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Mastema (Hebrew: מַשְׂטֵמָה Mastēmā; Ge'ez: መሰቴማ Mesetēma), or Mansemat,[1][2] is the demon or angel who appears in the Book of Jubilees. He pleads with God to permit the spirits of the dead Nephilim to remain on Earth, so that they can corrupt and lead men astray prior to judgement. Because there was great wickedness in men, God condemned all the demons to descend into condemnation except for a tenth who could remain.

In the Zadokite Fragments and the Dead Sea Scrolls, he is the angel of disaster, the father of all evil, and a flatterer of God. In some scriptures, it is said that he became a fallen angel. He first appears in the literature of the Second Temple Period as a personification of the Hebrew word mastemah (מַשְׂטֵמָה), meaning "hatred", "hostility", "enmity", or "persecution".

Book of Jubilees

According to the Book of Jubilees, Mastema ("hostility") is the chief of the Nephilim, the demons engendered by the fallen angels called Watchers with human women.

The Book of Jubilees leaves ambiguous whether Mastema himself is a Naphil or not. It is implied he might be an angel instead, as he does not fear to be imprisoned along with the Nephilim,[3][4] but the book doesn't mention him among the angels created by God, and the matter is blurred further because angels and other kinds of spirits are not clearly differentiated in the work's theology, allowing for multiple interpretations of his origin.[3]

His actions and name indicate he is the Adversary, but in Jubilees he is more like the character who appears in the Book of Job with a function to fulfill under God rather than the Satan of later tradition who is the uttermost enemy of God. Beliar, mentioned twice in Jubilees, is likely to be identical with Mastema in this work.[5]

When God is ready to destroy all the demons after the flood Mastema intervenes, beseeching God to allow him to retain and control one tenth of the demons in order to exercise his authority because they are "intended to corrupt and lead astray before my judgement because the evil of the sons of men is great". (Jubilees 10:8)[6] Mastema is the tester of humans, with God's permission.

Mastema sends a plague of birds onto the land in the days of Terah. (Jubilees 11:10)[7]

Later, Mastema counsels God to test Abraham (Jubilees 17:15-16),[8] just as Satan in the Book of Job wants permission to test Job. As Abraham prepares to sacrifice his son Isaac, Mastema stands in God's presence. On his deathbed, Isaac promises that the spirits of Mastema will have no power to turn Jacob or his descendants away from Yahweh.

The account of Zipporah at the Inn where Yahweh meets Moses and tries to kill him is retold in a way that attributes the attack to Mastema instead (Jubilees 48:1-3).[9] It is claimed that Mastema aided the Egyptian priests that opposed Moses. Mastema is also said to have been chained that while the Israelites left Egypt, but then let go to encourage the Egyptians to chase after the Israelites and so come to their doom in the Red Sea. The deaths of the firstborn of the Egyptians are attributed to "all the powers of Mastema".[5]

In fiction

See also

References

  1. ^ Oliver, Evelyn Dorothy; Lewis, James R. (2008). Angels A to Z (2nd ed.). Canton, MI: Visible Ink Press. pp. 240–1. ISBN 978-1-57859-212-8Internet Archive((cite book)): CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  2. ^ Bane, Theresa (2012). Encyclopedia Of Demons In World Religions And Cultures. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. p. 220. ISBN 978-0-7864-6360-2Internet Archive((cite book)): CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  3. ^ a b Stokes, Ryan E. (2013). The Satan: How God's Executioner Became the Enemy. Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 9783161510311.
  4. ^ Bamberger, Bernard J. (2010). Fallen Angels: Soldiers of Satan's Realm. Jewish Publication Society. ISBN 9780827610477.
  5. ^ a b Michalak, Aleksander R. (2012). Angels as Warriors in Late Second Temple Jewish Literature. Mohr Siebeck. p. 173. ISBN 978-3-16-151739-6. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
  6. ^ "The Book of Jubilees Chapter 10". Retrieved 12 May 2014.
  7. ^ "The Book of Jubilees Chapter 11". Retrieved 25 May 2014.
  8. ^ "The Book of Jubilees Chapter 17". Retrieved 12 May 2014.
  9. ^ "The Book of Jubilees Chapter 48". Retrieved 12 May 2014.
  10. ^ Rice, Anne (1999). Vittorio the Vampire. Random House, Knopf. ISBN 0-375-40160-1.
  11. ^ Romano, Sal (26 February 2015). "Digimon Story: Cyber Sleuth details and screenshots: Mirei and Rina, Tower Records, more Royal Knights". Gematsu. Gematsu.com. Retrieved 2 March 2017.

External links

Angels in Abrahamic religions
Satan
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