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((Use dmy dates|date=May 2022))
'''Media blackout''' is the [[censorship]] of [[news]] related to a certain topic, particularly in [[mass media]], for any reason. A media blackout may be voluntary, or may in some countries be enforced by the [[government]] or [[State (polity)|state]]. The latter case is controversial in [[peacetime]], as some regard it as a [[human rights violation]] and repression of [[freedom of speech|free speech]]. '''Press blackout''' is a similar phrase, but refers specifically to printed media.

Media blackouts are used, in particular, in times of declared [[war]], to keep useful intelligence from the enemy. In some cases formal censorship is used, in others the news media may cooperate, as in the UK [[DA-Notice|D- (later DA-)Notice]] system in the Second World War.

== Examples ==
[[File:Richard Nixon Tapes - Angry at the New York Times (Haldeman).webm|thumb|[[Richard Nixon]] describing an intended press blackout for the [[New York Times]] in 1971.]]

===Historical===
Some examples of media blackout would include the media bans of southern [[Japan]] during the droppings of the [[Nuclear weapon|atomic]] bombs on [[Hiroshima]] and [[Nagasaki]],<ref>Matsubara, Hiroshi (8 May 2001) [http://www.nci.org/0new/hibakusha-jt5701.htm Prejudice haunts atomic bomb survivors] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810060050/http://www.nci.org/0new/hibakusha-jt5701.htm |date=10 August 2007 )), Nci.org. Retrieved on 2 December 2008</ref> and the lack of independent media correspondence from [[Iraq]] during the [[Gulf War|Persian Gulf War]].<ref>BBC News (6 April 2009) [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7986203.stm US war dead media blackout lifted] Retrieved on 21 August 2009</ref>

During World War II, the US [[Office of Censorship]] sent messages to newspapers and radio stations, which were acted on by recipients, asking them not to report any sightings or explosions of [[Fu-Go balloon bomb|fire balloons]], so the Japanese would have no information on the balloons' effectiveness when planning future actions. As a result, the Japanese learned the fate of only one of their bombs, which landed in [[Wyoming]], but failed to explode. The Japanese stopped all launches after less than six months. The press blackout in the U.S. was lifted after the first deaths from fire balloons, to ensure that the public was warned, though public knowledge of the threat could have possibly prevented the deaths.<ref>((cite book|last=Smith|first= Jeffery Alan|title=War & Press Freedom: The Problem of Prerogative Power – |publisher= Language Arts & Disciplines|year=1999))</ref> News of the loss of over 4,000 lives when UK ship [[RMS Lancastria|RMS ''Lancastria'']] was sunk during the war was voluntarily suppressed to prevent it affecting civilian [[morale]], but was published after it became known overseas.

==== GHQ in Japan, occupation after WWII ====
Above the political and economic control that [[Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers]] (SCAP) had for the seven years following Japan's surrender, SCAP also had strict control over all of the Japanese media, under the formation of the Civil Censorship Detachment (CCD) of SCAP. The CCD eventually banned a total of 31 topics from all forms of media. 

These topics included: Criticism of SCAP (individuals and the organization). Criticism of Allied policy pre- and post-war. Any form of imperial propaganda. Defense of war criminals. Praise of "undemocratic" forms of government, though praise of SCAP itself was permitted. The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Black market activities. Open discussion of allied diplomatic relations (Soviet Union–United States relations). Although some of the CCD censorship laws considerably relaxed towards the end of SCAP, some topics, like the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, were taboo until 1952 at the end of the occupation.

===Contemporary===
In [[Nassau County, New York]], on July 4, 1956, a 32-day-old baby named [[Murder of Peter Weinberger|Peter Weinberger]] was kidnapped and held for $2,000 ransom; the kidnapper promised to return Weinberger "safe and happy" if his demand was met.<ref name="FBI2">((cite web |title=Weinberger Kidnapping |url=https://www.fbi.gov/history/famous-cases/weinberger-kidnapping |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331120138/https://www.fbi.gov/history/famous-cases/weinberger-kidnapping |archive-date=31 March 2022 |access-date=10 April 2022 |publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation))</ref> Police arranged for the kidnapper to retrieve the money at a corner near Weinberger's home and requested a media blackout to reduce the risk of the kidnapper harming Peter before the exchange. The ''[[New York Daily News]]'' reported on the kidnapping anyway, drawing heavy press attention to Weinberger's house<ref name="FBI2" /><ref name="HeinOnline2">((cite web |last1=Ruesch |first1=Stephanie |date=27 April 2021 |title=Crime of the Century: The Kidnapping of Peter Weinberger |url=https://home.heinonline.org/blog/2021/04/crime-of-the-century-the-kidnapping-of-peter-weinberger/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427155111/https://home.heinonline.org/blog/2021/04/crime-of-the-century-the-kidnapping-of-peter-weinberger/ |archive-date=27 April 2021 |access-date=10 November 2021 |website=HeinOnline))</ref> and scaring the kidnapper out of retrieving the ransom money. The kidnapper then abandoned Weinberger in some heavy brush off a highway exit. Weinberger was found dead a month later, having died of [[infant exposure]].<ref name="FBI">((cite web |title=Weinberger Kidnapping |url=https://www.fbi.gov/history/famous-cases/weinberger-kidnapping |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331120138/https://www.fbi.gov/history/famous-cases/weinberger-kidnapping |archive-date=31 March 2022 |access-date=10 April 2022 |publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation))</ref><ref name="Newsday">((cite web |last1=Dorman |first1=Michael |date=1 June 1998 |title=From the archives: Detective leads probe in LI's kidnapping of the century |url=https://www.newsday.com/long-island/from-the-archives-detective-leads-probe-in-li-s-kidnapping-of-the-century-1.3755216 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012113217/https://www.newsday.com/long-island/from-the-archives-detective-leads-probe-in-li-s-kidnapping-of-the-century-1.3755216 |archive-date=12 October 2019 |access-date=10 November 2021 |website=[[Newsday]]))</ref>

