May 3, 1923: Tikhon, Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, removed by Soviet church leaders, excommunication of Soviet leaders reversedMay 20, 1923: British Prime Minister Bonar Law, terminally ill, resignsMay 22, 1923: Stanley Baldwin takes office as new British Prime Minister
The following events occurred in May 1923:
May 1, 1923 (Tuesday)
Construction of the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum at Exposition Park was completed at a cost of less than $955,000 and less than 17 months after the groundbreaking.[1] Though the structure was built, it would not be used to host events until July 2, when the Monroe Doctrine Centennial Fair was to take place.[2]R. H. Burnside, producer of the Monroe Centennial festivities, inspected the Coliseum on May 3.[3] Tours of the Coliseum began as early as May 10, when Exposition Park hosted the Pasadena Horticultural Society.[4]
A meeting of about 500 people at the Pillar of Fire International church in Bound Brook, New Jersey turned into a massive brawl when some attendees resented certain statements made by speakers lauding the Ku Klux Klan. An angry mob trapped about 400 church members on the second floor throwing stones at the building until police restored order in the early hours of the next morning.[7]
Born:
Joseph Heller, American novelist known for the bestselling 1961 novel Catch-22 and the introduction of the word Catch-22 into the English language as a synonym for a no-win situation; in Brooklyn, New York (d. 1999)
Fernando Cabrita, Portuguese soccer football forward and manager; in Lagos (d. 2014)
Everett Scott of the New York Yankees became the first baseball player in history to appear in 1,000 consecutive major league baseball games. [9]
The British Broadcasting Company opened its new wireless radio studios at Savoy Hill. Heavy wall sacking and floor felt had been installed to reduce noise interference.[6]
Flooding from a high spring freshet caused extensive damage throughout parts of Maine and New Brunswick.[10]
Died: Emilio Picariello, 47, and Florence Lassandro, 22, Italian-born Canadian bootleggers, were hanged at 5:00 and 5:15 in the morning at the provincial prison in Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta, after being convicted of the September 21 murder of an Alberta Provincial Police constable.[11][12]
Archbishop Tikhon, Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia and leader of the Russian Orthodox Church since 1917, was expelled from the church and branded a traitor by the Communist-dominated All-Russian Church Council. A bulletin from the Council stated, "Inasmuch as the Soviet Government is the only one in the whole world fighting capitalism, which is one of the seven deadly sins, therefore its struggle is a sacred struggle. The Council condemns the counterrevolutionary acts of Tikhon and his adherents, lifts the ban of excommunication he laid on the Soviet Government, and brands him as a traitor to the Church and to Russia. It hereby formally abolishes the office of Patriarch forever and establishes an annual Church Council as the supreme directive body in Church affairs.[17]
Born:Ralph Hall, U.S. Representative for Texas, 1981 to 2015 and Chair of the House Science Committee; in Fate, Texas (d. 2019)
Died:Ernst Hartwig, 72, German astronomer who discovered the first supernova identified on Earth as being from another galaxy (SN 1885A in the Andromeda Galaxy)
May 4, 1923 (Friday)
The legislature of the U.S. state of New York voted to repeal its Prohibition law, leaving enforcement to federal authorities. New York Governor Alfred E. Smith was expected to sign the bill into law.[18] The New York law had been more strict than the federal law and had given civic police broad powers of enforcement.[19]
The House of Commons of Canada passed the Chinese Immigration Act, commonly known as the Chinese Exclusion Act, forbidding Chinese to enter Canada unless they were diplomats, children born in Canada, merchants, or university students.[20]
Guy Warren (stage name for Warren Gamaliel Kpakpo Akwei), Ghana-born American musician credited with the invention of the "Afro-jazz" genre; in Accra (d. 2008)
The head-on collision of two trains at the village of Arcos de Canasí in Cuba killed 25 people in a fiery crash and injured 50 others. The trains, both operated by the Hershey Railway line, after a westbound train from Matanzas to Havana failed to pull to a siding to allow the eastbound train from Havana to come through.[26]
The championship of Mexico's national soccer football league, the Primera Fuerza, was won on the last day of the regular season when unbeaten (11-0-2) Germania F.V. was scheduled against second place Asturias F.C. (10-2-1). Germania led, 1-0, at halftime but Asturias tied the game and Octavio Rimada scored for the 2 to 1 win.
