Mark 45 torpedo
Mark 45 torpedo on display in Aiea, Hawaii, United States
Type	Nuclear antisubmarine torpedo[1]
Place of origin	United States
Service history
In service	1959–1976[1][2]
Used by	United States Navy
Production history
Designer	Applied Research Laboratory, University of Washington[1] Westinghouse Electric
Designed	1957[1]
Manufacturer	Westinghouse Electric[1]
Produced	1959[1]
No. built	600
Variants	Mark 45 Mod 1[1] Mark 45 Mod 2
Specifications
Mass	2,400 pounds (1,100 kg)
Length	227 inches (580 cm)
Diameter	19 inches (48 cm)
Warhead	W34 nuclear warhead
Blast yield	11 kilotons
Engine	Electric[1]
Operational range	5–8 miles (8–13 km)
Maximum speed	40 knots
Guidance system	Gyroscope and wire
Launch platform	Submarines[1]

The Mark 45 anti-submarine torpedo, a.k.a. ASTOR, was a submarine-launched wire-guided nuclear torpedo designed by the United States Navy for use against high-speed, deep-diving, enemy submarines. This was one of several weapons recommended for implementation by Project Nobska, a 1956 summer study on submarine warfare.^[3] The 19-inch (480 mm)-diameter torpedo was fitted with a W34 nuclear warhead. The need to maintain direct control over the warhead meant that a wire connection had to be maintained between the torpedo and submarine until detonation. Wire guidance systems were piggybacked onto this cable, and the torpedo had no homing capability. The design was completed in 1960, and 600 torpedoes were built between 1963 and 1976, when ASTOR was replaced by the Mark 48 torpedo.

Design

This electrically propelled, 19-inch (480 mm)-diameter torpedo was 227 inches (5,800 mm) long and weighed 2,400 pounds (1,100 kg).^[4][5] The W34 nuclear warhead used in ASTOR had an explosive yield of 11 kilotons.^{[citation needed]} The requirement for positive control of nuclear warheads meant that ASTOR could only be detonated by a deliberate signal from the firing submarine, which necessitated a wire link. Because of this, the torpedo was only fitted with wire guidance systems (transmitted over the same link), and had no homing capability.^{[citation needed]} The torpedo had a range of 5 to 8 miles (8.0 to 12.9 km).^[5] By replacing the nuclear warhead and removing the wire guidance systems, the torpedo could be reconfigured for unguided launch against surface targets.^[4]

History

Production of ASTOR began in 1959 and it entered service soon after.^[1][2] Approximately 600 torpedoes were built by 1976, when the torpedo was replaced by the Mark 48 torpedo.^{[citation needed]} The ASTORs were collected, fitted with conventional warheads and wake homing guidance systems, then sold to foreign navies as the Mark 45 Mod 1 Freedom Torpedo.^[5]