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((Short description|Allied health profession))
((Multiple issues|
((Cleanup|reason=Remove essay-like content and unreferenced text per[[WP:VERIFY]]|date=March 2021))
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'''Medical transcription''', also known as '''MT''', is an [[allied health professions|allied health profession]] dealing with the process of transcribing voice-recorded medical reports that are dictated by physicians, nurses and other [[Health professional|healthcare practitioners]]. Medical reports can be voice files, notes taken during a lecture, or other spoken material. These are dictated over the phone or uploaded digitally via the Internet or through smart phone apps.

== History ==
Medical transcription as it is currently known has existed since the beginning of the 20th century when standardization of [[medical records]] and data became critical to research.<ref>"From papyrus to the electronic tablet: a brief history of the clinical medical record with lessons for the digital age" Am J Med. 2013 Oct;126(10):853-7. do: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2013.03.024</ref><ref>((citation | first1 = Lauren | last1 = Kassell | author1-link = Lauren Kassell | first2 = Michael | last2 = Hawkins | first3 = Robert | last3 = Ralley | first4 = John | last4 = Young | chapter = History of medical records | title = A Critical Introduction to the Casebooks of Simon Forman and Richard Napier, 1596–1634 | chapter-url = https://casebooks.lib.cam.ac.uk/astrological-medicine/history-of-medical-records | access-date = 19 May 2019))</ref> At that time, medical stenographers recorded medical information, taking doctors' dictation in shorthand. With the creation of audio recording devices, it became possible for physicians and their transcribers to work asynchronously.<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.ahdionline.org/VisitorCenter/MTsPartnersInMedicalCommunication/tabid/242/Default.aspx |title= MTs: Partners In Medical Communication |access-date=1 October 2014 | work = AHDI: Capturing America's Healthcare Story | publisher = Association for Healthcare Documentation Integrity |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006143848/http://www.ahdionline.org/VisitorCenter/MTsPartnersInMedicalCommunication/tabid/242/Default.aspx |archive-date=6 October 2014))</ref>

Over the years, transcription equipment has changed from manual [[typewriter|typewriters]], to [[electric typewriter|electric typewriters]], to [[Word processor (electronic device)|word processors]], and finally, to computers. Storage methods have also changed: from plastic disks and magnetic belts to cassettes, endless loops,((Clarify|reason=|date=February 2021)) and digital recordings. Today, speech recognition (SR), also known as continuous speech recognition (CSR), is increasingly used, with medical transcriptions and, in some cases, "editors" providing supplemental editorial services. Natural-language processing takes "automatic" transcription a step further, providing an interpretive function that speech recognition alone does not provide.

In the past, these medical reports consisted of very abbreviated handwritten notes that were added in the patient's file for interpretation by the primary physician responsible for the treatment. Ultimately, these handwritten notes and typed reports were consolidated into a single patient file and physically stored along with thousands of other patient records in the medical records department. Whenever the need arose to review the records of a specific patient, the patient's file would be retrieved from the filing cabinet and delivered to the requesting physician. To enhance this manual process, many medical record documents were produced in duplicate or triplicate by means of carbon copy.

In recent years,((When|date=February 2021)) medical records have changed considerably. Although many physicians and hospitals still maintain paper records, the majority are stored as electronic records.<ref name="Feste">Feste, L., "Electronic Signature – As it is Today", ''Journal of AHIMA'' (Chicago: AHIMA 1993), Vol. 64, No. 4, pp. 18-19.</ref> This digital format allows for immediate remote access by any physician who is authorized to review the patient information. Reports are stored electronically and printed selectively as the need arises. Many healthcare providers today((When|date=February 2021)) work using handheld PCs or personal data assistants (PDAs) and are now utilizing software on them to record dictation.