The sport of bullfighting came to Italy for the first time as Spanish organizers put on an event for 30,000 spectators at the national stadium in Rome to watch as "Six imported Spanish matadors successively encounter as many bulls." [27]
A message from Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands was the first broadcast from The Hague of what was, at the time, the world's most powerful radio station, designed to be received in the Dutch East Indies 7,500 miles (12,100 km) away.[28]
Two Americans and an Englishman were shot when Chinese train bandits put hostages in the front lines as troops attacked.[29]Lucy Aldrich, daughter of U.S. Senator Nelson W. Aldrich and sister-in-law of John D. Rockefeller Jr., was released by the bandits.[30][31]
Born: Jack Laird (pen name for Jack Laird Schultheis), American screenwriter and director; in Monrovia, California (d. 1991)
May 9, 1923 (Wednesday)
The ignition of an oil well gusher by a spark killed 15 employees of the J. K. Hughes Development Company who were working at the McKie No. 1 oil well in Navarro County, Texas near the town of Kerens.[36][37]
Testimony revealing the brutal treatment of convict labor at the Knabb Turpentine Company camps in North Florida was given to a state investigative committee by social worker Thelma Franklin of the town of Glen St. Mary. Mrs. Franklin described witnessing the murder of two African American women by a man called Warden Thompson. One of the victims, a black laborer named Mary Sheffield, had been scheduled to appear before the committee as a witness.[citation needed]
The Chinese government agreed to pay the ransom demanded by the train bandits.[38]
Irish President W. T. Cosgrave said that negotiations between the government and the Irish Republican Army had broken down because the Republicans had refused to surrender their arms.[39]
Born: André Parat, French custom automobile maker in partnership with Bernard Pichon in the Pichon-Parat company (d. 1983)
Died:
John Fuller, 72, popular New Zealand singer and theater manager
Lieutenant General Constantin Cristescu, 57, Chief of Staff of the Romanian Army
May 10, 1923 (Thursday)
Vatslav Vorovsky, the Soviet delegate to the Conference of Lausanne, was assassinated in the restaurant of the Cecil Hotel. Two of his associates were both wounded when they resisted. The assassin, a Swiss officer named Maurice Conradi, handed the gun to a waiter, asked him to call the police and waited until authorities arrived to arrest him. Vorovsky was 51 years old.[41] The May 20 funeral for Ambassador Vorovsky, hailed as a hero by the Soviet Union, came with an estimated 250,000 residents of Moscow lining the streets to watch the funeral procession.[42]
Sovnarkom, the Soviet Union's Council of People's Commissars, decreed a reform of the taxation of the nation's farms, abolishing the paying of taxes by collection of food produce (Prodnalog) effective 1924, and replacing it with a universal direct agricultural tax payable in cash.[citation needed]
Michael Hurley, Irish Jesuit Catholic priest and theologian who promoted ecumenism in an attempt at Christian unity and dialogue between the Catholic and Protestant faiths; in Ardmore, County Waterford (d. 2011)
Died: Flora Cooke Stuart, American educator and widow of Confederate Army General J. E. B. Stuart, died of a skull fracture after falling while walking in Norfolk, Virginia. Her death came two days short of the 59th anniversary of her husband's 1864 death in the American Civil War.
