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((short description|American performance art piece))
<!-- As of 2019, Sulkowicz accepts both ''she''/''her'' and ''they''/''them'' pronouns, as documented in thecut.com/2019/10/did-emma-sulkowicz-mattress-performance-get-redpilled.html. See talk. -->
((Use mdy dates|date=June 2015))
((Infobox artwork
| title = Mattress Performance<br />(Carry That Weight)
| image_file = Emma Sulkowicz, Mattress Performance, 19 May 2015 (cropped).JPG
| image_size = 300px
| alt = photograph
| caption = Emma Sulkowicz ''(center right)'' with ''Mattress Performance'' at graduation, May 19, 2015
| artist = [[Emma Sulkowicz]]
| year = September 2014&nbsp;– May 2015
| type = [[Performance art]], [[endurance art]],<ref name=endurance /> [[feminist art]]
| material = 
| city = [[Columbia University]], [[Morningside Heights, Manhattan|Morningside Heights]], [[Manhattan]], [[New York City]]
| url = <!-- Official webpage/site only: ((URL|example.com)) -->
))
((DISPLAYTITLE:''Mattress Performance (Carry That Weight)''|noerror))
'''''Mattress Performance (Carry That Weight)''''' (2014–2015) was a work of [[endurance art|endurance/performance art]] which [[Emma Sulkowicz]] conducted as a senior thesis during the final year of a [[visual arts]] degree at [[Columbia University]] in New York City.<ref name=endurance>For "endurance performance art", Emma Sulkowicz (September 2, 2014). [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l9hHZbuYVnU "Emma Sulkowicz: "Carry That Weight"], ''Columbia Daily Spectator'', at 2:22 min.</ref>

Begun in September 2014, the piece involved Sulkowicz carrying a ((convert|50|lb|adj=on)) mattress, of the kind that Columbia uses in its [[dorm]]s, around campus. Sulkowicz said the piece would end when a student [[Columbia University rape controversy|Sulkowicz alleged raped her]]((efn|Sulkowicz uses [[She (pronoun)|she/her]] and [[Singular they|they/them]] pronouns.<ref name="McNamara-2019">((cite web |last=McNamara |first=Sylvie |title=Did Emma Sulkowicz Get Redpilled? |date=2019-10-28 |url=https://www.thecut.com/2019/10/did-emma-sulkowicz-mattress-performance-get-redpilled.html |website=The Cut |publisher=Vox Media |access-date=18 December 2021))</ref> This article uses feminine pronouns for consistency.)) in her dorm room in 2012 was expelled or otherwise left the university.<ref name=ignore>((cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/10/29/its-hard-to-ignore-a-woman-toting-a-mattress-everywhere-she-goes-which-is-why-emma-sulkowicz-is-still-doing-it/ | title=It's hard to ignore a woman toting a mattress everywhere she goes, which is why Emma Sulkowicz is still doing it | newspaper=The Washington Post | date=October 29, 2014| author=Soraya Nadia McDonald))</ref> Sulkowicz carried the mattress until the end of the spring semester, as well as to the graduation ceremony in May 2015.<ref name="Taylor20May2015" />

Fellow student Paul Nungesser, whom Sulkowicz accused, was found not responsible by a university inquiry into the allegations, and police declined to pursue a criminal complaint against him, citing a lack of reasonable suspicion. Nungesser called Sulkowicz's accusation "untrue and unfounded" and called ''Mattress Performance'' an act of bullying.<ref name=VanSyckle20January2015 /> In 2015, Nungesser filed a lawsuit against the university and several administrators alleging that the school exposed him to gender-based harassment by allowing ''Mattress Performance'' to go forward.<ref name=lawsuit /><ref name="kutner_dec_2015">Max Kutner (December 10, 2015), [http://www.newsweek.com/2015/12/18/other-side-sexual-assault-crisis-403285.html "The Other Side of the College Sexual Assault Crisis"], ''Newsweek''. Retrieved February 1, 2016.</ref> In 2017, the university settled the suit for undisclosed terms, and pledged to reform its disciplinary policies.<ref name="lawsuit-settled" />

The piece stirred controversy with praise from art critics and criticism from some commentators. Art critic [[Jerry Saltz]] called ''Mattress Performance'' "pure radical vulnerability" and one of the best art shows of 2014.<ref name=Saltz /> Journalist [[Emily Bazelon]] described the work and events surrounding it as "a triumph" for the [[rape survivor|survivor]] movement and "a nightmare" for the accused.<ref name=Bazelon29May2015 /> Caught between defending and enabling Sulkowicz's [[Freedom of speech|freedom of expression]] and Nungesser's right to [[Due Process Clause|due process]] and the university's written policies regarding confidentiality, the university was criticized by both parties and their parents for its handling of the issue.

