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((Short description|Royal Navy Admiral (1883-1951)))
((Use dmy dates|date=January 2022))
((Use British English|date=June 2022))
((More references|date=June 2022))
((Infobox military person
|name= Sir Max Kennedy Horton
|image= Max Horton 1943 IWM A 20789.jpg
|image_size= 
|alt= 
|caption= Admiral Sir Max Horton, 1943
|birth_date= ((Birth date|df=yes|1883|11|29))
|death_date= ((Death date and age|df=yes|1951|7|30|1883|11|29))
|birth_place= [[Rhosneigr]], [[Anglesey]]
|death_place= [[London]]
|placeofburial= 
|nickname= 
|allegiance= United Kingdom
|branch= [[Royal Navy]]
|serviceyears= 1898–1945
|rank= [[Admiral (Royal Navy)|Admiral]]
|servicenumber= 
|unit= 
|commands= [[Western Approaches Command]]<br/>Flag Officer Submarines<br/>((HMS|E9))
|battles= [[First World War]]
* North Sea & Baltic Sea
[[Second World War]]
* [[Battle of the Atlantic]]
|awards= [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]<br/>[[Distinguished Service Order]] & [[Medal bar|Two Bars]]<br/>[[Sea Gallantry Medal]]<br/>[[Mentioned in dispatches]]<br/>[[Order of St. George]] (Russia)<br/>[[Order of St. Vladimir]] (Russia)<br/>[[Order of St. Anna]] (Russia)<br/>[[Order of St. Stanislaus]] (Russia)<br/>[[Legion of Honour]] (France)<br/>[[Croix de guerre 1939–1945|Croix de Guerre]] (France)<br/>[[Order of Orange-Nassau]] (Netherlands)<br/>[[Legion of Merit]] (United States)<br/>[[Order of St. Olaf]] (Norway)
|relations= 
|laterwork= 
))
[[Admiral (Royal Navy)|Admiral]] '''Sir Max Kennedy Horton''', ((post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|GCB|DSO2|SGM)) (29 November 1883 – 30 July 1951) was a British [[submarine]]r during the [[First World War]] and commander-in-chief of the [[Western Approaches Command|Western Approaches]] in the later half of the [[Second World War]], responsible for British participation in the [[Battle of the Atlantic]].

==Early life==
Max Horton was born in [[Anglesey]] to Robert Joseph Angel Horton and Esther/Hester Maude Goldsmid, of the famous Goldsmid/D'Avigdor Goldsmid Anglo-Jewish family.<ref>Max Horton and the Western Approaches, A biography of Admiral Sir Max Kennedy Horton, G.C.B., D.S.O.  By Rear Admiral W.S. Chalmers C.B.E., D.S.C. Hodder and Stoughton, London, 1954, page 3</ref>

Horton joined the Royal Navy officer training ship, [[Britannia Royal Naval College|HMS ''Britannia'']] on 15 September 1898. Whilst on ((HMS|Duke of Edinburgh)), he was involved in the rescue efforts when ((SS|Delhi)) ran aground off [[Cape Spartel]] and was subsequently awarded the [[Sea Gallantry Medal|Board of Trade Medal for Saving Life at Sea]] in silver.

==First World War==
The outbreak of war saw [[Lieutenant-Commander]] Horton in command of one of the first British ocean-going submarines, the 800-ton ((HMS|E9)). At dawn on 13 September 1914, he torpedoed the [[Kaiserliche Marine|German]] [[light cruiser]] ((SMS|Hela)) six miles southwest of [[Heligoland]]. ''Hela'' was hit amidships with the two torpedoes, fired from a range of 600&nbsp;yards. All but two of her crew were rescued by the ((SMU|U-18|Germany|2)) and another German ship. Although pursued most of the day by German naval forces, ''E9'' managed to reach [[Harwich]] safely.<ref>((cite web | url = http://uboat.net/allies/personnel/horton.htm | work = uboat.net | title = Admiral Sir Max Kennedy Horton, RN | access-date =26 November 2006 ))</ref> Entering the port, Horton initiated the tradition of British submariners of hoisting the [[Use of the Jolly Roger by submarines|Jolly Roger]] after a successful patrol.<ref>((cite book|last=Compton-Hall |first=Richard |title=Submarines at War 1939–45 |publisher=Periscope Publishing |year=2004 |isbn=1-904381-22-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EEJ6YaMGkV4C |page=62))</ref>

[[File:Horton Lawrence.jpg|thumb|Horton (left) with [[Noel Laurence]], commander of [[HMS E1]] (right), while serving in the Baltic]]
Three weeks later, Horton sank the German destroyer ((SMS|S116||2)) off the mouth of the [[Ems (river)|river Ems]]. For sinking the cruiser and the destroyer, Horton was awarded the [[Distinguished Service Order]] (DSO).