Hendry County, Florida was formed from the eastern portion of Lee County, which was split into three counties. LaBelle was the initial seat of government for the county, which was named for the daughters of pioneer cattle rancher Francis A. Hendry.[46]
Nearly 63,000 people packed Yankee Stadium in New York to watch the first boxing card in the venue's history, five bouts organized by Tex Rickard to raise money for the Milk Fund Charity, which received $260,000 after expenses were paid from a gate of $390,000. The New York Times wrote the next day, "Probably no greater collection of prominent pugilists ever was assembled in one ring," [47] In the final bout, former heavyweight champion Jess Willard knocked out Floyd Johnson in the eleventh round.[48]
Benito Mussolini made a speech at the international women's suffrage congress in Rome in which he expressed support for the suffragists' cause. "Regarding the attitude of the government, I feel authorized in stating that the fascist government pledges itself to grant a vote to several classes of women, beginning with a local vote and then a national vote", Mussolini said.[52]
In failing health, Soviet Communist Party boss Vladimir Lenin moved from his office in the Kremlin in Moscow to his vacation dacha in the Gorki Leninskiye neighborhood and would live there eight more months before his death on January 21.[citation needed]
At noon, 81 separate radio frequencies went into operation as broadcasting stations across the United States shifted to new positions on the radio dial by adjusting their transmitters to the allotted airwave limits between 220 and 545 meters wavelength. The new frequencies ranged from 550 kHz (545m wavelength) to 1350 kHz (220m) in bands 10 kHz apart.[53] Previously, only three frequencies (620 kHz for news and 830 kHz for entertainment, later supplemented by 750 kHz) had been reserved for broadcast use.[54] The decision had been made after the Second National Radio Conference on March 20, 1923.[55]
Professional football coach Charles Brickley, who had organized the first New York Giants football team (Brickley's Giants in 1921), was indicted by an Illinois court on charges of illegal stock negotiations.[59]
Cyril Roy Hart, British historian who documented in detail the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms; in East Ham, London (alive in 2024)
Died: George Jay Gould, 59, American railroad executive and financier, died of a fever while vacationing in France, a few months after visiting the Tomb of Tutankhamun in Egypt, adding to the "Curse of the Pharaohs" legend which began after the April 5 death of Lord Carnarvon.[62]
May 17, 1923 (Thursday)
A fire killed 77 people, 41 of them children, at the Cleveland School near Camden, South Carolina. The casualties had been part of 300 people in the auditorium, attending the last graduation ceremony for the school and a short play, Miss Topsy Turvy.[63][64]
Thomas Scott Baldwin, 68, American acrobat and balloonist who (on January 30, 1887) made the first recorded parachute jump from a balloon, and later became an airplane and dirigible designer, died of natural causes.
About 1,000 advocates of women's suffrage marched through the streets of Rome. Benito Mussolini reviewed the parade and reiterated his pledge to give the vote to certain classes of Italian women by the end of the year.[70]
British Prime Minister Bonar Law resigned after less than seven months in office, because of serious illness from throat cancer.[71] An announcement from the Prime Minister's residence at 10 Downing Street in London was made by his three medical advisers, Dr. Thomas Horder, Dr. Gould May and Dr. Douglas Harmer, who wrote "In spite of his rest the Prime Minister's voice is still unsatisfactory. We are unable to promise improvement within a reasonable time. The state of the Prime Minister's health is not good." A statement from King George V, the monarch said "The King has received the Right Honorable A. Bonar Law's communication with deepest regret and has graciously accepted his resignation.[72]
Died: Prince Kote Abkhazi, 55, former Russian Imperial Army General and later Chairman of the Georgian National-Democratic Party, was executed by the Soviet Cheka security police after being convicted of treason for being in the underground independence movement Damkom, along with former Colonel Giorgi Khimshiashvili.[73]
Delmonico's, New York City's most famous luxury restaurant, was closed by the Delmonico family after 96 years of operation. Opened by brothers Giovanni and Pietro Delmonico on December 13, 1827 at 23 William Street as a small cafe, the main restaurant had only one outlet remaining and was a casualty of the Prohibition Era. At 9:00 in the evening, the restaurant's orchestra played Auld Lang Syne and closed its doors.[75] Despite the departure of the Delmonico family, the rights to operate a new location under the Delmonico's name would be purchased three years later by Oscar Tucci.[citation needed]
All 436 persons on the Canadian Pacific ocean liner Marvale were rescued after the ship struck Cape Freels Rock in Newfoundland's Trepassey Bay and began to sink. The 214 passengers and 222 crew members were quickly evacuated and reached the shore safely to be housed at the village of St. Shotts, Newfoundland. The Marvale sank later in the day.[76]
The value of Germany's currency, the mark continued its decline and dropped below 1/50000th of a U.S. dollar for the first time. As the worth of a mark progressed from 50,000 per US$ to 57,000 per US$ during the day, the government announced that the price of bread would double, that the price of a ride on a street car would increase by one-third from 300 marks to 400 on June 1, and that passenger trips on trains would double on June 4.[81]
Born: Max Velthuijs, Dutch writer, artist and children's book illustrator; in Den Haag (d. 2005)
May 23, 1923 (Wednesday)
The Belgian airline SABENA (Societé anonyme belge d'Exploitation de la Navigation aérienne or 'Belgian Limited Company for the Exploitation of Aerial Navigation') was founded.[6]
Supertest Petroleum, which would operate gasoline stations in Canada from coast to coast, opened its first-ever filling station. John Gordon Thompson acquired a station at 362 Dundas Street East in London, Ontario to begin a chain of stations.[citation needed] It would operate until being acquired by BP Canada in 1973.
