Marie Catherine Laveau (September 10, 1801 – June 15, 1881)[1][2][nb 2] was a Louisiana Creole practitioner of Voodoo, herbalist and midwife who was renowned in New Orleans. Her daughter, Marie Laveau II (1827 – c. 1862), also practiced rootwork, conjure, Native American and African spiritualism as well as Louisiana Voodoo and traditional Roman Catholicism.[4] An alternate spelling of her name, Laveaux, is considered by historians to be from the original French spelling.[1]
Early life
Historical records state that Marie Catherine Laveau was born a free woman of color in New Orleans (today's French Quarter), Louisiana, Thursday, September 10, 1801. At the time of her birth, Louisiana was still administered by Spanish colonial officials.[1] Her mother Marguerite D'Arcantel was a free woman of color of African, European, and Native American ancestry.[5] Because Laveau's mother was not married at the time of her birth, her father was not identified on her 1801 baptismal record. A possible candidate is Charles Laveau, the son of Charles Laveau Trudeau, a white Louisiana creole and politician. Other historians claim that Laveau's father was a free man of color named Charles Laveaux. Much of the confusion is due to inconsistent spellings in surviving records.
On August 4, 1819, she married Jacques Paris (also known as Jacques Santiago in Spanish records), a Quadroon free man of color who had fled as a refugee from the Haitian Revolution in the former French colony Saint-Domingue.[6] Their marriage certificate is preserved in the St. Louis Cathedral in New Orleans.[7] The wedding mass was performed by Father Antonio de Sedella, the Capuchin priest known as Père Antoine.[8] Jacques was part of a large White and Creoles of Color immigration of refugees to New Orleans in 1809, after the Haitian Revolution of 1791–1804.[7] They had two daughters, Félicité in 1817 and Angèle in 1820. Both disappear from records in the 1820s. Jacques Santiago Paris worked as a carpenter. The death of Jacques Paris was recorded in 1820.[3]
Personal life
Following the reported death of her husband Jacques Paris, she entered a domestic partnership with Christophe Dominick Duminy de Glapion, a nobleman of French descent, with whom she lived until his death in 1855.[9] They were reported to have had 15 children (it is unclear if that includes children and grandchildren).[10] They had seven children according to birth and baptismal records: François-Auguste Glapion, Marie-Louise "Caroline" Glapion, Marie-Angélie Paris, Célestin Albert Glapion, Arcange Glapion, Félicité Paris, Marie-Philomène Glapion, and Marie-Héloïse Eucharist Glapion.[11] Only Marie-Héloïse and Marie-Philomène survived into adulthood.[11]
Marie Laveau is confirmed to have owned at least seven slaves during her lifetime.[12][13]
During her life Marie Laveau was known to have attended to prisoners who were sentenced to death. Rumors circulated that some prisoners would receive poisons or other substances before going to the gallows, but this was never proven.[14] A reporter from the New Orleans Republican detailed one such visit in an article published on May 14, 1871, in which he describes Marie Laveau as a “devout and acceptable member of the Catholic communion."[15] Following her death, her daughter Philomène confirmed during an interview with a reporter from the Picayune that only Catholic traditions would take place during these visits, and that her mother would also prepare the men's last meal and pray with them. Marie Laveau also sought pardons or commutations of sentences for those she favored and was often successful in her efforts.[16]
She was known to care for the sick in her community during the yellow fever epidemic of 1878 by providing herbal remedies and prayers for the afflicted.[17][18] Her other community activities included visiting prisoners, providing lessons to the women of the community, and doing rituals for those in need without charge.[19]
Career
Marie Laveau was a dedicated practitioner of Voodoo, healer, herbalist, and entrepreneur.[20] Laveau was also known as a prominent female religious leader and community activist.[20]
Laveau started a beauty parlor where she was a hair-dresser for the wealthier families of New Orleans.[2] She excelled at obtaining inside information on her wealthy patrons at the beauty parlor by listening to ladies gossiping, or from their servants whom she either paid or cured of mysterious ailments.[8] She used this information during her Voodoo consultations with wealthy Orleanian women to enhance her image as a clairvoyant; and used this intel to give them practical advice. She also made money by selling her clients gris gris as charms to help their wishes come true.[21]
In her role as a Voodoo practitioner, customers often appealed to Laveau for help with family disputes, health, finances, and more. Laveau performed her services in three main places: her own home on St. Ann Street, within Congo Square, and at Lake Pontchartrain. She was the third female leader of Voodoo in New Orleans (the first was Sanité Dédé, who ruled for a few years before being usurped by Marie Saloppé), a New Orleans voodoo "queen", or priestess.[22] Marie Laveau maintained her authority throughout her leadership, although there was an attempt to challenge her in 1850. Due to her strong influence, New Orleans Voodoo lost a large number of adherents after her death.[23] Her daughter, Marie Laveau II displayed more theatrical rubrics by holding public events (including inviting attendees to St. John's Eve rituals on Bayou St. John).[2]
Of Laveau's magical career, there is little that can be substantiated, including whether or not she had a snake she named Zombi after an African god, whether the occult part of her magic mixed Roman Catholicsaints with African spirits, and Native American Spiritualism.[24]
Marie Catherine Laveau Paris Glapion died on June 15, 1881, aged 79.[1][25] The different spellings of her surname result from many different women with the same name in New Orleans at the time, and her age at death from conflicting accounts of her birth date.[2]