== Background ==
((Main|Columbia University rape controversy))
[[File:Emma Sulkowicz, 14 December 2014.jpg|thumb|Sulkowicz, December 2014]]
Emma Sulkowicz attended [[Dalton School]] on the [[Upper East Side]], and in 2011 began a [[visual arts]] degree at Columbia University.<ref name=Grigoriadis21September2014 /> Sulkowicz alleges that she was slapped, choked, and anally raped by Nungesser in Sulkowicz's dorm room, on the first day of her second year in August 2012, during what began as a consensual sexual encounter.<ref name=Grigoriadis21September2014 /> Nungesser denies the allegation, insisting that the encounter was entirely consensual. In April 2013, 8 months after the encounter, Sulkowicz filed a complaint with the university.<ref name=Grigoriadis21September2014 /><ref name=Kaminer22Dec2014>((cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/22/nyregion/accusers-and-the-accused-crossing-paths-at-columbia.html | title=Accusers and the Accused, Crossing Paths at Columbia University | work=The New York Times | date=December 22, 2014 | author=Ariel Kaminer))</ref> Sulkowicz says she filed a complaint after encountering two female students who said they had also been victimized by Nungesser.<ref name=ignore /> One was a former girlfriend who said she was emotionally abused during their long-term relationship, and stated that she later recognized their sexual relations as having been non-consensual. The other said that on one occasion Nungesser had moved toward her aggressively, grabbed her arms, and attempted to kiss her.<ref name="Bwog">((cite web | url=http://bwog.com/2014/01/23/accessible-prompt-and-equitable-an-examination-of-sexual-assault-at-columbia/ | title="Accessible, Prompt, and Equitable"? An Examination of Sexual Assault at Columbia | date=January 23, 2014 | access-date=January 19, 2016))</ref> Shortly after Sulkowicz filed a complaint, the two other students with whom she was acquainted also filed complaints with the university against the same student.<ref name=Young3February2015>Cathy Young (February 3, 2015). [http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/02/03/columbia-student-i-didn-t-rape-her.html "Columbia Student: I Didn't Rape Her"], The Daily Beast.</ref><ref name=NYT3May2014>Richard Pérez-Peña, Kath Taylor (May 3, 2014). [https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/04/us/fight-against-sex-crimes-holds-colleges-to-account.html "Fight Against Sexual Assaults Holds Colleges to Account"], ''The New York Times''.</ref><ref name=Young20May2015>Cathy Young (May 20, 2015). [http://reason.com/archives/2015/05/20/columbia-rape-saga-lingers-after-mattres/ "As Another Accusation Bites the Dust, Columbia Rape Saga Takes New Turn"], reason.com.</ref><ref name="JezebelJosie21May2015">((cite web |date=May 21, 2015 |author=Anonymous | url=http://jezebel.com/i-am-not-a-pretty-little-liar-1705996719 | title=I Am Not a 'Pretty Little Liar' | access-date=June 10, 2015))</ref> Columbia ultimately cleared him of responsibility in all three cases.<ref name="Kaminer22Dec2014" />

The case attracted wider attention when the three female students who filed complaints gave interviews to the ''New York Post'', which broke the story on December 11, 2013, without naming those involved.<ref>For interview with Sulkowicz that mentions the ''New York Post'', Christoph Cadenbach (May 2015), [http://sz-magazin.sueddeutsche.de/texte/anzeigen/42729/2/1 "Nachtschatten"], ''Suddeutche Zeitung Magazin'', p. 2; for the ''Post'' story, Tara Palmeri (December 11, 2013), [https://nypost.com/2013/12/11/co-eds-rip-columbia-over-athlete-rape-probes/ "Columbia drops ball on jock 'rapist' probe: students"], ''New York Post''.</ref> In April 2014 Sulkowicz appeared with Senator [[Kirsten Gillibrand]] at a press conference about [[campus sexual assault]].<ref>[http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2014/04/07/sen-kirsten-gillibrand-seeks-funds-to-fight-college-campus-sex-assaults/ "Sen. Kirsten Gillibrand Seeks Funds To Fight College Campus Sex Assaults"], [[WCBS-TV]], April 7, 2014.</ref>