The demilitarized "neutral strip", created in 1920 between Lithuania and Poland and six kilometers in width, was taken over by Lithuania after having been used as a staging zone by militias.[83]
The Irish Civil War came to an end. Éamon de Valera, leader of the Irish Republican movement, and Frank Aiken, the Irish Republican Army chief of staff, issued an order to all IRA volunteers to lay down weapons and return home. The order permitted an honorable end to the violence without a formal surrender, and was unconditional, in that there was no offer at the time of a general amnesty by the Irish Free State government. De Valera's order to the ranks stated, "Soldiers of liberty! Legion of the rear guard! The republic can no longer be sustained successfully by your arms. Further sacrifices on your part would now be in vain. The continuance of the struggle in arms is unwise in the national interest," and added, "You have saved the nation's honor and left the road open to independence. Laying aside your arms now is an act of patriotism as exalted and pure as your valor in taking them up." Aiken stated separately, "Our enemies have demanded our arms. Our answer is we took up arms to free our country; we keep them until we see an honorable way of recovering our objective without arms."[84]
France's Prime Minister Raymond Poincaré and his cabinet of ministers dramatically gave their resignations after an adverse vote in the French Senate. President Alexandre Millerand was hosting a dinner at the Élysée Palace to celebrate the centennial of the birth of Louis Pasteur when the group interrupted to ask the president to meet them in his office. The Senate had voted not to put Deputy Marcel Cachin, a Communist Party member of parliament, on trial, prompting the resignation. After 45 minutes, Millerand persuaded Poincaré to remain in office.[86]
At the Lausanne Conference in Switzerland, Greek Foreign Minister Eleftherios Venizelos and Turkish representative İsmet İnönü shook hands on an agreement to resolve the issue of Greece's payment of reparations to Turkey for the recent war. Turkey waived further claims in return for transfer of Greek territory in Thrace to Turkish control.[94]
The first 24 Hours of Le Mans race began at 4:00 in the afternoon in France with a field of 33 two-man teams from 17 different French auto manufacturers, two from Belgium and one representing Britain's Bentley company.[96]
The earth inductor compass, invented by Donald M. Bliss in 1912, was tested successfully for the first time, in a flight from McCook Air Field.[97]
William Randolph Hearst said he would back Henry Ford if he ran for President of the United States, but said Ford would have to run as an independent candidate because "the political machinery of both the national parties is in the hands of the old line reactionaries."[98]
Died: Albert Leo Schlageter, 28, the first German Nazi martyr, was executed by a French Army firing squad for sabotaging a railroad track in Germany's French-occupied Ruhr region.[99]
The League of Nations gave notice to the Greek-speaking residents of the Orestiada triangle in Western Thrace that Orestiada, and the nearby towns of Bosna and Demerdes, were to be transferred to Turkish control. The former Orestiada was renamed Kumçiftliği, and the Greek residents began moving to a new location beginning July 1. The transfer was completed by September 15 to a new Orestiada, being built 10 miles (16 km) to the south.[citation needed]
Born:Henry Kissinger, German-born American diplomat, U.S. National Security Advisor 1969 to 1975, and later the U.S. Secretary of State, 1973 to 1977; as Heinz Alfred Kißinger, in Fürth (d. 2023)
Twelfth Night, written in 1601 by William Shakespeare, became the first of the Bard's plays to be performed on the radio. An adaptation, trimmed to less than two hours by Cathleen Nesbitt, was broadcast at 7:30 in the evening on BBC Radio with Gerald Lawrence portraying Orsino, and Nesbitt voicing both Viola and Sebastian.[103]
Jesse W. Smith, 52, a close friend of and assistant to U.S. Attorney GeneralHarry M. Daugherty, was found dead of a gunshot wound to the head, in Daugherty's private apartment at the Wardman Park Hotel in Washington, D.C.[105] Smith's suicide was attributed to depression over illness from diabetes, and continuing pain from surgery the previous year, but also came six weeks after The Wall Street Journal had broken the news of the Teapot Dome scandal.
