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((Short description|King of Bavaria from 1848 and 1864))
((Use dmy dates|date=July 2022))
((For|the earlier elector|Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria))
((More citations needed|date=November 2007))
((Infobox royalty
| name           = Maximilian II
| full name      = Maximilian Joseph
| succession     = [[King of Bavaria]]
| image          = Hanfstaengl, Franz - Maximilian II. von Bayern (1811-1864) (Zeno Fotografie).jpg
| caption        = Maximilian II c. 1860, by [[Franz Hanfstaengl]]
| reign         = 20 March 1848 – ((nowrap|10 March 1864))
| predecessor    = [[Ludwig I]]
| successor      = [[Ludwig II]]
| reg-type       = ((nowrap|Prime Ministers))
| regent         = ((list collapsed|title=''See list''|1=[[Baron Karl Ludwig von der Pfordten]]<br />[[Baron Karl von Schrenck von Notzing]]<br />[[Max Ritter von Neumayr]]))
| spouse         = ((marriage|[[Marie of Prussia]]|1842))
| issue          = [[Ludwig II]]<br />[[Otto, King of Bavaria|Otto]]
| house          = [[House of Wittelsbach|Wittelsbach]]
| father         = [[Ludwig I of Bavaria]]
| mother         = [[Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen]]
| birth_date     = ((Birth date|1811|11|28|df=y))
| birth_place    = [[Munich]], [[Kingdom of Bavaria|Bavaria]]
| death_date     = ((Death date and age|1864|3|10|1811|11|28|df=y))
| death_place    = Munich, Bavaria
| burial_place = [[Theatinerkirche (München)|Theatinerkirche]], Munich
| religion       = [[Roman Catholicism]]
| signature      = Signature of Maximilian II of Bavaria.svg
))
'''Maximilian II''' (28 November 1811 – 10 March 1864) reigned as [[King of Bavaria]] between 1848 and 1864.

Unlike his father, [[Ludwig I, King of Bavaria|King Ludwig I]], "King Max" was very popular and took a greater interest in the business of Government than in personal extravagance. Ascending the throne during the [[German Revolution of 1848]], King Maximilian restored stability in his kingdom. The rest of his reign was characterized by attempts to maintain Bavarian independence during the wars of German Unification and to transform his capital city of [[Munich]] into a cultural and educational city.

==Crown Prince==
He was born in Munich and was the eldest son of the Crown Prince of Bavaria (later King Ludwig I) and his wife [[Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen]].

After studying at [[Göttingen]] and Berlin and travelling in Germany, Italy and Greece, he was introduced by his father into the council of state (1836). From the first, he showed a studious disposition and declared on one occasion that had he not been born in a royal cradle, his choice would have been to become a professor. As crown prince, in the chateau of [[Hohenschwangau]] near [[Füssen]], which he had rebuilt, he gathered about him an intimate society of artists and men of learning and devoted his time to scientific and historical study.((sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=921)) The [[Wittelsbacher Palais]] was built for Maximilian as a Crown Prince Palace in Munich but was completed only when he ascended the throne.

==King==
[[Image:Maxii.jpg|thumb|left|'''Maximilian II''' by Julius Zimmermann.]]

When the abdication of Ludwig I (20 March 1848) called him suddenly to the throne, his choice of ministers promised a liberal regime.((sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=921))

===Domestic policy===
In 1849 an uprising in the Bavarian [[Palatinate (region)|Palatinate]] was broken down with the support of the [[Prussian Army]].

Though from 1850 onwards his government tended in the direction of [[absolute monarchy]],((sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=921))  King Maximilian steered a moderate course between the extremes of [[classical liberalism]], Prussian-inspired Pan-Germanism, and the so-called "[[Ultramontanes]]".

In his attempts to transform Bavaria into a centre of culture, education, and the arts, he enraged conservative Catholics and Protestants by inviting a number of celebrated men of learning (such as [[Emanuel Geibel|Geibel]], [[Justus von Liebig|Liebig]], [[Paul Heyse|Heyse]] and [[Heinrich von Sybel|Sybel]]) to [[Munich]], regardless of their religious views.((sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=921))

Devoted to his family and his people, the King also financed studies of the art, costumes, dialects and customs of the Bavarian peasantry. That was done to promote a separate national identity against Prussian-inspired Pan-Germanism.