On April 24, 2014, 23 students filed a federal complaint against Columbia and [[Barnard College]], alleging violations of [[Title IX]] of the [[Education Amendments of 1972]], a law upholding gender equality in federally-funded institutions.<ref name=Bogler24April2014>Emma Bogler (April 24, 2014). [http://www.columbiaspectator.com/news/2014/04/24/students-file-federal-complaint-against-columbia-alleging-title-ix-title-ii-clery "Students file federal complaint against Columbia, alleging Title IX, Title II, Clery Act violations"], ''Columbia Daily Spectator''.</ref>((refn|group=n|name=title9|[[Title IX]] says: "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance." It was passed on June 23, 1972, in response to discrimination against women in universities and colleges, which included quotas, requiring higher grades from women, and offering them reduced choice in degree programs.<ref>[https://www.justice.gov/crt/about/edu/documents/titleixreport.pdf "Equal Access to Education: Forty Years of Title IX"], United States Department of Justice, June 23, 2012.</ref>((paragraph break)) Five other students later joined the complaint against Columbia, which also alleged that the university was in violation of Title II, a provision against discrimination on the basis of disability, and the [[Clery Act]].<ref name=Bogler24April2014 />)) Among other issues, the complaint alleged that the institutions discourage students from reporting sexual assault, that alleged perpetrators are not removed from campus, and that sanctions are too lenient.<ref name=Bogler24April2014 /> The Department of Education's [[Office for Civil Rights]] opened an investigation in January 2015.<ref>((cite news | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/12/columbia-sexual-assault-investigation_n_6458872.html | title=Columbia University Is Under Federal Investigation For Sexual Assault Cases | work=The Huffington Post | date=January 12, 2015 | author=Tyler Kingkade))</ref>

On May 14, 2014, Sulkowicz filed a complaint with the [[New York Police Department]].<ref name=Bogler16May2014>((cite news |author=Emma Bogler|title=Frustrated by Columbia's inaction, student reports sexual assault to police|url=http://columbiaspectator.com/news/2014/05/16/frustrated-columbias-inaction-student-reports-sexual-assault-police|work=Columbia Daily Spectator|date=May 16, 2014))</ref> The district attorney's office interviewed Sulkowicz and Nungesser in August, but did not pursue charges, citing lack of [[reasonable suspicion]].<ref name=lawsuit />

== Creation and performance ==
[[File:Mattress Performance rules of engagement.jpg|thumb|300px|alt=photograph|''Mattress Performance'' rules of engagement, Columbia University, 2014]]
[[File:Mattress Performance (Carry That Weight), 10 September 2014.jpg|thumb|300px|alt=photograph|"Carry that Weight Together", Columbia University, September 10, 2014]]

Sulkowicz devised ''Mattress Performance (Carry That Weight)'' in the summer of 2014 as a senior thesis while at [[Yale University]] Summer School of Art and Music. Her first effort was a [[Video art|video]] of herself moving a bed out of a room, accompanied by the [[Audio art|audio]] of her filing the police report, which she had recorded on a cellphone.<ref name=Sulkowicz14Dec2014b>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OMXp3RLOVNg Smith 2014], at c.&nbsp;38:50 min.</ref> The mattress later became the focus of the piece.<ref name=Smith22September2014 /> Sulkowicz's thesis was supervised by artist [[Jon Kessler]], a professor at Columbia. As the idea for ''Mattress Performance'' developed, Kessler and Sulkowicz discussed the nature of endurance art and the work of [[Tehching Hsieh]], [[Marina Abramović]], [[Ulay]] and [[Chris Burden]].<ref name=Steinhauer17September2014>Jillian Steinhauer (September 17, 2014). [http://hyperallergic.com/149368/two-weeks-into-performance-columbia-student-discusses-the-weight-of-her-mattress/ "Two Weeks Into Performance, Columbia Student Discusses the Weight of Her Mattress"], ''Hyperallergic''; [http://arts.columbia.edu/visual-arts/faculty/jon-kessler "Jon Kessler"] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213215105/http://arts.columbia.edu/visual-arts/faculty/jon-kessler |date=February 13, 2015 )), Columbia University School of the Arts.</ref> Sulkowicz described the work as "an endurance performance art piece". Sulkowicz told the ''Columbia Daily Spectator'': "I do think that nowadays art pieces can include whatever the artist desires and in this performance art piece it utilizes the elements of protest ..."<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l9hHZbuYVnU Sulkowicz (September 2, 2014)], from c. 2:23 min.</ref>

