Putative Marlowe portrait
A half-height portrait of a young, bearded man.
ArtistUnknown
Year1585 (1585)
MediumPanel painting
SubjectUnknown man, perhaps Christopher Marlowe
Dimensions61 cm × 46 cm (24 in × 18 in)
LocationCorpus Christi College, Cambridge
Coordinates52°12′11″N 0°07′05″E / 52.2031°N 0.1180°E / 52.2031; 0.1180
OwnerCorpus Christi College

The putative Marlowe portrait is an unsigned portrait on wooden panel, dated 1585, which was discovered in 1952 or 1953 at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. It has been proposed that the portrait depicts the English playwright Christopher Marlowe (1564–1593), though several scholars have suggested that this is unlikely.

Discovery

The painting was discovered in Corpus Christi College, Cambridge in 1952 or 1953. Contradictory accounts of its discovery exist.[1]

Old Court at Corpus Christi College, 2010

One account dates the discovery of the portrait to late 1952,[2] during major renovations to the college's Old Court which destroyed many ancient interiors.[3] The wood panels had been used to support a gas heater installed in a student's room, above the room that had been assigned to Marlowe 370 years earlier. When a new heater was installed, the panels were discarded and put in a skip. The room's occupant recovered them for reuse, but noticed the dirty and badly-damaged portrait and took the pieces to the college librarian.[2]

A conflicting account states that the portrait was discovered in 1953, during renovations of the college Master's lodge. A passer-by noticed two pieces of wood amongst a pile of builder's rubble that had laid in the rain for several days, which proved to be the two parts of the portrait.[4]

The portrait's history from its 1585 creation to its 20th century rediscovery is unknown. It is not listed in an 1884 inventory of paintings held by Corpus Christi College,[4] nor in a 1790 catalogue of Cambridge University's paintings by Robert Masters.[1] The wood is badly split and has nail holes, suggesting that the panels had been put to various mundane uses over the years.[2]

Description

The portrait measures 24 by 18 inches (61 by 46 cm) and is painted on wood panels, made from Baltic oak imported from Poland or Lithuania.[1][4] It depicts a young man, with long hair and a light beard, with his arms folded. He is expensively dressed in a dark doublet, possibly velvet, with rows of golden buttons. The doublet has a zig-zag pattern made by cuts in the cloth, exposing the orange lining.[4]

The upper left hand corner of the portrait contains the date anno dni 1585, together with the age of the sitter expressed by the Latin text ætatis suæ 21, meaning of his own age 21.[1]

Below this is a Latin motto, Quod me nutrit me destruit, in English That which nourishes me destroys me.[5]: 66  This wording has not been found in other texts, but it reflects a common Elizabethan sentiment.[1] Author Charles Nicholl suggests that it is a version of Quod me alit me extinguit (That which feeds me extinguishes me), an Elizabethan motto which appears in the poet Samuel Daniel's 1585 work The Worthy Tract of Paulus Jovius,[4][6] and later in William Shakespeare's Pericles, Prince of Tyre, c. 1607, and his Sonnet 73, 1609.[7]

The portrait has similarities to the 1588 "Grafton portrait", sometimes suggested to depict Shakespeare.[1] According to academic Germaine Greer, the sitters are the same person.[8]

Identification with Marlowe

The first to suggest a connection between the portrait and Christopher Marlowe was John Patrick Tuer Bury (son of Robert Gregg Bury), the college librarian and university lecturer in Modern History, who saw it soon after its discovery.[2] Marlowe finished his BA at Corpus Christi in 1584 and began his MA studies there, and it was suggested, based on his baptism date of February 1564, that he would have been aged 21 in 1585.[4]

Bury consulted with Bruce Dickins, chair of Anglo-Saxon, G K Adams of the National Portrait Gallery, John Bakeless, an American biographer of Marlowe, Frederick S. Boas, professor of English Literature and former president of the Elizabethan Literature Society and Rosemary Freeman, reader at Birkbeck College. The portrait was confirmed to be an Elizabethan work. In March 1953, it was decided to commission the painting's restoration by the London firm of W. Holder and Son.[4][2] The firm no longer exists, nor any known records about what their restoration involved.[1]

Some sources credit Calvin Hoffman, a prominent proponent of the Marlovian theory of Shakespeare authorship, with the idea that the portrait depicted Marlowe, although he only proposed this in 1955.[4]

The identification of the sitter remains uncertain. No other portrait of Marlowe is known to exist.[5]: 214 [9][10] The portrait could be of another student,[11][12] though of the 27 wooden portraits the college keeps as of 2014, only 3 are known college members, all masters. Apart from "Marlowe", a further 4 of the 27 are unidentified.[1] Alternatively, the portrait could be of a non-student as the man is not wearing the clothing prescribed for scholars – an ankle-length, dull-coloured gown – and has long hair, while scholars were required to wear their hair short; although it is known that many students at the time broke these regulations, including wearing silk and velvet.[4]