== Overview ==
((Refimprove-section|date=March 2021))
Medical transcription is part of the healthcare industry that renders and edits doctor dictated reports, procedures, and notes in an electronic format in order to create files representing the treatment history of patients.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.totalmedtranscription.net/how-it-works/|title=How Medical Transcription Works|website=Totalmed Transcription|language=en-US|access-date=16 February 2017))</ref> Health practitioners dictate what they have done after performing procedures on patients, and MTs transcribe the oral dictation, edit reports that have gone through speech recognition software, or both.<ref name=CanScribe-Get>((cite web|title=Get the Skills for a Professional Career in Medical Transcription|url=https://www.canscribe.com/courses/medical-transcription-healthcare-documentation-course/ | work = CanScribe Career College | publisher = CanScribe Career College))</ref>

Pertinent, up-to-date and confidential patient information is converted to a written text document by a medical transcriptionist (MT).<ref>((cite web|title=What Is Medical Transcription? | date = 21 June 2012 | author = Mick | publisher = Access Transcription |url=http://www.accesstranscription.com.au/what-is-medical-transcription/ | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130614140828/http://www.accesstranscription.com.au/what-is-medical-transcription/| archive-date = 14 June 2013))</ref> This text may be printed and placed in the patient's record, retained only in its electronic format, or placed in the patient's record and also retained in its electronic format. Medical transcription can be performed by MTs who are employees in a [[hospital]] or who work at home as telecommuting employees for the hospital; by MTs working as telecommuting employees or independent contractors for an outsourced service that performs the work offsite under contract to a hospital, clinic, physician group or other healthcare provider; or by MTs working directly for the providers of service (doctors or their group practices) either onsite or telecommuting as employees or contractors. Hospital facilities often prefer electronic storage of medical records due to the sheer volume of hospital patients and the accompanying paperwork. The electronic storage in their [[database]] gives immediate access to subsequent departments or providers regarding the patient's care to date, notation of previous or present medications, notification of [[allergy|allergies]], and establishes a history on the patient to facilitate [[healthcare]] delivery regardless of geographical distance or location.

The term transcript, or "report" is used to refer to a healthcare professional's specific encounter with a patient. This report is also referred to by many as a "medical record". Each specific transcribed record or report, with its own specific date of service, is then merged and becomes part of the larger patient record commonly known as the patient's medical history. This record is often called the patient's "chart" in a hospital setting.

Medical transcription encompasses the medical transcriptionist, performing document typing and formatting functions according to an established criterion or format, transcribing the spoken word of the patient's care information into a written, easily readable form. A proper transcription requires correct spelling of all terms and words, and correcting medical terminology or dictation errors. Medical transcriptionists also edit the transcribed documents, print or return the completed documents in a timely fashion. All transcription reports must comply with medico-legal concerns, policies and procedures, and laws under patient confidentiality.

In transcribing directly for a [[Physician|doctor]] or a group of [[physician]]s, there are specific formats and report types used, dependent on that doctor's speciality of practice, although history and physical exams or consults are mainly utilized. In most of the off-hospital sites, independent medical practices perform consultations as a second opinion, pre-surgical exams, and as IMEs (Independent Medical Examinations) for liability [[insurance]] or [[disability]] claims. Some private practice family doctors choose not to utilize a medical transcriptionist, preferring to keep their patient's records in a handwritten format, although this is not true of all family practitioners.

Currently,((When|date=February 2021)) a growing number of medical providers send their dictation by digital voice files, utilizing a method of transcription called speech or voice recognition. Speech recognition is still a nascent technology that loses much in translation.<ref>((cite journal | title = The Human Touch | author-first = Elizabeth S. | author-last = Roop | journal = For the Record | publisher = Great Valley Publishing Company | date = July 2015 | volume = 27 | number = 7 | page = 20 | url = https://www.fortherecordmag.com/archives/0715p20.shtml))</ref> For dictators to utilize the software, they must first train the program to recognize their spoken words. Dictation is read into the database and the program continuously "learns" the spoken words and phrases.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.medicaltranscriptionist.org/job-description/|title=Medical Transcriptionist Job Description|work=The Medical Transcriptionist | publisher = EduSearch Network, Inc.))</ref>

Poor speech habits and other problems such as heavy accents and mumbling complicate the process for both the MT and the recognition software. An MT can "flag" such a report as unintelligible, but the recognition software will transcribe the unintelligible word(s) from the existing database of "learned" language. The result is often a "word salad" or missing text. Thresholds can be set to reject a bad report and return it for standard dictation, but these settings are arbitrary. Below a set percentage rate, the word salad passes for actual dictation. The MT simultaneously listens, reads, and "edits" the correct version. Every word must be confirmed in this process. The downside of the technology is when the time spent in this process cancels out the benefits. The quality of recognition can range from excellent to poor, with whole words and sentences missing from the report. Not infrequently, negative contractions and the word "not" is dropped altogether. These flaws trigger concerns that the present technology could have adverse effects on patient care. Control over quality can also be reduced when providers choose a server-based program from a vendor [[Application Service Provider]] (ASP).