Purchased online from Tall Paul's Tall Mall, the 50-lb (23-kg), dark-blue, extra-long twin mattress is of the kind Columbia places in its dorms, similar to the one on which Sulkowicz said that she was raped.<ref name=Grigoriadis21September2014>Vanessa Grigoriadis (September 21, 2014). [http://nymag.com/thecut/2014/09/emma-sulkowicz-campus-sexual-assault-activism.html "Meet the College Women Who Are Starting a Revolution Against Campus Sexual Assault"], ''[[New York (magazine)|New York]]''.</ref><ref name=Sulkowicz14Dec2014b /> Sulkowicz spent the summer of 2014 creating the rules of engagement, which defined the parameters of the project. Written on the walls of her studio in the university's Watson Hall, these included that Sulkowicz had to carry the mattress when on university property; that it had to remain on campus when she was not there; and that she was not allowed to ask for help in carrying it, but could accept if help was offered.<ref name=Sulkowicz14Dec2014b /><ref>For Watson Hall, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l9hHZbuYVnU Sulkowicz (September 2, 2014)], from c. 2:00 min.</ref>

In early September 2014 Sulkowicz began carrying the mattress on campus.<ref>Noel Duan (September 9, 2014). [http://www.elle.com/culture/career-politics/a14546/columbia-university-sexual-assault-mattress-performance-emma-sulkowicz/ "Going From Class to Class With Emma Sulkowicz and Her Mattress"], ''Elle''.</ref> A homeless man was one of the first to help. Sulkowicz told ''New York'' magazine: "He was the first person who helped without some sort of preconstructed belief for why they were going to help. He was like, 'Oh, look, a struggling girl—let me help her and be a nice human being.' That was probably the most honest interaction I had."<ref name=Battaglia28May2015>Andy Battaglia (May 28, 2015). [http://www.vulture.com/2015/05/does-sulkowiczs-mattress-belong-in-a-museum.html "Will Emma Sulkowicz's Protest Mattress Wind Up in a Museum?"], ''[[New York (magazine)|New York]]''.</ref> Sulkowicz kept a diary throughout, amounting to 59,000 words at the end of the work, recording the artist's experiences as well as the misunderstandings of commentators.<ref name=Battaglia28May2015 />

Sulkowicz said the work would end when Nungesser was expelled from or otherwise left Columbia, and that she would take the mattress to her graduation ceremony if necessary.<ref name=Grigoriadis21September2014 /><ref name=Smith22September2014 /> In the end Sulkowicz carried it to the graduation ceremony on May 19, 2015,<ref name="kutner_dec_2015" /> despite a request from the school that students should not bring "large objects which could interfere with the proceedings".<ref name=Taylor20May2015>Kate Taylor (May 20, 2015). [https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/20/nyregion/mattress-protest-at-columbia-university-continues-into-graduation-event.html "Mattress Protest at Columbia University Continues Into Graduation Event"], ''The New York Times''.</ref> Several women helped carry the mattress on stage. As Sulkowicz approached, university president [[Lee Bollinger]], who had been shaking other graduates' hands, turned away as if to pick something up, and did not shake her hand; the university said this happened because the mattress was in the way.<ref name=Bazelon29May2015 /> The next day posters appeared in [[Morningside Heights]] near the university calling Sulkowicz a "pretty little liar".<ref name=Roy20May2015>Jessica Roy (May 20, 2015); [http://nymag.com/thecut/2015/05/posters-around-columbia-emma-sulkowicz-lied.html "Posters Around Columbia Campus Call Emma Sulkowicz a 'Pretty Little Liar'"], ''[[New York (magazine)|New York]]''.</ref>

After graduation Sulkowicz said she had known the university would not expel Nungesser, and had expected to carry the mattress for nine months, the length of a pregnancy, which was an important part of the work: "To me, the piece has very much represented [the fact that] a guy did a horrible thing to me and I tried to make something beautiful out of it."<ref name=Battaglia28May2015 />