The King was assisted in that by his Personal Private Secretary, [[Franz Xaver von Schönwerth]]. A native of the [[Oberpfalz]] region of the Bavarian Kingdom, Schonwerth's work collecting the folklore and traditions of his native district won him the admiration of the [[Brothers Grimm]] and made him a model for future folklore collectors.

===Foreign policy===
Maximilian II responded also to the demands of the people for a united German state by attending the [[Frankfurt Assembly]] which intended to create such a state. The progress of the 1848 Revolution, however, gave him pause. The king strenuously opposed the unionist plans of the [[Frankfurt Parliament]], refused to recognize the imperial constitution devised by it and assisted [[Austria]] in restoring the [[Federal Convention (German Confederation)|federal diet]] and in carrying out the federal execution in [[Electorate of Hesse|Hesse-Kassel]] and [[Duchy of Holstein|Holstein]].((sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=921)) In the aftermath of the failure of the [[Frankfurt Assembly]], [[Prussia]] and [[Austrian Empire|Austria]] continued to debate which monarchy had the inherent right to rule Germany.

The dispute between Austria and the [[Electoral Prince]] of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel) was used by Austria and its allies, including Bavaria, to promote the isolation of Prussia in German political affairs. That diplomatic insult almost led to war when Austria, Bavaria and other allies moved troops through Bavaria towards Hesse-Kassel in 1850. However, the Prussian Army backed down and accepted the principle of dual leadership. The event was known as the [[Punctation of Olmütz]] but also as the "Humiliation of Olmütz" by Prussia. The event solidified the Bavarian kingdom's alliance with Austria against Prussia.
[[Image:Max II., König von Bayern 2.jpg|thumb|right|Maximilian II (1860, photo by [[Franz Hanfstaengl]])]]

In his German policy, Maximilian was guided by the desire to maintain the union of the princes.((sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=921)) During the [[cold warfare]] between Austria and Prussia, King Maximilian and his ministers favoured the former, which was a policy enthusiastically supported by the Catholics and the Protestants of the Bavarian Kingdom. Simultaneously, however, the King and his Ministers also attempted to preserve Bavaria's independence by trying to play both powers against each other. That policy continued under his son, King Ludwig II.<ref>George Windell (1954), ''The Catholics and German Unity'', [[University of Minnesota]] Press. Pages 17–19.</ref>

In 1863, however, the King supported the project of reform proposed by Austria at the ((Interlanguage link multi|Frankfurt Fürstentag|de|3=Frankfurter Fürstentag)).((sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=921))

Attempts by Austria to reorganise the loose and entirely-decentralised [[German Confederation]] were opposed by Prussia and therefore the other German princes did not act on the reform proposals. The failure of those plans and the attitude of the Austrian Court towards the Confederation and the [[Schleswig-Holstein Question]] disillusioned King Maximilian. The last days of his reign were spent attempting to deal with the new situation created by the outbreak of the war with Denmark.((sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=922))

===Later life===
In the summers of 1849 and 1855, King Maximilian travelled his kingdom. Between 24 June and 27 July 1858, he undertook a journey on foot through his country, which began in [[Lindau]]. However, because of frequent rain, he repeatedly had to be carried physically.

In government policy, the King repeatedly requested the advice of his ministers and scholarly experts before making a decision, which led to long delays. In addition, King Maximilian often traveled to Italy and Greece, which also led to long delays.

After a brief and unexpected illness, King Maximilian died at Munich on 10 March 1864. He is buried in the [[Theatinerkirche (München)|Theatinerkirche]] there.