Downward adjustments in MT pay rates for voice recognition are controversial. Understandably, a client will seek optimum savings to offset any net costs. Yet vendors that overstate the gains in productivity do harm to MTs paid by the line. Despite the new editing skills required of MTs, significant reductions in compensation for voice recognition have been reported. Reputable industry sources put the field average for increased productivity in the range of 30–50%; yet this is still dependent on several other factors involved in the methodology. 

Operationally, speech recognition technology (SRT) is an interdependent, collaborative effort. It is a mistake((According to whom|date=February 2021)) to treat it as compatible with the same organizational paradigm as standard [[Dictation (exercise)|dictation]], a largely "[[:wikt:stand-alone|stand-alone]]" system. The new [[software]] supplants an MT's former ability to realize immediate time-savings from programming tools such as macros and other word/format expanders. Requests for client/vendor format corrections delay those savings. If remote MTs cancel each other out with disparate style choices, they and the recognition engine may be trapped in a seesaw battle over control. Voice recognition managers should take care to ensure that the impositions on MT autonomy are not so onerous as to outweigh its benefits.

Medical transcription is still the primary mechanism for a physician to clearly communicate with other healthcare providers who access the patient record, to advise them on the state of the patient's health and past/current treatment, and to assure continuity of care. More recently, following Federal and State Disability Act changes, a written report (IME) became a requirement for documentation of a medical bill or an application for Workers' Compensation (or continuation thereof) insurance benefits based on requirements of Federal and State agencies.

== As a profession ==
((Refimprove-section|date=March 2021))
An individual who performs medical transcription is known as a ''medical transcriber'' (''MT'') or a ''Medical Language Specialist'' (''MLS''). The equipment used is called a ''medical transcriber,'' e.g., a cassette player with foot controls operated by the MT for report playback and transcription.

Education and training can be obtained through certificate or diploma programs, distance learning, or on-the-job training offered in some hospitals, although there are countries currently employing transcriptionists that require 18 months to 2 years of specialized MT training. Working in medical transcription leads to a mastery in medical terminology and editing, ability to listen and type simultaneously, utilization of playback controls on the transcriber (machine), and use of foot [[wikt: pedal|pedal]] to play and adjust dictations – all while maintaining a steady rhythm of execution. Medical transcription training normally includes coursework in medical terminology, anatomy, editing and proofreading, grammar and punctuation, typing, medical record types and formats, and healthcare documentation.<ref name=CanScribe-Get />

While medical transcription does not mandate registration or [[certification]], individual MTs may seek out registration/certification for personal or professional reasons. Obtaining a certificate from a medical transcription training program does not entitle an MT to use the title of Certified Medical Transcriptionist. A Certified Healthcare Documentation Specialist (CHDS) credential can be earned by passing a certification examination conducted solely by the [[Association for Healthcare Documentation Integrity]] (AHDI), formerly the American Association for Medical Transcription (AAMT), as the credentialing designation they created. AHDI also offers the credential of Registered Healthcare Documentation Specialist (RHDS). According to AHDI, RHDS is an entry-level credential while the CHDS is an advanced level. AHDI maintains a list of approved medical transcription schools.<ref>((cite web | url = http://www.ahdionline.org/EducationTraining/Training/ApprovedMedicalTranscriptionEducationPrograms/tabid/251/Default.aspx | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090718204932/http://www.ahdionline.org/EducationTraining/Training/ApprovedMedicalTranscriptionEducationPrograms/tabid/251/Default.aspx | archive-date = 18 July 2009 | title = Approved Medical Transcription Education Programs | work = AHDI: Capturing America's Healthcare Story | publisher = Association for Healthcare Documentation Integrity))</ref> Generally, certified medical transcriptionists earn more than their non-certified counterparts. It is also notable that training through an educational program that is approved by AHDI will increase the chances of an MT getting certified and getting hired.