== Reception ==

=== Reaction by the accused ===
Paul Nungesser said in a December 2014 interview with ''The New York Times'' that the mattress performance is not an act of artistic expression, but instead one orchestrated to bully him and force him to leave Columbia.<ref>Sarah Kaplan (February 4, 2015). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2015/02/04/in-columbia-university-rape-case-accuser-and-accused-are-now-fighting-it-out-in-public/ "In Columbia University rape case, accuser and accused are now fighting it out in public"], ''The Washington Post''.</ref> He said that on the National Day of Action, protesters followed him around, carrying mattresses to one of his classes and taking his picture. He also said that he was not permitted to use written communications between himself and the alleged victim as evidence, and expressed disbelief that anyone could believe he was guilty even after his accusers failed to meet what he deemed the low burden of proof in the university hearing process.<ref name=Bazelon29May2015>Emily Bazelon (May 29, 2015). [https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/29/magazine/have-we-learned-anything-from-the-columbia-rape-case.html "Have We Learned Anything From the Columbia Rape Case?"], ''The New York Times Magazine''.</ref><ref name=NYT>((cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/22/nyregion/accusers-and-the-accused-crossing-paths-at-columbia.html | title=Accusers and the Accused, Crossing Paths at Columbia University | work=The New York Times | date=December 22, 2014 | author=Kaminer, Ariel))</ref> He also stated that since Sulkowicz's protest serves as her senior thesis, it is being supervised and implicitly endorsed by a Columbia faculty member.<ref name=NYT />

Nungesser's parents criticized the university, including its decision to let Sulkowicz take the mattress to the graduation ceremony: "This has been a deeply humiliating experience.&nbsp;... A university that bows to a public witch-hunt no longer deserves to be called a place of enlightenment, of intellectual and academic freedom."<ref name=VanSyckle20May2015>Katie Van Syckle (May 20, 2015). [http://nymag.com/thecut/2015/05/accused-columbia-rapist-parents-release-statement-sulkowicz.html "Accused Rapist's Parents Criticize Columbia for Allowing Mattress at Graduation"], ''[[New York (magazine)|New York]]''.</ref><ref>Rudi Novotny (June 2, 2015). [http://www.zeit.de/studium/uni-leben/2015-05/columbia-university-sexual-assault-trial "What Happened on the Mattress?"], ''Zeit''.</ref> Asked by German ''[[Süddeutsche Zeitung]] Magazin'' about her feelings on the treatment of her son at Columbia, Nungesser's mother said, "This is a feeling of lawlessness." His father said that he sometimes fears his son will leave the school as a "cynic" and a "suspicious man".<ref>Christoph Cadenbach: [http://sz-magazin.sueddeutsche.de/texte/anzeigen/42729/3/1 "Nachtschatten"], ''Süddeutsche Zeitung Magazin'', Heft 5/2015</ref>

In April 2015 Nungesser filed a [[Title IX]] lawsuit against Columbia University, its trustees, university president Lee Bollinger, and Sulkowicz's senior-thesis supervisor, Jon Kessler, alleging they exposed him to gender-based harassment and a hostile educational environment in allowing the project to go forward. Nungesser said that in so doing they damaged his college experience, emotional well-being, reputation and career prospects.<ref name=lawsuit /><ref name="kutner_dec_2015" /> His lawyers argued that Columbia allowed Sulkowicz to create and propose "performances depicting [the plaintiff] as a rapist" even though the university cleared him of any wrongdoing.<ref name=jointletter>Jessica Roy (June 25, 2015): [http://nymag.com/thecut/2015/06/lawsuit-emma-sulkowicz-ran-misandrist-campaign.html "Lawyers for Emma Sulkowicz's Alleged Rapist Accuse Her of Misandry"], ''[[New York (magazine)|New York]]''.</ref> Among examples of what they described as "public harassment", they cited Sulkowicz's public display of drawings which the lawyers said depicted Nungesser's genitals as part of the project (Sulkowicz left open the question of whether these drawings were of him or stories about him<ref name=Bazelon29May2015 />), as well as depictions of the alleged sexual assault, as violations of Columbia's gender-based misconduct policy, which prohibits "unwelcome remarks about the private parts of a person's body" and "graffiti concerning the sexual activity of another person". The lawsuit alleged that Columbia was responsible because the university sponsored and supervised the project.<ref name=Schow22July2015>Ashe Schow (July 22, 2015): [http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/columbia-student-accused-of-rape-amends-lawsuit-to-include-the-mattress-attends-graduation/article/2568763 "Columbia student accused of rape amends lawsuit to include 'the mattress attends graduation'"], ''The Washington Examiner''.</ref> The university's lawyers say the university is "not responsible or liable" for Sulkowicz's conduct<ref name=jointletter />