On June 17, 1881, it was announced in the Daily Picayune that Marie Laveau had died peacefully in her home.[8] According to the Louisiana Writer's Project, her funeral was lavish and attended by a diverse audience including members of the white elite.[20] Oral tradition states that she was seen by some people in town after her supposed demise.[7] News of her death was featured in a number of newspapers, including the "Staunton Spectator" in Virginia,[26] the "Omaha Daily Bee" in Nebraska,[27] as well as several newspapers published in Minnesota.[28]
At least two of her daughters were named Marie, following the French Catholic tradition to have the first names of daughters be Marie, and boys Joseph, then each use middle name as the common name. One of her daughters named Marie possibly assumed her position, with her name, and carried on her magical practice, taking over as the queen soon before or after the first Marie's death.[4]Malvina Latour has also been reported as being Laveau's successor.[29]
Laveau's name and her history have been surrounded by legend and lore. She is generally believed to have been buried in plot 347, the Glapion family crypt in Saint Louis Cemetery No. 1, New Orleans,[30] but this has been disputed[31] by Robert Tallant, a journalist who used her as a character in historical novels.[8] Tourists continue to visit and some draw X marks in accordance with a decades-old tradition that if people wanted Laveau to grant them a wish, they had to draw three X's on the tomb, turn around three times, knock on the tomb, yell out their wish, and if it was granted, come back, circle their X, and leave Laveau an offering.[31]
In 1982, New Jersey-based punk rock group The Misfits were arrested and accused of attempting to exhume Laveau from her grave after a local concert. The arrest took place in nearby Cemetery No. 2 and there are conflicting accounts of the incident.[32]
The tomb in Saint Louis Cemetery No. 1 was vandalized by an unknown person on December 17, 2013, by being painted over with pink latex paint. The paint was removed because the structure is made of old plaster and the latex paint would seal in the moisture that would destroy the plaster. Some historical preservation experts criticized officials of the Archdiocese of New Orleans, who maintain the cemetery, for their decision to use pressure washing rather than paint stripper to remove it.[33][34]
As of March 1, 2015, there is no longer public access to St. Louis Cemetery No. 1. Entry with a tour guide is required because of continued vandalism and the destruction of tombs. This change was made by the Archdiocese of New Orleans to protect the tombs of the Laveau family as well as those of the many other dead interred there.[4]
Although some references to Marie Laveau in popular culture refer to her as a "witch," she has also been called a "Voudou Priestess",[35] and she is frequently described as a 'Voodoo queen'.[35] At the time of her death, The New York Times, The New Orleans Daily Picayune, the Daily States and other news sources describe her as "woman of great beauty, intellect, and charisma who was also pious, charitable, and a skilled herbal healer."[20]
Due to her prominence within the history of Voodoo in New Orleans, Laveau has inspired a number of artistic renditions. In visual art, the African American artist Renee Stout often uses Laveau as a visual motif.[36]
Despite never being photographed or having sat for a painter, multiple 19th century paintings of unidentified Creole women have been labeled as a portrait of Marie Laveau.[46] A copy made around 1915 of Portrait of a Creole Woman with Madras Tignon (c. 1837, attributed to George Catlin) in the collection of the Louisiana State Museum was long labeled as a Portrait of Marie Laveau.[47]
A musical from 1999, Marie Christine, is also based on the life of Laveau.[50]
Laveau has offered inspiration for a number of fictional characters as well. She is the protagonist of such novels as Robert Tallant's The Voodoo Queen (1956); Francine Prose's Marie Laveau (1977); and Jewell Parker Rhodes' Voodoo Dreams: A Novel of Marie Laveau (1993). Laveau appears as a supporting character in the Night Huntress novels by Jeaniene Frost as a powerful ghoul still living in New Orleans in the 21st century. She also appears as a background character in Barbara Hambly's Benjamin January mystery series, set in New Orleans. Marie Laveau appears in Neil Gaiman's novel American Gods, under her married name, Marie Paris. Marie Laveau's tomb is the site of a secret, fictional underground Voodoo workshop in the Caster Chronicles novel Beautiful Chaos by Kami Garcia and Margaret Stohl. Laveau's gravesite is the setting of a pivotal scene in Robert J. Randisi's short story, "Cold As The Gun," from Foreshadows The Ghosts of Zero. The mother of Hazel Levesque, one of the characters from Rick Riordan's The Heroes of Olympus book series, was known as "Queen Marie," a famous fortune-teller who lived in New Orleans. In Charlaine Harris's True Blood (Sookie Stackhouse novels) book series, the character Hadley is lured to her death at the site of Marie Laveau's tomb.[citation needed]
A character named Marie Laveau, based loosely on the real Marie Laveau appears in Marvel Comics. She first appeared in Dracula Lives #2 in 1973.[51] She is depicted as a powerful sorceress and Voodoo priestess with great magical powers and knowledge of arcane lore, including the creation of a potion made from vampire's blood that keeps her eternally youthful and beautiful.[52] A character named Marie Laveau also appears in the Italian comic book Zagor.[citation needed]
She appears in the Canadian television series Lost Girl (portrayed by Marci T. House) in episode 11 of season 4, Young Sheldon (portrayed by Sharon Ferguson) in episode 7 of season 1, and Legends of Tomorrow (portrayed by Joyce Guy) in episode 7 of season 4.[citation needed]
^At the time of Laveau's birth, New Orleans was under Spanish administration, but the territory had been formally restored to the French First Republic as part of the Third Treaty of San Ildefonso (1800) and the Treaty of Aranjuez (1801).