==Cultural legacy==
[[Image:Maxmonument.JPG|thumb|left|140px|Monument of King Max II, Maximilianstrasse in Munich]]
Maximilian offered [[Paul Heyse]] and other writers from North Germany large stipends.
[[Hans Christian Andersen]] visited "King Max" (as he called him) in his castle [[Starnberg]], and wrote of him as a young, highly amiable man. The King, having read his novels and [[fairy tale]]s, let Andersen know that he was deeply impressed by ''[[The Improvisatore]]'', ''En Digters Bazar'', ''[[The Little Mermaid]]'' and ''Paradisets Have''. During the visit Andersen also read ''[[The Ugly Duckling]]''.<ref>((cite book
 | author = Hans Christian Andersen
 | author-link = Hans Christian Andersen
 | title = [[Mit Livs Eventyr]]
 | publisher = [[Gyldendal]]
 | volume = II
 | year = 1996
 | orig-year = 1855
 | isbn = 87-00-24708-1
))</ref>
Later Andersen visited the King at the [[Schloss Hohenschwangau]].
[[Image:SchlossHohenschwangau.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Hohenschwangau Castle]]]]
Next to Hohenschwangau Castle also the [[Hambach Castle]] was reconstructed from 1844 for Crown Prince Maximilian by [[August von Voit]]. In 1849 King Maximilian II instructed the architect [[Eduard Riedel]] to redesign [[Berg Castle (Bavaria)|Berg Castle]] in neo-gothic style with several towers and a crenellate.

Maximilian II was the principal of the [[Maximilianstrasse (Munich)|Maximilianstrasse]] and the [[Bavarian National Museum]] in Munich. Compared to his father, Maximilian preferred a new architectural style with strong reference to the [[Gothic Revival architecture]] which would combine the best features of historical models combined with then modern building technology. The neo-gothic ''Royal Mansion'' in [[Regensburg]] was built for Maximilian 1854–1856, the ''Royal Mansion'' in [[Berchtesgaden]] and the ''Royal Villa'' on [[Rose Island (Lake Starnberg)|Rose Island]] already in 1853. The hiking path in [[Upper Bavaria]] called [[Maximiliansweg]] is named after him, as he made a longer hike in the Bavaria alps in the summer of 1858.<ref>((cite web
 |publisher   = [[Upper Bavaria tourist association]] (Tourismusverband München Oberbayern)
 |url         = http://www.oberbayern-tourismus.de/oberbayern/live/oberbayern_navigation/show.php3?id=29&nodeid=29&_language=de
 |title       = Wandern
 |language    = de
 |access-date  = 11 March 2007
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20051211082545/http://www.oberbayern-tourismus.de/oberbayern/live/oberbayern_navigation/show.php3?id=29&nodeid=29&_language=de
 |archive-date = 11 December 2005
))</ref>
The [[Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art]] was first established on 28 November 1853 by King Maximilian II.

==Private life and family==
[[Image:Max II., König von Bayern.jpg|thumb|160px|right|Photograph of King Maximilian II hunting in the Alps (taken by [[Franz Hanfstaengl]] c. 1860).]]
While king, Maximilian was hampered by constant ill health which often compelled him to travel abroad and, when at home, to live much of the time in the countryside. The relationship with his father, who had persisted in his architectural projects even after his abdication, was mostly tense. By his wife, [[Marie of Prussia|Marie Friederike Franziska Hedwig]], daughter of [[Prince Wilhelm of Prussia (1783–1851)|Prince William of Prussia]], who he married in 1842, he had two sons:((sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=922))
* [[Ludwig II of Bavaria]] (25 August 1845 – 13 June 1886)((sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=922))
* [[Otto, King of Bavaria]] (27 April 1848 – 11 October 1916)((sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=922))
both of whom became king, were declared insane, and deposed.