On August 28, 2015, Columbia's lawyers asked that the case be dismissed, citing [[First Amendment]] protections and arguing that Nungesser's lawsuit suggests Columbia was obligated to prevent Sulkowicz from speaking publicly on an important issue.<ref>((cite news |last1=Neumeister |first1=Larry |title=University Defends Mattress-Carrying Project Against Lawsuit|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/university-defends-mattress-carrying-project-lawsuit-33392586 |publisher=ABC News |date=August 28, 2015 |access-date=August 29, 2015))</ref><ref>((cite news |last1=Neumeister|first1=Larry|title=Columbia Cites Free Speech In Defense Of Allowing Mattress Protest|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/columbia-mattress-protest_55e2200de4b0aec9f3538924|work=The Huffington Post|access-date=October 18, 2015))</ref> The case was heard by Judge [[Gregory Howard Woods|Gregory H. Woods]] of the [[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York]], who dismissed the suit on March 12, 2016.<ref name=lawsuit>Max Kutner (April 28, 2015), [http://www.newsweek.com/anti-mattress-protest-paul-nungessers-lawsuit-against-columbia-university-326319 "The Anti-Mattress Protest"], ''Newsweek''; [https://www.pacermonitor.com/public/case/8099296/Nungesser_v_Columbia_University_et_al Case details], PaceMonitor.com.</ref><ref>((cite news | url=http://www.newsweek.com/paul-nungesser-columbia-mattress-lawsuit-dismissed-436273 | title=Lawsuit Against Columbia Over 'Mattress Protest' Dismissed | work=Newsweek | date=March 12, 2016 | author=Kutner, Max | access-date=March 12, 2016 ))</ref> Nungesser filed an amended complaint on April 25, 2016.<ref name="newsweek_new_complaint">((cite news |last1=Kutner|first1=Max|title=Lawsuit Against Columbia Over 'Mattress Protest' Returns To Court|url=http://www.newsweek.com/paul-nungesser-lawsuit-columbia-sulkowicz-452241 |publisher=Newsweek |date=April 25, 2016 |access-date=May 10, 2016))</ref> In July 2017, the university announced that it had reached a settlement with him; terms of the settlement were not disclosed.<ref name="lawsuit-settled">((cite news |last1=Holmes|first1=Aaron|title=Columbia settles Nungesser's Title IX lawsuit|url=http://columbiaspectator.com/main/2017/07/13/columbia-settles-nungesser-title-ix-lawsuit/ |work=[[Columbia Daily Spectator]] |date=July 13, 2017 |access-date=July 15, 2017 |quote=The University announced that it had settled the suit—for which Nungesser submitted a new complaint after his initial one was dismissed last year—in a conciliatory statement sent to Spectator Thursday ... The University did not disclose the terms of the settlement.))</ref> The university said in a statement: "Columbia recognizes that after the conclusion of the investigation, Paul's remaining time at Columbia became very difficult for him and not what Columbia would want any of its students to experience. Columbia will continue to review and update its policies toward ensuring that every student — accuser and accused, including those like Paul who are found not responsible — is treated respectfully and as a full member of the Columbia community."<ref>((cite news|last1=Taylor|first1=Kate|title=Columbia Settles With Student Cast as a Rapist in Mattress Art Project|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/14/nyregion/columbia-settles-with-student-cast-as-a-rapist-in-mattress-art-project.html|work=The New York Times|date=July 14, 2017))</ref>

=== Other responses ===
[[File:Roberta Smith, Emma Sulkowicz, 14 December 2014.jpg|thumb|300px|alt=photograph|[[Roberta Smith]], ''New York Times'' [[art critic]] (left), discussing ''Mattress Performance'' with Sulkowicz, [[Brooklyn Museum]], December 14, 2014]]

==== Praise ====
Numerous art critics responded positively to ''Mattress Performance''. [[Artnet]] cited it as "almost certainly&nbsp;... one of the most important artworks of the year", comparing it to [[Ana Mendieta]]'s ''[[Untitled (Rape Scene)]]'' (1973) and [[Suzanne Lacy]] and [[Leslie Labowitz-Starus]]'s ''[[Three Weeks in May]]'' (1977).<ref>((cite web | url=http://news.artnet.com/art-world/columbia-students-striking-mattress-performance-92346 | title=Columbia Student's Striking Mattress Performance | work=Artnet | date=September 4, 2014 | author=Ben Davis))</ref> Performance artist [[Marina Abramović]] praised it.<ref>Rachel Corbett (October 24, 2014). [http://nymag.com/thecut/2014/10/marina-abramovic-is-a-fan-of-the-mattress-girl.html "Marina Abramovic Is a Fan of the Mattress Girl"], ''[[New York (magazine)|New York]]''; Josh Niland (October 27, 2014). [http://news.artnet.com/in-brief/marina-abramovic-is-down-with-emma-sulkowiczs-mattress-piece-145208 "Marina Abramović is Down With Emma Sulkowicz's Mattress Piece"], ''Artnet''.</ref> ''The New York Times'' art critic [[Roberta Smith]] described it as "strict and lean, yet inclusive and open ended, symbolically laden yet drastically physical", writing that comparisons to the [[Stations of the Cross]] and [[Hester Prynne]]'s [[The Scarlet Letter|scarlet letter]] were apparent.<ref name=Smith22September2014>[[Roberta Smith]] (September 22, 2014). [https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/22/arts/design/in-a-mattress-a-fulcrum-of-art-and-political-protest.html "In a Mattress, a Lever for Art and Political Protest"], ''The New York Times''.</ref> [[Jerry Saltz]], art critic for ''[[New York (magazine)|New York]]'' magazine, included it in his list of the best 19 art shows of 2014, calling "clear, to the point, insistent, adamant&nbsp;... pure radical vulnerability".<ref name=Saltz>((cite web | url=http://www.vulture.com/2014/12/19-best-art-shows-of-2014.html | title=The 19 Best Art Shows of 2014 | work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] | date=December 10, 2014 | author=Jerry Saltz)).</ref>