A media blackout was used during the [[2005 New York City transit strike]] to allow for more effective contract negotiation between the two sides of the dispute.<ref>NYSun.com (27 December 2005)[http://www.nysun.com/editorials/media-blackout/24991/ 'Media Blackout'] Retrieved on 21 August 2009.</ref>

The 2008 abduction of Canadian journalist [[Mellissa Fung]] was given a media blackout to assure her safe return. All media sources obliged making the Canadian public unaware of the fate of Fung.<ref>((cite news |last1=Brewster |first1=Murray |title=News blackouts necessary when lives at risk: military boss |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2008/11/17/news_blackouts_necessary_when_lives_at_risk_military_boss.html |access-date=9 November 2022 |publisher=Toronto Star |date=17 November 2008 |language=en))</ref>

In 2008, the fact that [[Prince Harry]], then third in line to the British throne, was serving on active duty in Afghanistan was subject to a blackout in the British media for his own safety. He was brought home early after the blackout was broken by foreign media.<ref>((cite news|last=Gammell|first=Caroline|title=How the Prince Harry blackout was broken|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1580111/How-the-Prince-Harry-blackout-was-broken.html|access-date=9 September 2011|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|date=28 February 2008))</ref>

On 22 June 2009, when news came that ''[[New York Times]]'' reporter [[David Rohde]] had escaped from his Taliban captors, few knew he had even been kidnapped, because for the seven months he and two Afghan colleagues were in the Taliban's hands, The Times kept that information under wraps. Out of concern for the reporter's safety, ''The Times'' asked other major news organizations to do the same; [[NPR]] was among dozens of news outlets that did not report on the kidnapping at the urging of Rohde's colleagues. [[Kelly McBride]], who teaches [[ethics]] to journalists at the [[Poynter Institute]], says she was "really astounded" by the media blackout.  "I find it a little disturbing, because it makes me wonder what else 40 international news organizations have agreed not to tell the public," she tells NPR's [[Melissa Block]].  McBride says the blackout could hurt the credibility of news organizations.  "I don't think we do ourselves any favors long term for our credibility when we have a total news blackout on something that's clearly of interest to the public," she says.<ref>Melissa Block (23 June 2009) [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=105775059 Reporter's Escape From Taliban Spurs Ethics Debate], NPR.org. Retrieved on 23 June 2009</ref>

==== European Union ====
[[File:Russian_Media_black_by_EU_on_Twitter.png|thumb|right|200px|Russian Media Twitter account withheld in EU]]As part of sanctions of the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] in 2022, the Russian publicly owned global medias [[RT (TV network)|RT]] and Russian government-owned media [[Sputnik (news agency)|Sputnik]] have been banned from broadcasting and distribution within the EU.<ref>((Cite web |title=メディアフォーカス |url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/index.html |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=NHK放送文化研究所 |language=ja))</ref> Posts on the media's Twitter account are also no longer viewable.

Digital Services Act (DSA) Using concepts such as "countering disinformation" and "responding to crisis situations," there is concern that the European Commission will be able to invoke its "strong powers" to tighten regulations on social networking sites, search engines, etc.<ref>((Cite web |title=テック企業のコンテンツ規制を強化、EUが合意した「デジタルサービス法」の狙いと懸念 |url=https://wired.jp/article/europe-digital-services-act/|access-date=2023-06-16 |website=WIRED |language=ja))</ref> In fact, in the EU, Russian media outlets were restricted from reporting in the EU on the occasion of Russia's invasion of Ukraine.

===In association football===
((anchor|In football))
In [[association football]], a press or media blackout is also referred to as a ''silenzio stampa'' (literally ''press silence'') from the corresponding [[Italian language|Italian]] phrase. It specifically refers to when a football club or national team and the players refuse to give interviews or in any other way cooperate with the press, often during important tournaments, or when the club feels that the media does not depict the club and their activities in an objective way. The phrase ''silenzio stampa'' was born during the [[1982 FIFA World Cup]], when the [[Italy national football team|Italian team]] created a news blackout due to rumors and untrue((citation needed|date=May 2012)) stories circulating in the press.<ref name="lawrence">((cite news |first=Amy |last=Lawrence |title=Italians kick up a stink |url=http://observer.guardian.co.uk/sport/story/0,,1784745,00.html |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=2006-05-28 |access-date=2007-04-25))</ref><ref name="williams">((cite news |first=Richard |last=Williams |title=The silent right of militant millionaires |url=http://football.guardian.co.uk/News_Story/0,1563,1301339,00.html |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=2004-09-10 |access-date=2007-04-25))</ref>

==See also==
*[[DSMA-Notice]]
*[[Freedom of the press]]
*[[Gag order]]
*[[Prior restraint]]
*[[Internet censorship]]

== References ==
((Reflist))

[[Category:Censorship]]
[[Category:Mass media]]

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