== Honours ==
[[File:Coat of Arms of the Kingdom of Bavaria 1835-1918.svg|thumb|Greater Royal Coat of Arms of King Maximilian II Joseph of Bavaria]]
((columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* ((flag|Kingdom of Bavaria)):<ref name = "Bavaria1846">((cite book|title=Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Königreichs Bayern: 1846|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_BjBRAAAAcAAJ|year=1846|publisher=Landesamt|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_BjBRAAAAcAAJ/page/n43 6], 10))</ref>
** Knight of the [[Order of St. Hubert]]
** [[Royal Order of Saint George for the Defense of the Immaculate Conception|Grand Prior of the Royal Bavarian House Equestrian Order of St. George]]
* ((flag|Württemberg)): Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Crown (Württemberg)|Order of the Württemberg Crown]], ''1828''<ref name="Württemberg1854">((cite book|author=Württemberg|title=Königlich-Württembergisches Hof- und Staats-Handbuch: 1854|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3VsAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA32|year=1854|publisher=Guttenberg|page=32))</ref>
* ((flagicon image|Flag of the Kingdom of Prussia (1803-1892).svg)) [[Kingdom of Prussia]]: Knight of the [[Order of the Black Eagle]], ''23 January 1831''<ref>''Liste der Ritter des Königlich Preußischen Hohen Ordens vom Schwarzen Adler'' (1851), "Von Seiner Majestät dem Könige Friedrich Wilhelm III. ernannte Ritter" [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10362193?page=29 p. 19]</ref>
* ((Flag|Two Sicilies)): Knight of the [[Order of Saint Januarius|Order of St. Januarius]], ''1833''<ref>((citation|url=http://www.socistara.it/studi/Real%20Ordine%20di%20San%20Gennaro.pdf|page=9|lang=Italian|title=Vicende e personaggi dell'Insigne e reale Ordine di San Gennaro dalla sua fondazione alla fine del Regno delle Due Sicilie|author=Angelo Scordo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304190749/http://www.socistara.it/studi/Real%20Ordine%20di%20San%20Gennaro.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016))</ref>
* ((flag|Grand Duchy of Hesse)): Grand Cross of the [[Ludwig Order]], ''18 December 1833''<ref>''Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Hessen'' (1863), "Großherzogliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen" [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb11040943?page=38 p. 8]</ref>
* ((flagicon|Saxe-Coburg and Gotha)) ((flagicon|Saxe-Altenburg)) ((flagicon|Saxe-Meiningen)) [[Ernestine duchies]]: Grand Cross of the [[Saxe-Ernestine House Order]], ''March 1838''<ref>''Adreß-Handbuch des Herzogthums Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha'' (1843), "Herzogliche Sachsen-Ernestinischer Hausorden" [https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00243961/Sachsen_Coburg_Gotha_165771801_1843_0042.tif?logicalDiv=jportal_jparticle_00473415 p. 5]</ref>
* ((flag|Baden)):<ref>''Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden'' (1858), "Großherzogliche Orden" [https://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de/blbihd/periodical/pageview/1871744 pp. 33], [https://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de/blbihd/periodical/pageview/1871757 46]</ref>
** Knight of the [[House Order of Fidelity]], ''1840''
** Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Zähringer Lion]], ''1840''
* ((flagicon|Sweden|1844)) ((flagicon|Norway|1844)) [[Sweden-Norway]]: Knight of the [[Royal Order of the Seraphim]], ''17 December 1846''<ref>((cite book|title=Sveriges och Norges statskalender|year=1864|page=421|url=https://runeberg.org/sonkal/1864/0461.html|via=runeberg.org|access-date=6 January 2018|language=sv))</ref>
* ((flag|Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach)): Grand Cross of the [[Order of the White Falcon]], ''5 October 1847''<ref>''Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach'' (1859), "Großherzogliche Hausorden" [https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00183885/Staatshandbuch_Film_Nr_13_0218.tif p. 12]</ref>
* ((flag|Kingdom of Hanover)):<ref name="Hannover1859">((cite book|author=Staat Hannover|title=Hof- und Staatshandbuch für das Königreich Hannover: 1859|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_LgdTAAAAcAAJ|year=1859|publisher=Berenberg|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_LgdTAAAAcAAJ/page/n53 36-37], [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_LgdTAAAAcAAJ/page/n83/mode/2up 67]))</ref>
** Knight of the [[Order of St. George (Hanover)|Order of St. George]], ''1847''
** Grand Cross of the [[Royal Guelphic Order]]
* ((flag|Austrian Empire)):
** Knight of the [[Order of the Golden Fleece#Austrian Order|Order of the Golden Fleece]], ''1849''<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.antiquesatoz.com/sgfleece/knights5.htm |title=Chevaliers de la Toisón d'Or - Knights of the Golden Fleece |last= Boettger|first=T. F.|website=La Confrérie Amicale|access-date=25 June 2019))</ref>
** Grand Cross of the [[Order of St. Stephen of Hungary|Order of St. Stephen]], ''1853''<ref>[http://tornai.com/rendtagok.htm "A Szent István Rend tagjai"] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222022855/http://tornai.com/rendtagok.htm|date=22 December 2010))</ref>
* ((flag|Belgium)): Grand Cordon of the [[Order of Leopold (Belgium)|Order of Leopold]] (military), ''28 July 1850''<ref>((citation|chapter-url=https://archives.bruxelles.be/almanach/watch/AR/ALMANACH%20ROYAL%20OFFICIEL_1851_R%20208/ALMANACH%20ROYAL%20OFFICIEL_1851_R%20208#page/18|title=Almanach Royal Officiel|year=1851|chapter=Liste des Membres de l'Ordre de Léopold|lang=french|via=Archives de Bruxelles|page=36))</ref>
* ((flagicon image|Flag of Hesse.svg)) [[Electorate of Hesse]]: Knight of the [[House Order of the Golden Lion (Hesse-Kassel)|Order of the Golden Lion]], ''18 October 1852''<ref>''Kurfürstlich Hessisches Hof- und Staatshandbuch'' (1863), "Kurfürstliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen" [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb11040928?page=36 p. 16]</ref>
* ((flag|Oldenburg)): Grand Cross with Golden Crown of the [[House and Merit Order of Peter Frederick Louis]], ''24 August 1853''<ref>''Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Großherzogtums Oldenburg für 1863'', "Der Großherzogliche Haus und Verdienstorden des Herzogs Peter Friedrich Ludwig" [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb11040995?page=52 p. 34]</ref>
* ((flagicon image|State Flag of the Duchy of Modena and Reggio (1830-1859).svg)) [[Duchy of Modena and Reggio]]: Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Eagle of Este]], ''1856''<ref>((cite book|title=Almanacco di corte|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N29SDfqL548C&pg=PA30|page=30))</ref>
* ((flagicon|Tuscany|habsburg)) [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany]]: Grand Cross of the [[Order of Saint Joseph|Order of St. Joseph]]<ref>((cite book|title=Almanacco Toscano per l'anno 1855|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Y5fOnwLsZxsC|year=1855|publisher=Stamperia Granducale|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Y5fOnwLsZxsC/page/n314 274]))</ref>
))