The political response was marked too. Nato Thompson, chief curator of [[Creative Time]], said he could not think of another case where art had triggered a movement in the way ''Mattress Performance'' had.<ref name=Kaplan28November2014 /> [[Hillary Clinton]] told the [[Democratic National Committee|DNC]] Women's Leadership Forum in September 2014: "That image should haunt all of us&nbsp;..."<ref>[[Hillary Clinton|Clinton, Hillary]] (September 19, 2014). [http://www.p2016.org/clinton/clinton091914spt.html Address to Democratic National Committee Women's Leadership Forum]. Transcribed at [http://www.p2016.org/ Democracy in Action].</ref> In October 2014, Columbia students carried 28 mattresses on campus, one for each student who joined the federal Title IX complaint, then left them outside the home of university president [[Lee Bollinger]]; they were fined $471 for the clean-up.<ref name=Kaplan28November2014>Sarah Kaplan (November 28, 2014). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/how-a-matress-became-a-symbol-for-student-activists-against-sexual-assault/2014/11/28/d637db1c-6040-11e4-91f7-5d89b5e8c251_story.html "How a mattress became a symbol for student activists against sexual assault"], ''The Washington Post''.</ref><ref name=Nathanson1December2014>Rebecca Nathanson (December 1, 2014). [https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/how-carry-that-weight-is-changing-the-conversation-on-campus-sexual-assault-20141201 "How 'Carry That Weight' Is Changing the Conversation on Campus Sexual Assault"], ''Rolling Stone''.</ref> A group called "Carry That Weight" organized a "National Day of Action to Carry That Weight" on October 29, 2014, during which students carried mattresses on 130 US campuses and several elsewhere.<ref>((cite news | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/10/29/carry-that-weight-columbia-sexual-assault_n_6069344.html | title=Students Bring Out Mattresses In Huge 'Carry That Weight' Protest Against Sexual Assault | work=The Huffington Post | date=October 29, 2014 | author=Alexandra Svokos))</ref><ref>Gander Kashmira (November 13, 2014). [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/university-charges-students-hundreds-of-dollars-to-clean-up-mattresses-from-emma-sulkowicz-antisexual-assault-solidarity-protest-9859916.html "University 'charges students hundreds of dollars' to clean up mattresses from Emma Sulkowicz anti-sexual assault solidarity protest"], ''The Independent''.</ref> Sulkowicz received the [[National Organization for Women]]'s Susan B. Anthony Award and the [[Feminist Majority Foundation]]'s Ms. Wonder Award.<ref>((cite web | url=http://nownyc.org/susan-b-anthony-awards/ | title=Meet Our 2014 Honorees | publisher = Susan B. Anthony Awards | access-date=November 25, 2014)); ((cite web | url=http://feminist.org/blog/index.php/2014/11/19/ms-wonder-awards-honor-young-grassroots-leaders-in-anti-violence-fair-wage-movements/ | title=Ms. Wonder Awards Honor Young Grassroots Leaders in Anti-Violence and Fair Wage Movements | publisher = Feminist Newswire | date=November 19, 2014))</ref>