Sent to the [[Baltic Sea]] as [[British submarine flotilla in the Baltic|part of a British flotilla]], Horton sank a number of merchant vessels and, on 2 July 1915, damaged the German [[armoured cruiser]] [[SMS Prinz Adalbert (1901)|SMS ''Prinz Adalbert'']]. On 31 December 1914, Horton was promoted to [[Commander]].

In 1917, Horton was awarded the [[Medal bar|bar]] to his DSO for long and arduous services in command of overseas submarines. Three years later, as a captain, he was awarded a second bar to his DSO for distinguished service in command of the Baltic submarine flotilla.
((clear left))<!-- don't remove this, it forces next section to begin below images in this section -->

==Interbellum==
During the 1920s, Horton served as captain of [[HMS Conquest (1915)|HMS ''Conquest'']] and of the battleship [[HMS Resolution (09)|HMS ''Resolution'']]. Promoted to [[rear admiral]] on 17 October 1932, he became Commander of the [[2nd Battle Squadron]] with his flag in the battleship [[HMS Malaya|HMS ''Malaya'']] in December 1933 and Commander of the [[1st Cruiser Squadron]] with his flag in [[HMS London (69)|HMS ''London'']] in 1935. Promoted to [[vice admiral]] in 1937, he was given command of the [[Reserve Fleet (United Kingdom)|Reserve Fleet]] that year.

==Second World War==
With the onset of World War II, Horton was put in command of the [[Northern Patrol]] enforcing the distant maritime blockade of Germany in the [[GIUK gap|seas between Orkney and the Faroes]]. In 1940, he was made [[Commodore Submarine Service|Rear Admiral Submarines]]. In the opinion of Horton's biographer, Rear Admiral [[William Scott Chalmers]], a new regulation which required the post holder to be an officer who had served aboard submarines in the Great War, was forced through for the sole purpose of ensuring that Horton was on a very short list of qualifiers for this post, almost ensuring his rapid transfer to [[Aberdour]], so great was the desire of some within the Admiralty to have Horton revitalize the submarine arm.<ref>Chalmers, Chapter X</ref>

Horton moved his headquarters from Aberdour, where he was under the control of the fleet commanders at [[Scapa Flow]], to [[Northways]] in north London, officially because he wanted a freer hand in running his command, but purportedly because Northways was located near some of his favourite [[golf course]]s.((cn|date=June 2022)) Horton, an avid golfer, is said to have played a round of golf almost every day during the war (since most of the convoy battles took place at night), and was generously [[Handicap (golf)|handicapped]] at a "financial&nbsp;8".

He was responsible for the creation of [[convoy rescue ship]]s, which accompanied some [[Battle of the Atlantic (1940)|Atlantic convoys]] to rescue survivors from ships sunk by enemy action. Rescue ships were typically small freighters with passenger accommodations. Conversion to rescue service involved enlarging [[Galley (kitchen)|galley]] and food storage areas and providing berthing and sanitary facilities for approximately 150 men. The ships carried scrambling nets along the sides, and boats suitable for open sea work instead of normal lifeboats. Rescue ships normally included a small operating room for an embarked naval doctor and sick bay staff.

Having been promoted to full Admiral on 9 January 1941, Horton was appointed Commander-in-Chief, [[Western Approaches Command]] on 17 November 1942. Here he instituted a series of tactical changes in the way the escort ships were to be used. In addition to the existing escort group system, in which groups of ships were assigned to defend the perimeter of convoy boxes, Horton instituted a system of support groups, who would also travel with the convoys, but have much more freedom in pursuing submarines to the death, even if such action necessitated leaving the convoy for longer periods of time than were considered acceptable for escort groups. Horton's support groups proved to be decisive in the crucial spring of 1943, taking the battle to the U-boats and crushing the morale of the [[U-boat arm]] with persistent and successful counterattacks. Horton is widely credited, along with his predecessor, Admiral Sir [[Percy Lockhart Harnam Noble|Percy Noble]], as being one of the most crucial figures in the Allied victory in the Atlantic. In August 1945, Max Horton, at his own request, was placed on the retired list in order to facilitate the promotion of younger officers. He was made a [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]] in June 1945<ref>((London Gazette|issue=37119|supp=y|page=2935|date=8 June 1945))</ref> and was [[Bath King of Arms]] from January 1946.<ref>((London Gazette|issue=37424|page=353|date=8 January 1946))</ref> He was awarded the Freedom of the City of Liverpool.