^While popular sources often give Laveau's year of birth as 1794, records indicate she was born in 1801.[3]
References
^ abcdFandrich, Ina J. (2005). "The Birth of New Orleans' Voodoo Queen: A Long-Held Mystery Resolved". Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association. 46 (3): 293–309. JSTOR4234122.
^ abcdMarie Laveau The Mysterious Voodoo Queen: A Study of Powerful Female Leadership in Nineteenth-Century New Orleans by Ina Johanna Fandrich
^ abLoustaunau, Martha, Denmke. Marie Laveau. Salem Press Enclycopedia. p. 1. Retrieved 9 February 2015.((cite book)): CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Ward, Martha. Voodoo Queen: The Spirited Lives of Marie Laveau (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2004).
^ abMorrow., Long, Carolyn (2006). A New Orleans voudou priestess: the legend and reality of Marie Laveau. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. ISBN0813029740. OCLC70292161.((cite book)): CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Carolyn Morrow Long: A New Orleans Voudou Priestess: The Legend and Reality of Marie Laveau, 2018
^Long, Carolyn Morrow (2006). A New Orleans voudou priestess : the legend and reality of Marie Laveau. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. ISBN0-8130-2974-0. OCLC70292161.[page needed]
^ abcdLong, Carolyn Morrow (2005). "Marie Laveau: A Nineteenth-Century Voudou Priestess". Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association. 46 (3): 262–292. JSTOR4234121.
^Long, Carolyn Morrow (2006). A New Orleans voudou priestess : the legend and reality of Marie Laveau. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. ISBN0-8130-2974-0. OCLC70292161.[page needed]
^Turner, Richard Brent (2002). "The Haiti-New Orleans Vodou Connection: Zora Neale Hurston as Initiate Observer". Journal of Haitian Studies. 8 (1): 119. ISSN1090-3488. The New Orleans priestesses and priests, called queens and doctors, included Marie Saloppé, Sanité Dédé, Betsey Toledano, Marie Comtese, Marie Laveau, Marie Glapion, Doctor Jim and Doctor John Montane in the nineteenth century.
^Lewis, Shantrelle P. "Marie Laveau". Britannica. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
^Long, Carolyn Morrow. A New Orleans Voudou Priestess: The Legend and Reality of Marie Laveau, Gainesville: University Press of Florida (2006), (ISBN9780813029740).
^Webster, Richard A. (January 2, 2014). "Marie Laveau's tomb suffering significant damage during the restoration process, nonprofit says". The New Orleans Times-Picayune. Retrieved 2014-01-05. But when Angie Green, executive director of Save Our Cemeteries, a nonprofit group that works to preserve historic cemeteries throughout the city, saw someone blasting Laveau's tomb with a high-pressure water gun she said she immediately called the Archdiocese. "Pressure washing is terrible for any old building," Green said. "When I first saw them doing it they had two sides done and there were chips of brick and plaster from the tomb all over the ground. I asked them to stop and everyone (at the Archdiocese) said they would stop but they are still doing it." [Sarah McDonald, director of communications for the Archdiocese,] said Green's allegation that the pressure washing is inflicting significant damage is "inaccurate."
Alvarado, Denise. The Magic of Marie Laveau: Embracing the Spiritual Legacy of the Voodoo Queen of New Orleans. Weiser Books (2020), (ISBN9781578636730).
Long, Carolyn Morrow. A New Orleans Voudou Priestess: The Legend and Reality of Marie Laveau. Gainesville: University Press of Florida (2006), (ISBN9780813029740).
Tallant, Robert. Voodoo in New Orleans. The MacMillan Co. (1946), (ISBN978-0882893365)
Ward, Martha. Voodoo Queen: The Spirited Lives of Marie Laveau. Oxford: University of Mississippi Press (2004) (ISBN1578066298).
Long, Carolyn Morrow. The Tomb of Marie Laveau. Left Hand Press (2016) (ISBN9780692766866)
Bloody Mary. Hauntings Horrors and Dancing with the Dead: True Stories from the Voodoo Queen of New Orleans. Weiser publishing (2016) (ISBN1578635667),
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