==Ancestry==
((ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
| boxstyle_1 = background-color: #fcc;
| boxstyle_2 = background-color: #fb9;
| boxstyle_3 = background-color: #ffc;
| boxstyle_4 = background-color: #bfc;
| 1 = 1. '''Maximilian II of Bavaria'''
| 2 = 2. [[Ludwig I of Bavaria]]
| 3 = 3. [[Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen|Princess Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen]]
| 4 = 4. [[Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria]]
| 5 = 5. [[Princess Augusta Wilhelmine of Hesse-Darmstadt]]
| 6 = 6. [[Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg]]
| 7 = 7. [[Duchess Charlotte Georgine of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]
| 8 = 8. [[Frederick Michael, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken]]
| 9 = 9. [[Countess Palatine Maria Franziska of Sulzbach]]
| 10 = 10. [[Prince George William of Hesse-Darmstadt]]
| 11 = 11. [[Countess Maria Louise Albertine of Leiningen-Dagsburg-Falkenburg]]
| 12 = 12. [[Ernest Frederick III, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen]]
| 13 = 13. [[Princess Ernestine of Saxe-Weimar|Princess Ernestine of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach]]
| 14 = 14. [[Charles II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]
| 15 = 15. [[Princess Friederike of Hesse-Darmstadt]]
))

==References==
((Reflist))

===Works cited===
*((EB1911|wstitle=Maximilian II., king of Bavaria|volume=17|pages=921–922))

==External links==
((Commons category|Maximilian II of Bavaria|Maximilian II. (Bayern)))
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927221125/http://www.info-regenten.de/regent/regent-d/pictures/bayern-max2.jpg The King's portrait]

((s-start))
((s-hou|[[House of Wittelsbach]]|28 November|1811|10 March|1864))
((s-reg|))
((succession box|title=[[King of Bavaria]]|before=[[Ludwig I, King of Bavaria|Ludwig I]]|after=[[Ludwig II of Bavaria|Ludwig II]]|years=1848–1864))
((s-end))

((Bavarian princes))
((Kings of Bavaria))

((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Maximilian 02 Of Bavaria))
[[Category:1811 births]]
[[Category:1864 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century kings of Bavaria]]
[[Category:House of Wittelsbach]]
[[Category:Princes of Bavaria]]
[[Category:Burials at the Theatine Church, Munich]]
[[Category:Knights of the Order of Saint Joseph]]
[[Category:Knights of the Golden Fleece of Austria]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary]]
[[Category:German Roman Catholics]]

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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_II_of_Bavaria"