In January 2015, New York's [[US Senate|U.S. senator]] [[Kirsten Gillibrand]] invited Sulkowicz to attend the [[2015 State of the Union Address]].<ref name=VanSyckle20January2015>Katie Van Syckle (January 20, 2015). [http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2015/01/alleged-columbia-rapist-dismayed-by-sotu-honor.html "Alleged Columbia Rapist ‘Dismayed and Disappointed’ by Accuser’s SOTU Invitation"], ''[[New York (magazine)|New York]]''; Katie Van Syckle (January 21, 2015). [http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2015/01/sulkowicz-was-let-down-by-state-of-the-union.html "Emma Sulkowicz Was ‘Let Down’ by Obama SOTU Speech"], ''[[New York (magazine)|New York]]''.</ref> [[Families Advocating for Campus Equality]] said the invitation was "undeserved and violates the principles of confidentiality and gender equality of Title IX", and that Sulkowicz had "failed to establish any wrongdoing" on the part of Nungesser.<ref name="KGBlasted">Valerie Richardson (January 26, 2015). [http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/jan/26/kirsten-gillibrand-blasted-decision-invite-columbi/ "Kirsten Gillibrand blasted for decision to invite Columbia 'mattress girl' to SOTU"], ''The Washington Times''.</ref>

In 2015, Sulkowicz was included in ''[[The Forward]]''(('))s [[Forward 50]] as one of the year's fifty most influential Jewish-Americans.<ref>((cite news |url=http://forward.com/series/forward-50/2015/ |title=Forward 50 2015 – |work=The Forward |date=November 7, 2015 |access-date=November 11, 2015))</ref>

==== Criticism ====
Some commentators questioned Sulkowicz's account of the assault and argued that the performance was unfair to Nungesser.

Social critic [[Camille Paglia]] described ''Mattress Performance'' as "a parody of the worst aspects of that kind of grievance-oriented feminism", adding that a feminist work "should empower women, not cripple them".<ref name=Paglia>((cite news |last1=Daley|first1=David|title=Camille Paglia: How Bill Clinton is like Bill Cosby|url=http://www.salon.com/2015/07/28/camille_paglia_how_bill_clinton_is_like_bill_cosby/ |work=Salon |date=July 28, 2015 |access-date=August 10, 2015))</ref><ref>((cite news |last1=Quackenbush|first1=Casey|title=Camille Paglia: Columbia Anti-Rape Mattress Project Is Not Feminism|url=http://observer.com/2015/07/camille-paglia-columbia-anti-rape-mattress-project-is-backwards-feminism/ |newspaper=[[New York Observer]] |date=July 30, 2015 |access-date=August 16, 2015))</ref>

In an editorial in the ''[[New York Post]]'', [[Naomi Schaefer Riley]] criticized Sulkowicz's work as "shaming without proof" and accused Sulkowicz and her supporters of "saving themselves from having to answer any questions and destroying men's lives with lies and innuendo".<ref name="Naomi Schaefer Riley">((cite news |url=https://nypost.com/2015/02/08/columbia-mattress-rape-case-is-not-justice-its-shaming-without-proof/|title=Columbia mattress rape case is not justice—it's shaming without proof |last1=Riley |first1=Naomi Schaefer |date=February 8, 2015 |newspaper=[[New York Post]] |access-date=November 16, 2015))</ref> In his article "If anything's art, art's nothing", ''[[National Post]]'' columnist [[Robert Fulford (journalist)|Robert Fulford]] compared Sulkowicz's work to that of [[Megumi Igarashi]] and concluded, "if everything is art, then art can be used for anything. And in the process meaning and value dissolve and art becomes hopelessly debased."<ref>National Post (May 1, 2015), [http://news.nationalpost.com/full-comment/robert-fulford-if-anythings-art-arts-nothing "Robert Fulford: If anything’s art, art's nothing"].</ref>

In an editorial for ''[[The Federalist (website)|The Federalist]]'', columnist [[Mona Charen]] stated that she believed Sulkowicz was likely "shading the truth" and argued that, while campus rape was a real problem, advocates did not pay enough attention to the possibility of false allegations.<ref name=Bazelon29May2015 />

== See also ==

* [[Columbia University rape controversy]]
* ''[[Empathy and Prostitution]]''

== Notes ==
((notelist))
((reflist|group=n))

== References ==
((Reflist|30em))

((Endurance art))
((Performance art))

[[Category:2014 works]]
[[Category:2015 works]]
[[Category:Civil rights protests in the United States]]
[[Category:History of Columbia University]]
[[Category:Endurance art performances]]
[[Category:Feminist art]]
[[Category:Morningside Heights, Manhattan]]
[[Category:Performance art in New York City]]
[[Category:Political art]]
[[Category:Public art in New York City]]
[[Category:Works about rape]]
[[Category:Campus sexual assault]]
[[Category:Women in New York City]]
[[Category:Student protests in New York (state)]]
[[Category:Rape in the United States]]
[[Category:Sex scandals in the United States]]

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