In software engineering, the mediator pattern defines an object that encapsulates how a set of objects interact. This pattern is considered to be a behavioral pattern due to the way it can alter the program's running behavior.

In object-oriented programming, programs often consist of many classes. Business logic and computation are distributed among these classes. However, as more classes are added to a program, especially during maintenance and/or refactoring, the problem of communication between these classes may become more complex. This makes the program harder to read and maintain. Furthermore, it can become difficult to change the program, since any change may affect code in several other classes.

With the mediator pattern, communication between objects is encapsulated within a mediator object. Objects no longer communicate directly with each other, but instead communicate through the mediator. This reduces the dependencies between communicating objects, thereby reducing coupling.

Overview

The mediator^[1] design pattern is one of the twenty-three well-known design patterns that describe how to solve recurring design problems to design flexible and reusable object-oriented software, that is, objects that are easier to implement, change, test, and reuse.

Problems that the mediator design pattern can solve

• Tight coupling between a set of interacting objects should be avoided.
• It should be possible to change the interaction between a set of objects independently.

Defining a set of interacting objects by accessing and updating each other directly is inflexible because it tightly couples the objects to each other and makes it impossible to change the interaction independently from (without having to change) the objects. And it stops the objects from being reusable and makes them hard to test.

Tightly coupled objects are hard to implement, change, test, and reuse because they refer to and know about many different objects.

Solutions described by the mediator design pattern

• Define a separate (mediator) object that encapsulates the interaction between a set of objects.
• Objects delegate their interaction to a mediator object instead of interacting with each other directly.

The objects interact with each other indirectly through a mediator object that controls and coordinates the interaction.

This makes the objects loosely coupled. They only refer to and know about their mediator object and have no explicit knowledge of each other.

See also the UML class and sequence diagram below.

Definition

The essence of the mediator pattern is to "define an object that encapsulates how a set of objects interact". It promotes loose coupling by keeping objects from referring to each other explicitly, and it allows their interaction to be varied independently.^[3][4] Client classes can use the mediator to send messages to other clients, and can receive messages from other clients via an event on the mediator class.

Structure

UML class and sequence diagram

In the above UML class diagram, the Colleague1 and Colleague2 classes do not refer to (and update) each other directly. Instead, they refer to the common Mediator interface for controlling and coordinating interaction (mediate()), which makes them independent from one another with respect to how the interaction is carried out. The Mediator1 class implements the interaction between Colleague1 and Colleague2.

The UML sequence diagram shows the run-time interactions. In this example, a Mediator1 object mediates (controls and coordinates) the interaction between Colleague1 and Colleague2 objects.

Assuming that Colleague1 wants to interact with Colleague2 (to update/synchronize its state, for example), Colleague1 calls mediate(this) on the Mediator1 object, which gets the changed data from Colleague1 and performs an action2() on Colleague2.

Thereafter, Colleague2 calls mediate(this) on the Mediator1 object, which gets the changed data from Colleague2 and performs an action1() on Colleague1.

Class diagram

Participants

Mediator - defines the interface for communication between Colleague objects

ConcreteMediator - implements the mediator interface and coordinates communication between Colleague objects. It is aware of all of the Colleagues and their purposes with regards to inter-communication.

Colleague - defines the interface for communication with other Colleagues through its Mediator

ConcreteColleague - implements the Colleague interface and communicates with other Colleagues through its Mediator

Example

C#

The mediator pattern ensures that components are loosely coupled, such that they do not call each other explicitly, but instead do so through calls to a mediator. In the following example, the mediator registers all Components and then calls their SetState methods.

interface IComponent
{
    void SetState(object state);
}

class Component1 : IComponent
{
    internal void SetState(object state)
    {
        throw new NotImplementedException();
    }
}

class Component2 : IComponent
{
    internal void SetState(object state)
    {
        throw new NotImplementedException();
    }
}

// Mediates the common tasks
class Mediator
{
    internal IComponent Component1 { get; set; }
    internal IComponent Component2 { get; set; }

    internal void ChangeState(object state)
    {
        this.Component1.SetState(state);
        this.Component2.SetState(state);
    }
}

A chat room could use the mediator pattern, or a system where many ‘clients’ each receive a message each time one of the other clients performs an action (for chat rooms, this would be when each person sends a message). In reality using the mediator pattern for a chat room would only be practical when used with remoting. Using raw sockets would not allow for the delegate callbacks (people subscribed to the Mediator class’ MessageReceived event).

public delegate void MessageReceivedEventHandler(string message, string sender);

public class Mediator
{
    public event MessageReceivedEventHandler MessageReceived;

    public void Send(string message, string sender)
    {
        if (MessageReceived != null)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Sending '{0}' from {1}", message, sender);
            MessageReceived(message, sender);
        }
    }
}

public class Person
{
    private Mediator _mediator;

    public string Name { get; set; }

    public Person(Mediator mediator, string name)
    {
        Name = name;
        _mediator = mediator;
        _mediator.MessageReceived += new MessageReceivedEventHandler(Receive);
    }

    private void Receive(string message, string sender)
    {
        if (sender != Name)
            Console.WriteLine("{0} received '{1}' from {2}", Name, message, sender);
    }

    public void Send(string message)
    {
        _mediator.Send(message, Name);
    }
}

Java

In the following example, a Mediator object controls the values of several Storage objects, forcing the user code to access the stored values through the mediator. When a storage object wants to emit an event indicating that its value has changed, it also goes back to the mediator object (via the method notifyObservers) that controls the list of the observers (implemented using the observer pattern).

import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Optional;
import java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArrayList;
import java.util.function.Consumer;

class Storage<T> {
    T value;
    
    T getValue() {
        return value;
    }
    void setValue(Mediator<T> mediator, String storageName, T value) {
        this.value = value;
        mediator.notifyObservers(storageName);
    }
}

class Mediator<T> {
    private final HashMap<String, Storage<T>> storageMap = new HashMap<>();
    private final CopyOnWriteArrayList<Consumer<String>> observers = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<>();
    
    public void setValue(String storageName, T value) {
        Storage storage = storageMap.computeIfAbsent(storageName, name -> new Storage<>());
        storage.setValue(this, storageName, value);
    }
    
    public Optional<T> getValue(String storageName) {
        return Optional.ofNullable(storageMap.get(storageName)).map(Storage::getValue);
    }
    
    public void addObserver(String storageName, Runnable observer) {
        observers.add(eventName -> {
            if (eventName.equals(storageName)) {
                observer.run();
            }
        });
    }
    
    void notifyObservers(String eventName) {
        observers.forEach(observer -> observer.accept(eventName));
    }
}

public class MediatorDemo {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Mediator<Integer> mediator = new Mediator<>();
        mediator.setValue("bob", 20);
        mediator.setValue("alice", 24);
        mediator.getValue("alice").ifPresent(age -> System.out.println("age for alice: " + age));
        
        mediator.addObserver("bob", () -> {
            System.out.println("new age for bob: " + mediator.getValue("bob").orElseThrow(RuntimeException::new));
        });
        mediator.setValue("bob", 21);
    }
}