Germany's 500,000 striking miners in the Ruhr agreed to return to work after the government offered a 50% wage increase.[106]
Tommy Milton won the Indianapolis 500 for the second time, in front of what the Associated Press described as "the greatest throng that ever witnessed a sporting event in America," with 150,000 spectators. The second place finisher, Harry Hartz, finished five miles behind Milton. The race was marred by tragedy when a 16-year-old spectator, Bert Shoup, was killed when Tom Alley's car crashed into a fence where Shoup and two friends were standing.[107]
Jack Bernstein won the world junior lightweight boxing championship in a bout against title holder Johnny Dundee before a crowd of 15,000 people at the Velodrome at New York's Coney Island. Bernstein, an underground, was the unanimous choice as the winner after 15 rounds of fighting.[citation needed]
Madeline Lee Gilford, American film and stage actress blacklisted during the McCarthy Era, later a Broadway theater producer; as Madeline Lederman in the Bronx, New York City (d. 2008)
The Petrograd Opera House in Soviet Russia burned after one of the performers had a dress that caught fire. In the scramble for the exits, an undetermined number of people were killed and injured.[108]
A mob of 3,000 people in the city of Durango in Mexico attempted to invade the state government offices a day before a new state law was to go into effect limiting the number of ministers to 25 apiece for each Christian denomination. The new rules disqualified 90% of the 250 Roman Catholic priests in the state of Durango and the mob demanded that the state legislature repeal the legislation. At least three policemen and seven civilians were killed in the rioting that followed.[109]
Died: Walther Kadow, 23, German schoolteacher was kidnapped, beaten and then murdered by a group of Nazi Party activists led by future death camp operator Rudolf Höss, after being suspected of provided French authorities with information leading to the arrest and execution of another Nazi, Albert Leo Schlageter. Kadow was taken to a forest near the town of Parchim, now located in Germany's Mecklenburg-Vorpommern state, and tortured before his throat was slit.
^"Coliseum Will Open in Summer— Management to Be Vested in Joint Committee of City and County Officials", Los Angeles Times, April 10, 1923, p. II-1
^"Exposition Director Here— Production Supervisor of Monroe Centennial Arrives from New York to Make Preliminary Survey", Los Angeles Times, May 4, 1923, p. II-5
^"Entertain May Party at Garden— Sunken Flower Beds Will Be Inspected by Pasadena Horticultural Society", Los Angeles Times, May 4, 1923, p. II-8
^"Krupp Works Head Seized by French— Von Bohlen Joins His Directors in Jail on Easter Day Shooting Charges", The New York Times, May 2, 1923, p. 3
^ abcMercer, Derrik (1989). Chronicle of the 20th Century. London: Chronicle Communications Ltd. p. 306. ISBN978-0-582-03919-3.
^"Man and Woman Die for Crime; Double Execution at Saskatchewan This Morning— She and an "Emperor of Rum Running," Also Executed, Murdered an Alberta Constable", Vancouver Daily World, May 2, 1923, p. 1
^"Woman Bootlegger Hanged in Canada", The New York Times, May 3, 1923, p. 14
^"Non-Stop Air Flight Across America On; T-2 Over Kansas— Left Roosevelt Field, Hempstead, L.I., at 1:37 to Set New World Record", The New York Times, May 3, 1923, p. 1
^"Army Men Fly Coast to Coast Without a Stop". Chicago Daily Tribune. May 4, 1923. p. 1.
^"Plane Crosses Continent in 27 Hours; Great Throng in San Diego Greets T-2 After Record Non-Stop 2,700-Mile Dash", The New York Times, May 4, 1923, p. 1
^"Russian Churchmen Unfrock Dr. Tikhon", by Walter Duranty, The New York Times, May 4, 1923, p. 1
^"Legislature Kills Dry Enforcement Act After Long Fight on Last Day of Session; Smith Will Sign Repeal, His Friends Say", The New York Times, May 5, 1923, p. 1
^Wang, Jiwu (2006). "His Dominion" and the "Yellow Peril": Protestant Missions to Chinese Immigrants in Canada, 1859–1967. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. p. 69. ISBN978-0-88920-485-0.