==Memorials==
There is a memorial to him in [[Liverpool Cathedral]].

In 2019, a full size sculpture of Horton was funded by the Rhosneigr community and placed in Rhosneigr, where he was born.  

In 2021 a footstone was funded by the Jewish American Society for Historic Preservation in his honour. The footstone reads, "Admiral Sir Max Horton, RN, Honouring British Commonality and Diversity, Commander-in-Chief responsible for British participation in the Battle of the Atlantic WWII. Admiral Horton was of Jewish heritage born in Anglesey. 'Be strong and of good courage' Joshua 1:9, Donated by the Hackney Branch of the Association of Jewish Ex-Servicemen and Women and the Jewish American Society for Historic Preservation."<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.sdjewishworld.com/2021/05/24/a-jewish-honor-for-admiral-max-horton/|title = A Jewish Honor for Admiral Max Horton|date = 24 May 2021))</ref>

An [[Trawlers of the Royal Navy|anti-submarine trawler]], ((HMS|Commander Horton)), was sunk on 27 April 1941 by ((GS|U-552)).<ref>((cite web|url=http://ww2timelines.com/batlantic/bat41/bat0441.htm|title=April 1941 events of the Battle of the Atlantic|publisher=Timelines|access-date=9 September 2015))</ref>

==Honours and awards==
[[File:Admiral Max Horton memorial at Liverpool Cathedral.jpg|thumb|Admiral Sir Max Horton memorial at [[Liverpool Cathedral]]]]
* [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]] (14 June 1945, King's [[Birthday Honours]]); KCB (2 January 1939, [[New Year Honours]]); CB (4 June 1934, Birthday Honours)
* [[Distinguished Service Order]] [[Medal bar|and two bars]] (21 October 1914, highly successful attacks on German men-of-war; 2 November 1917, for long and arduous services in command of overseas submarines; 8 March 1920, distinguished service in command of the Baltic submarine flotilla)
* [[Mention in Despatches]] (11 July 1940)
* [[Sea Gallantry Medal|The Board of Trade Medal for Saving Life at Sea]] in silver (1911)
* [[Order of St. George]], 4th Class (Russia) ([[London Gazette|LG]] 15 November 1915)
* Grand Officer of the [[Legion of Honour]] (France)
* [[Croix de guerre 1939–1945|Croix de Guerre]] with Palmes (France)
* [[Order of St. Vladimir]] 4th Class with swords (Russia)
* [[Order of St. Anna]], 2nd Class with swords and diamonds (Russia)
* [[Order of St. Stanislaus]] 2nd Class
* Grand Cross of the [[Order of Orange-Nassau]] (Netherlands, 12 May 1942)
* Chief Commander of [[Legion of Merit]] (USA, 28 May 1946)
* Grand Cross of the [[Order of St. Olaf]] (Norway, 13 January 1948; services to Norway)

((Commons category|Max Kennedy Horton))

==References==
((reflist))

==Sources==
*((cite book|last=Chalmers|first=William |author-link=William Scott Chalmers|title=Max Horton and the Western Approaches: A biography of Admiral Sir Max Kennedy Horton|url=https://archive.org/details/maxhortonwestern0000chal|url-access=registration|publisher=Hodder & Stoughton|year=1954))

((s-start))
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((s-bef | before=[[Gerald Charles Dickens|Sir Gerald Dickens]]))
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|-
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((end))

((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Horton, Max))
[[Category:1883 births]]
[[Category:1951 deaths]]
[[Category:Royal Navy submarine commanders]]
[[Category:Royal Navy admirals of World War II]]
[[Category:Royal Navy admirals]]
[[Category:Chief Commanders of the Legion of Merit]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)]]
[[Category:Grand Officers of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th class]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 2nd class]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Orange-Nassau]]
[[Category:Royal Navy officers of World War I]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sea Gallantry Medal]]
[[Category:People from Anglesey]]

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