Scholars Oliver Rackham and Peter Roberts have suggested that the age on the painting does not match Marlowe's age. They argue that ætatis suæ 21 means "in his 21st year", i.e. aged 20; which, combined with Marlowe's baptism date of February 1563 in the old style dates used at the time, would require the sitter to be at least a year younger than Marlowe.[1][13][14]

Some suggest Marlowe would not have afforded to commission such a portrait as he was supported by a scholarship;[15] although there is some indirect evidence that in 1584 Marlowe began receiving a significant additional income from an unknown source.[4]: 118  It has been suggested it would be unlikely for the College to commission a portrait of an ordinary student, and that Marlowe was an undistinguished scholar, coming 199 out of 241 students in his BA, making this even less likely.[4] It is also unlikely the college would have displayed a portrait of a student violating the university's own dress regulations.[2]

Recent history

In the years since its discovery, the portrait has become firmly associated with Marlowe, and it is often used to depict him.[16][17] According to Nicholl, a general need to put a face on a famous name has worked in favour of the painting being accepted as a depiction of Marlowe.[4] As of 2014, the portrait hangs in the Old Combination Room (a dining room) at Corpus Christi College, with no label identifying the sitter or artist.[1][4][3]

Actress Angelina Jolie has the painting's motto tattooed on her lower stomach.[18][19] "Pro-ana" websites have also used the motto.[20][21]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Rackham, Oliver (2014). "The Pseudo-Marlowe Portrait: a wish fulfilled?" (PDF). Corpus Letter (93): 31–34.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Honan, Park (16 August 2007). Christopher Marlowe: Poet & Spy. OUP Oxford. p. 177. ISBN 978-0-19-162279-3.
  3. ^ a b Bury, Patrick; Rackham, Oliver (2003). A Short History of The College of Corpus Christi and the Blessed Virgin Mary in Cambridge (PDF). Cambridge University Press. pp. 13, 31. OCLC 52150170.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Nicholl, Charles (1995). The Reckoning: The Murder of Christopher Marlowe. University of Chicago Press. pp. 5-9. ISBN 9780226580241.
  5. ^ a b Wraight, A. D. (1965). In search of Christopher Marlowe: a pictorial biography. The Vanguard Press.
  6. ^ Shakespeare's History of Pericles, Prince of Tyre. Harper & brothers. 1884. p. 140.
  7. ^ Hilton, Della (1977). Who was Kit Marlowe? : The story of the poet and playwright. New York : Taplinger Pub. Co. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-8008-8291-4.
  8. ^ Greer, Germaine (12 April 2009). "Germaine Greer: Spare us more William Shakespeare 'portraits' - even then no one cared what the playwright looked like". the Guardian. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
  9. ^ Nicholl, Charles (25 January 2013). "Exiting the Stage". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 August 2019. A supposed portrait from 1585 shows a sardonic-looking young man in a snazzy velvet doublet, though the evidence that it is him is tenuous, and to identify the portrait as Marlowe's is in itself a kind of fictionalizing.
  10. ^ "What feeds me, destroys me: Christopher Marlowe and Corpus Christi". Varsity Online. Retrieved 8 August 2019. Despite any real documentary evidence, it is indeed almost universally said to show the Corpus-educated playwright.
  11. ^ Logan, Robert A. (2017). Christopher Marlowe. Routledge. pp. Chapter 4. ISBN 9781351951647. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
  12. ^ Wham, Benjamin (May 1960). "'Marlowe's Mighty Line': Was Marlowe Murdered at Twenty-nine?". American Bar Association Journal. American Bar Association. 46 (5): 509–513. eISSN 2162-7975. ISSN 0002-7596. JSTOR 25721185.
  13. ^ Malvern, Jack; Stepney, Rob (23 June 2014). "Let's face it, portrait of Marlowe unlikely". The Times. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  14. ^ Roberts, Peter R. (2014). "Christopher Marlowe at Corpus, 1580-87" (PDF). Pelican: 22. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
  15. ^ "Painting of a young man, perhaps Christopher Marlowe, 1585". The British Library. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
  16. ^ Hopkins, Lisa (2005). A Christopher Marlowe Chronology. Springer. p. 191. ISBN 9780230503045. Retrieved 9 August 2019.
  17. ^ Erne, Lukas (August 2005). "Biography, Mythography, and Criticism: The Life and Works of Christopher Marlowe". Modern Philology. 103 (1): 28–30. doi:10.1086/499177. S2CID 170152766.
  18. ^ Alleyne, Richard (26 January 2006). "Jolie's tattoo in the spotlight with lines from Marlowe". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
  19. ^ Malvern, Jack (28 March 2017). "Bad Latin on the body (ad nauseam)". The Sunday Times. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
  20. ^ Neporent, Liz (28 February 2013). "Anorexics Weigh In on 'Thinspo' Internet Sites". ABC News. Retrieved 16 June 2021.
  21. ^ Head, Jacqueline (8 August 2007). "Seeking 'thinspiration'". BBC. Retrieved 16 June 2021.
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