^"John W. Rainey is Dead", Lincoln (NE) State Journal, May 5, 1923, p. 7
^"Miss Lucy Aldrich in Peril in China; Sister-in-Law of J. D. Rockefeller Jr. on Train from Which 150 Are Kidnapped", The New York Times, May 7, 1923, p. 1
^Paul French, Carl Crow, a Tough Old China Hand: The Life, Times, and Adventures of an American in Shanghai (Hong Kong University Press, 2006) p. 117
^"Twenty-five Persons Killed, Cars Burned, In Collision on Cuban Electric Road", The New York Times, May 7, 1923, p. 1
^"First Rome Bull Fight Witnessed by 30,000— Crowd in National Stadium See Two Spanish Matadors Balked by Animals", The New York Times, May 7, 1923, p. 3
^"7,500-Mile Radio Links Holland to Indies As World's Largest Stations Begin Service", The New York Times, May 8, 1923, p. 1
^Dailey, Charles (May 8, 1923). "Two Yanks Shot as Chinese Fight Bandits". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
^Rothstein, Meryl (2006). "Lucy and the Chinese Bandits". Center for Digital Scholarship. Brown Library. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
^"Miss Lucy Aldrich Safe and Unharmed". Lewiston Daily Sun. Lewiston, Maine: 1 and 11. May 8, 1923.
^"Sadie Martinot Dies Insane at 61; Once Famous Actress Succumbs in Lawrence State Hospital — Inmate Five Years", The New York Times, May 8, 1923, p. 7
^Williams, Paul (May 9, 1923). "Krupp Given 15 Years in Prison; Germans Angry". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 4.
^John Arlott, Jack Hobbs: Profile of "The Master" (John Murray/David-Poynter, 1981) pp. 95–96
^"Hobbs' Century of Centuries", Daily Herald (London), May 9, 1923, p. 12
^"Oil Well Explodes, Thirteen Are Dead— Twelve Others Missing After Volcano-Like Eruption of Texas Gusher; Flames Shoot 100 Feet in Air and Instantly Envelop Workers on Derrick", The New York Times, May 10, 1923, p. 1
^"15 Total Known Dead in Oil Well Fire", The New York Times, May 11, 1923, p. 2
^Dailey, Charles (May 9, 1923). "China Orders Ransom Paid for Captives". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
^Ryan, Thomas (May 10, 1923). "Dublin Rejects De Valera Note on Irish Peace". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 12.
^Fendrick, Raymond (May 11, 1923). "Soviet Envoy Slain in Cafe". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
^"250,000 Attend Vorovsky's Burial", by Walter Duranty, The New York Times, May 21, 1923, p. 3
^"Major League Home Run Mark Set as Phils Nip Cards, 20 to 14". Chicago Daily Tribune. May 12, 1923. p. 20.
^Kurtz, Paul (April 2013). 162-0: Imagine a Phillies Perfect Season: A Game-By-Game Analysis of the Greatest Wins in Phillies History. Triumph Books. ISBN978-1-62368-446-4.
^"George J. Gould Dies in Villa in France", The New York Times, May 17, 1923
^"76 Persons Perish When School Burns— Stairs Collapse as Panic-Stricken South Carolina Audience flees From Flames; 41 Children Among Victims", The New York Times, May 19, 1923, p. 1
^"76 Die in Fire Panic; Exploding Lamp Turns School Into Inferno", Oakland Tribune, May 18, 1923, p. 1
^David Marshall Lang (1962), A Modern History of Georgia (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1962) p. 241
^"Zev Wins Derby; Martingale Second", The New York Times, May 20, 1923, Section 1, part 2, page 1
^De Santo, V. (May 20, 1923). "Old Rome Finds Something New; Women's Parade". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 3.
^Ryan, Thomas (May 21, 1923). "Illness Forces Bonar Law Out; Call Curzon". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
^"Bonar Law Out; Curzon May Succeed— King Accepts Premier's Resignation, Forced by Physicians' Urgent Advice; Bonar Law, Ill, Unable to Pay Personal Visit to King", The New York Times, May 21, 1923, p. 1
^"Soviet Kills Fifteen for Plots in Georgia— Princes, Generals and Noblemen Are Executed for Revolt Planned for Last September", The New York Times, May 26, 1923, p. 6
^Braunthal, Julius (1967) [1963]. History of the International. Vol. 2: 1914-1943. Translated by Clark, John. New York: Frederick A. Praeger.