There is a great degree of internal debate about which training program best prepares an MT for industry work.<ref>((cite web | url = http://www.mtexchange.com/medical-transcription-exchange/mt-school-wars/ | title = MT School Wars | author = JulieW8 | date = 9 August 2010 | work = MT Exchange | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110617191300/http://www.mtexchange.com/medical-transcription-exchange/mt-school-wars/ | archive-date=17 June 2011))</ref> Yet, whether one has learned medical transcription from an online course, community college, high school night course, or on-the-job training in a doctor's office or hospital, a knowledgeable MT is highly valued. In lieu of these AHDI certification credentials, MTs who can consistently and accurately transcribe multiple document work-types and return reports within a reasonable turnaround-time (TAT) are sought after. TATs set by the service provider or agreed to by the transcriptionist should be reasonable but consistent with the need to return the document to the patient's record in a timely manner.

On March 7, 2006, the MT occupation became an eligible [[U.S. Department of Labor]] Apprenticeship, a 2-year program focusing on acute care facility (hospital) work. In May 2004, a pilot program for [[Vermont]] residents was initiated, with 737 applicants for only 20 classroom pilot-program openings. The objective was to train the applicants as MTs in a shorter time period. (See Vermont HITECH for pilot program established by the Federal Government Health and Human Services Commission).

== The medical transcription process ==
((Refimprove-section|date=March 2021))
When the patient visits a doctor, the latter spends time with the former discussing their medical problems and performing diagnostic services. After the patient leaves the office, the doctor uses a voice-recording device to record information about the patient encounter. This information may be recorded into a hand-held cassette recorder or into a regular telephone, dialed into a central server located in the hospital or transcription service office, which will 'hold' the report for the transcriptionist. This report is then accessed by a medical transcriptionist, who then listens to the dictation and transcribes it into the required format for the medical record, and of which this medical record is considered a legal document. The next time the patient visits the doctor, the doctor will call for the medical record or the patient's entire chart, which will contain all reports from previous encounters. The doctor can on occasion refill the patient's medications after seeing only the medical record, although doctors prefer to not refill prescriptions without seeing the patient to establish if anything has changed.

It is very important to have a properly formatted, edited, and reviewed medical transcription document. If a medical transcriptionist accidentally typed a wrong medication or the wrong diagnosis, the patient could be at risk if the doctor (or their designee) did not review the document for accuracy. Both the doctor and the medical transcriptionist play an important role to make sure the transcribed dictation is correct and accurate. The doctor should speak slowly and concisely, especially when dictating medications or details of diseases and conditions. The medical transcriptionist must possess hearing acuity, medical knowledge, and good reading comprehension in addition to checking references when in doubt.

However, some doctors do not review their transcribed reports for accuracy, and the computer attaches an electronic signature with the disclaimer that a report is "[[dictated but not read]]". This electronic signature is readily acceptable in a legal sense.<ref name="Feste" /><ref>"Executive Message", JAAMT, Vol. 12, No. 6, November–December 1993. pp. 4-5. Modesto, CA.</ref> The transcriptionist is bound to transcribe verbatim (exactly what is said) and make no changes, but has the option to flag any report inconsistencies. On some occasions, the doctors do not speak clearly, or voice files are garbled. Some doctors are time-challenged and need to dictate their reports quickly (as in ER Reports). In addition, there are many regional or national accents and (mis)pronunciations of words the MT must contend with. It is imperative and a large part of the job of the transcriptionist to look up the correct spelling of complex medical terms, medications, obvious dosage or dictation errors, and when in doubt should "flag" a report. A "flag" on a report requires the dictator (or their designee) to fill in a blank on a finished report, which has been returned to him, before it is considered complete. Transcriptionists are never permitted to guess, or 'just put in anything' in a report transcription. Furthermore, medicine is constantly changing. New equipment, new medical devices, and new medications come on the market on a daily basis, and the Medical Transcriptionist needs to be creative and to tenaciously research (quickly) to find these new words. An MT needs to have access to, or keep on memory, an up-to-date library to quickly facilitate the insertion of a correctly spelled device.

==Medical transcription editing==
((Unreferenced-section|date=March 2021))
Medical transcription editing is the process of listening to a voice-recorded file and comparing that to the transcribed report of that audio file, correcting errors as needed. Although speech recognition technology has become better at understanding human language, editing is still needed to ensure better accuracy. Medical transcription editing is also performed on medical reports transcribed by medical transcriptionists.

