Matilda Cullen Knowles
portrait
Born31 January 1864
Ballymena, Ireland
Died27 April 1933(1933-04-27) (aged 69)
Dublin, Ireland
Alma materRoyal College of Science for Ireland
Known forFormative study of Irish lichens
Scientific career
FieldsLichenology
InstitutionsNational Museum of Ireland
Author abbrev. (botany)M.Knowles

Matilda Cullen Knowles (31 January 1864 – 27 April 1933) is considered the founder of modern studies of Irish lichens[1] following her work in the early twentieth century on the multi-disciplinary Clare Island Survey. From 1923 she shared curatorship of the National Museum of Ireland herbarium – a collection of dried and pressed plants now housed at the National Botanic Gardens. Her work is said to have "formed an important baseline contribution to the cryptogamic botany of Ireland and western oceanic Europe".[2]

Early life and education

Knowles was born in Cullybackey near Ballymena, Northern Ireland, in 1864.[3][4] Her early interest in botany was encouraged by her father, William James Knowles, himself an amateur scientist who would take Matilda and her sister to meetings of the Belfast Naturalists field club.[1] This is where she first met Robert Lloyd Praeger, who continued to be a lifelong influence.[1] In 1895 she was introduced to the Derry botanist Mary Leebody and together they worked on a supplement to Samuel Stewart and T.H.Corey's 1888 book the Flora of the North-east of Ireland.[5] T.H.Corey was credited posthumously as he had died on an expedition in Ireland.[6]

She then volunteered to help with the crowd sourcing of material about the plants of Tyrone County. Whilst completing this work Knowles published her own first paper about Tyrone's flowering plants in 1897. Knowles eventually sent in over 500 examples that were considered for inclusion in the Irish Topographical Botany, which Praeger published in 1901.[7]

Knowles and her sister, Catherine, then attended the Royal College of Science for Ireland for a year, where she took natural science classes some time between 1896 and 1900.[2]

In 1902, Knowles was appointed a temporary assistant in the then Botanical Section of the National Science and Art Museum. She worked closely with Professor Thomas Johnson to continue the development of the Herbarium collection. She also co-authored with him the Hand List of Irish Flowering Plants and Ferns (1910).[4]

Professional career

Clare Island Survey

One of Knowles' first works was The Maritime and Marine Lichens of Howth, which the Royal Dublin Society published in 1913. Knowles had gathered the knowledge and experience to do this whilst diligently assisting with a survey of Clare Island as suggested by Robert Lloyd Praeger. The 1910–1911 survey looked at dozens of different aspects of the small island just outside Clew Bay in Ireland. This novel survey involved not only Irish but also several European scientists including prominent UK lichenologist, Annie Lorrain Smith.[4] This was claimed as the most extensive piece of field work at that time.[8] As a result, Knowles was able to create a foundation for her later specialism in lichens.[4]

Lichens monographs and specialism

Knowles published more than thirty scientific papers on a wide range of botanical subjects between 1897 and 1933.[4] It was while studying the lichens of Howth that she discovered how lichens by the shore grow in distinct tidal zones that can be distinguished by their colour: black, orange and grey.[9]

Her major work was The Lichens of Ireland, which added over 100 species of Lichen to the Irish List and recorded the distribution of the eight hundred species identified in Ireland,[5] was suggested by Praeger. She achieved this task with the collaboration of thirty other natural scientists. It was published in 1929 and included twenty lichens that has previously not been identified as Irish.[9]

Later life

Professor Thomas Johnson retired in 1923, allowing Knowles to take over curatorship, working with Margaret Buchanan.[1] As she became older, Knowles' hearing began to fail such that she had to rely on an ear trumpet. Despite her deafness she would still attend meetings but she would signal when she thought that had been sufficient talk by putting down her hearing device.[10] Knowles cared for and added to the National Museum Herbarium collection although never got the credit she deserved. In 1923 she planned to retire but pneumonia ended her life before she ended her career.[7] Knowles died in Dublin on 27 April 1933.[11]

Recognition

Plaque in the National Botanic Gardens of Ireland

Knowles was honoured with a commemorative plaque, awarded by the Irish National Committee for Science and Engineering plaques, in October 2014 to mark 150 years since her birth.[12]

List of publications

Eponymous taxa

Several lichen species have been named in honour of Knowles, including:

However, *Acarospora knowlesii C.W.Dodge (1968)[15] is named for geologist Paul H. Knowles of the U.S. Antarctic service, who collected the type specimen in 1940 (note the masculine ending),[16] and *Meliola knowltoniae Doidge (1924)[17] and *Septoria knowltoniae Verwoerd & Dippen. (1930) are so called because they were described from specimens found growing on the South African plant Knowltonia vesicatoria.[18]

The standard author abbreviation M.Knowles is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.[19]

References

  1. ^ a b c d Salter-Townshend C. "Women's Museum of Ireland – Matilda Knowles". Women's Museum of Ireland. Retrieved 8 November 2014.
  2. ^ a b Creese, Mary R.S.; Creese, Thomas M. (2004). Ladies in the Laboratory II: West European women in science, 1800–1900: A survey of their contributions to research. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-8108-4979-2.
  3. ^ "General Registrar's Office". IrishGenealogy.ie. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
  4. ^ a b c d e "Ask About Ireland – Irish Scientists – Matilda Knowles". Retrieved 8 November 2014.
  5. ^ a b Marilyn O, Joy H. (2000). The Biographical Dictionary ofWomen in Science. New York: Routledge. p. 1499. ISBN 0-415-92038-8.
  6. ^ Foster J, Chesney HCG. (1998). Nature in Ireland: A Scientific and Cultural History. Montreal: McGill-Queen's Press. p. 174. ISBN 978-0-7735-1817-9.
  7. ^ a b "Matilda Knowles – Obituary". The Irish Naturalists' Journal. 4 (10). 1933. JSTOR 25532193.
  8. ^ Creese MRS. (2004). "Smith, Annie Lorrain (1854–1937)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/46420. Retrieved 4 November 2014. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) (subscription required)
  9. ^ a b Nelson EC (2004). "Knowles, Matilda Cullen (1864–1933)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/54032. Retrieved 4 November 2014. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) (subscription required)
  10. ^ Mulvihill M. (9 October 2014). "To Matilda Knowles". Irish Times. Retrieved 2 November 2014.
  11. ^ Desmond R. (1994). Dictionary Of British And Irish Botantists And Horticulturalists Including plant collectors, flower painters and garden designers. CRC Press. p. 407. ISBN 978-0-85066-843-8.
  12. ^ "Matilda Knowles plaque unveiled at the National Botanic Gardens". National Botanic Gardens of Ireland. 12 October 2014. Archived from the original on 16 November 2017. Retrieved 8 November 2014.
  13. ^ Magnusson AH. (1956). "New European lichens". Botaniska Notiser. 109: 143–152.
  14. ^ McCarthy PM. (1988). "New and interesting species of Verrucaria I". The Lichenologist. 20 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1017/S0024282988000039. S2CID 85923020.
  15. ^ Dodge CW. (1968). "Lichenological notes on the flora of the Antarctic continent and the subantarctic islands. VII.-VIII". Nova Hedwigia. 15: 285–332.
  16. ^ Harvard University Herbaria Index of botanical specimens
  17. ^ Doidge EM. (1924). "South African Ascomycetes in the National Herbarium. Part III. Nos. 86-135". Bothalia. 1 (4): 195–221. doi:10.4102/abc.v1i4.1784.
  18. ^ [1]Index of fungi, Petrak's supplements
  19. ^ International Plant Names Index.  M.Knowles.
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