^"Delmonico's Ends Career of Century; Some Tears Among Patrons When Orchestra Plays 'Auld Lang Syne'— Passing of Old Landmark Laid to Prohibition and Litigation — May Seek New Home", The New York Times, May 22, 1923, p. 3
^"436 Rescued From C.P. Liner Marvale, Wrecked on a Rock Off Newfoundland", The New York Times, May 22, 1923, p. 1
^"What We All Are", in "The Play" column by John Corbin, The New York Times, May 22, 1923, p. 14
^Gürsoy, Anil (2011). Sports Law in Turkey. Wolters Kluwer. p. 38. ISBN978-90-411-3617-6.
^Steele, John (May 23, 1923). "Britons Greet New Premier as Man of People". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
^Proudman, Mark F. (2008). Hodge, Carl Cavanagh (ed.). Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, 1800–1914. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 174. ISBN978-0-313-04341-3.
^"German Mark Crashes to 57,000 to Dollar— Skyrocketing of Prices Is Announced as Industrialists Scramble for Foreign Exchange", The New York Times, May 23, 1923, p. 3
^"De Valera Abandons War on Free State— Declares, in Seized Document, Republic Can't Be Successfully Defended by Arms", The New York Times, May 29, 1923, p. 19
^Stimson, Grace Heilman. Rise of the Labor Movement in Los Angeles. 1st edition. University of California, 1955. Pg. 187
^"Poincare Resigns But Agrees to Remain; Angered by Senate Refusing to Try Reds", The New York Times, May 25, 1923, p. 1
^"1,000 Killed in Persia; Earthquakes Devastate Many Villages in Khorassan Province", The New York Times, May 30, 1923, p. 2
^"6,000 to 20,000 Dead in Persian Earthquake When Toppling Mountain Buried 5 Villages", The New York Times, June 16, 1923, p. 1
^"Essen Looted by Communists; Strike Spreads". Chicago Daily Tribune. May 26, 1923. p. 2.
^"Hail New Arab State— Transjordania Celebrates Independence, Guaranteed by Britain", The New York Times, May 27, 1923, p. 11
^The Treaties of Peace, 1919–1923, Volume 1. Clark, New Jersey: The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. 2007. p. xl. ISBN978-1-58477-708-3.
^Clayton, John (May 27, 1923). "400,000 Join "Hunger Strike" in Ruhr". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
^"Turks and Greeks Reach Agreement, Ending War Menace— Turkey, Waiving Indemnity Claims, Gets Territorial Concessions in Western Thrace", The New York Times, May 27, 1923, p. 1
^Roman Wapiński, Władysław Sikorski, Polski Słownik Biograficzny, zeszyt 154 (T. XXXVII/3, 1997, p. 471
^ abSpurring, Quentin (2015) Le Mans 1923–29 Yeovil, Somerset: Haynes Publishing ISBN978-1-91050-508-3
^"Hearst Says He Will Back Ford for President". Chicago Daily Tribune. May 27, 1923. p. 3.
^"German Is Executed for Ruhr Sabotage; French Send Schlageter Before a Firing Squad — He Admitted Blowing Up Railroads", The New York Times, May 27, 1923, p. 3
^"Daugherty's Friend Suicide in His Room— Jesse W. Smith Shoots Himself in Attorney General's Washington Apartment", The New York Times, May 31, 1923, p. 1
^Williams, Paul (May 31, 1923). "50% Wage Raise Ends Strike of 500,000 in Ruhr". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 2.
^"150,000 See Milton Win 500-Mile Race; St. Paul Driver Repeats 1921 Victory in Auto Classic — Hartz Is Close Second; Herbert Shoup of Lafayette, Ind., Dead and Two Companions Severely Injured in Crash", The New York Times, May 31, 1923, p. 1
^"Many Die in Panic in Fire In Petrograd Opera House", The New York Times, June 1, 1923, p. 1
^"10 Killed, 17 Hurt, in Durango City Riots; Mob of 3,000 Attacks Palace, Disarms Guard , The New York Times, June 1, 1923, p. 1
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