===Medical transcription editors===
((Unreferenced-section|date=March 2021))
Recent((Clarify timeframe|date=February 2021)) advances in speech recognition technology have shifted the job responsibilities of medical transcriptionists from not only transcribing but also editing. Editing has always been a part of the medical transcriptionist job; however, now((When|date=February 2021)) editing is a larger requirement as reports are more often being transcribed electronically. With different accents, articulations, and pronunciations, speech recognition technology can still have problems deciphering words. This is where the medical transcriptionist editor steps in. Medical transcription editors will compare and correct the transcribed file to the voice-recorded audio file. The job is similar to medical transcription as editing will use a foot pedal and the education and training requirements are mostly the same.

===Training and education===
((Refimprove-section|date=March 2021))
Education and training requirements for medical transcription editors is very similar to that of medical transcriptionists. Many medical transcription editors start out as medical transcriptionists and transition to editing. Several of the AHDI-approved medical transcription schools have seen the need for medical transcription editing training and have incorporated editing in their training programs.<ref>((cite web|url=http://career-step.ca/best-medical-transcription-schools/|title=Best Medical Transcription Schools | publisher = Career-Step | access-date = 9 January 2020))</ref> Quality training is key to success as a Medical Transcription / Healthcare Documentation Specialist. It is also very important to get work experience while training to ensure employers will be willing to hire freshly graduated students. Students who receive 'real world' training are much better suited for the medical transcription industry, than those who do not.<ref name=CanScribe-Get />

== Outsourcing of medical transcription ==
Due to the increasing demand to document medical records, countries have started to outsource the services of medical transcription.<ref>((cite web|url=http://healthworkscollective.com/reimbursementmd/71961/future-medical-transcription|title=The Future of Medical Transcription |first = Andy | last = Salmen | date = 20 December 2012 |publisher = HealthWorks Collective))</ref> The main reason for outsourcing is stated to be the cost advantage due to cheap labor in developing countries, and their currency rates as compared to the US dollar.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.hitechtranscriptionservices.com/newsroom/drivers-influence-outsourcing-medical-transcription.php|title=Drivers that Influence Outsourcing of Medical Transcription|author=Champak Pol|date=13 December 2013|work=Newsroom | publisher = Hi-Tech Transcription Services | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140201061913/http://www.hitechtranscriptionservices.com/newsroom/drivers-influence-outsourcing-medical-transcription.php | archive-date = 1 February 2014))</ref><ref>((cite web | url = https://decafnation.net/2019/02/11/ministry-continues-liberals-privatization-of-health-care/ | title = Ministry continues Liberals' privatization of health care | date = 11 February 2019 | first = Barbara | last = Biley | work = DecafNation | publisher = DecafNation))</ref>

There is a volatile controversy on whether medical transcription work should be outsourced, mainly due to three reasons:

