in medicine abundant with pediatrics. With her medical knowledge, she partook in overseeing practices with [[Wet nursing]] and the selection process, which was uncommon at the time, for the Medici ducal couple's offspring.<ref name=":2" /> Over the years, she continued to oversee the Medici children with their health statuses mainly through [[Humorism]] reasoning and influences of celestial bodies.
[[File:Skull of Maria Salviati, with signs of syphilis.jpg|thumb|Brain lesions in skull of Maria Salviati showing tertiary signs of syphilis]]

== The Death of Maria Salviati ==
[[Syphilis]] became a prominent disease around the time of Maria's existence. Maria Salviati's skeletal remains showed skeletal lesions, corresponding to effects syphilis has in the third stage of the infection.<ref name=":3">((Cite web |last=Antonio |first=Fornaciari |date=June 2020 |title=Syphilis in Maria Salviati (1499-1543), Wife of Giovanni de' Medici of the Black Bands |url=https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/88861 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention))</ref> In the 1540s, Maria started to decline in health where the court physician, Andrea Pasquali, included symptoms such as recurring proctorrhagia, headaches, and rectal and perianal ulcers.<ref name=":3" /> To further back the evidence of Maria's effect with syphilis, scientists and archeologist exhumed her skeletal remains and performed studies. Studies showed that Maria had lytic brain lesions in her skull which strongly suggest tertiary syphilis.<ref name=":3" />

== References ==
((reflist|2))

==Sources==
*Langdon, G. (2006). ''The Medici Women- Portraits of Power, Love , and Betrayal''. University of Toronto Press. 
*((cite book |last=Tomas |first=Natalie R. |title=The Medici Women: Gender and Power in Renaissance Florence |publisher=Ashgate |location=Aldershot |year=2003 |isbn=0754607771))

== See also ==
((Commons category|Maria Salviati))
* [[Ancestors of Cosimo I de Medici]]
((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Salviati, Maria))
[[Category:1543 deaths]]
[[Category:1499 births]]
[[Category:Nobility from Florence]]
[[Category:House of Medici]]
[[Category:Salviati family|Maria]]
[[Category:Burials at San Lorenzo, Florence]]
[[category:16th-century Italian women]]

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