# The greater majority of MTs presently work from home offices rather than in hospitals, working off-site for "national" transcription services. It is predominantly those nationals located in the United States who are striving to outsource work to other-than-US-based transcriptionists. In outsourcing work to sometimes lesser-qualified and lower-paid non-US MTs, the nationals can force US transcriptionists to accept lower rates, at the risk of losing business altogether to the cheaper outsourcing providers.<ref>((cite news | work = [[Toronto Star]] | title = How did we create such bleak job prospects for Canada's youth? | first = Neil | last = Sandell | date = 30 November 2012 | url = https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2012/11/30/how_did_we_create_such_bleak_job_prospects_for_canadas_youth.html))</ref> In addition to the low line rates forced on US transcriptionists, US MTs are often paid as ICs ([[independent contractors]]); thus, the nationals save on employee insurance and benefits offered, etc.<ref>((cite news | title = Number Cruncher – Pawnshop chain emerges as small-cap gem | first = Shirley | last = Won | work = The Globe and Mail | date = 22 September 2011 | publisher = Phillip Crawley | url = https://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-investor/investment-ideas/number-cruncher/pawnshop-chain-emerges-as-small-cap-gem/article617658/))</ref> Unfortunately((Editorializing|date=February 2021)) for the state of healthcare-related administrative costs in the United States, in outsourcing, the nationals still charge the hospitals the same rate as they did in the past for highly qualified US transcriptionists but subcontract the work to non-US MTs, keeping the difference as profit.
# There are concerns about patient privacy,<ref>((cite news | url = http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/hospital-record-outsourcing-raises-privacy-safety-fears-1.1160193 | title = Hospital-record outsourcing raises privacy, safety fears: Some medical transcriptionists and doctors don't want services contracted out | first = Kathy | last = Tomlinson | work = CBC News | date = 25 June 2012 | publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC/Radio-Canada]]))</ref> with confidential reports going from the country where the patient is located (e.g. the US) to a country where the laws about privacy and patient confidentiality may not even exist. The offshore provider has a clear business interest in preventing a data breach and could be prosecuted under [[Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act|HIPAA]] or other privacy laws, yet the counter-argument is made that such a prosecution might never happen or if tried wouldn't get anywhere.<ref>((Cite news|url=http://www.healthcareitnews.com/news/think-offshoring-phi-safe-you-may-not-be-covered-if-business-associate-breaches-data|title=Think offshoring PHI is safe? You may not be covered if a business associate breaches data|last=Miliard|first=Mike|date=12 October 2016|work=Healthcare IT News|access-date=28 February 2018|language=en))</ref><ref>((Cite news|url=https://www.careersinfosecurity.com/offshoring-phi-addressing-security-issues-a-10530|title=Offshoring PHI: Addressing the Security Issues|last=McGee|first=Marianne Kolbasuk|date=10 December 2017|work=CareersInfoSecurity|access-date=28 February 2018|publisher=Information Security Media Group|language=en))</ref> Some of the countries that now outsource transcription work are the [[United States]] and [[UK|Britain]], with work outsourced to [[Philippines]], [[India]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Barbados]].<ref>((cite web | title = Barbados Looks to Become Medical Transcription Capital | publisher = Caribbean Press Releases | date = 28 January 2009 | url = http://www.caribbeanpressreleases.com/articles/4520/1/Barbados-Looks-to-Become-Medical-Transcription-Capitl/Page1.html | quote = Government is repositioning Barbados to become the medical transcription capital of the Caribbean. This was disclosed yesterday by Prime Minister, David Thompson, as he revealed plans to boost training in this area and to woo more businesses desirous of setting up additional facilities here.))</ref> 
# The quality of the finished transcriptions is a concern.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.transcriptionservicesindia.com/blog/medical-billing-transcription-5-things-to-know-before-outsourcing|title=Medical Billing Transcription – 5 Things to Know Before Outsourcing|author=Champak Pol | date = 18 February 2014 |work=Transcription Services India | publisher = Hi-Tech Outsourcing Services | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140513070924/http://www.transcriptionservicesindia.com/blog/medical-billing-transcription-5-things-to-know-before-outsourcing | archive-date = 13 May 2014))</ref> Many outsourced transcriptionists simply do not have the requisite basic education to do the job with reasonable accuracy, as well as additional, occupation-specific training in medical transcription.<ref>((cite journal | title = Transcription's Outsourcing Conundrum | first = Selena | last = Chavis | journal = For the Record | publisher = Great Valley Publishing Company | date = September 2015 | volume = 27 | number = 9 | page = 20 | url = https://www.fortherecordmag.com/archives/0915p20.shtml))</ref>

== References ==
((Reflist|colwidth=30em))

== External links ==
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* ((DMOZ|Health/Professions/Medical_Transcription/))
* [http://www.ahdionline.org/ The Association for Healthcare Documentation Integrity (AHDI)]
* [http://www.ahima.org/ American Health Information Management Association (AHIMA)]
* Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations, Accreditation Manual for Hospitals, Oakbrook Terrace: JCAHO, 1993.
<!--PLEASE DO NOT ADD LINKS OF COMPANIES OR ANY PROMOTIONAL SITES, WIKIPEDIA IS AN ENCYCLOPEDIA AND DOES NOT ALLOW ADVERTISEMENTS FOR PERSONAL INTEREST-->

((Allied health professions))

[[Category:Health informatics]]
[[Category:Health care occupations]]
[[Category:Information privacy]]
[[Category:Transcription (linguistics)]]

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Template:Clarify (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Clarify timeframe (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Cleanup (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Curlie (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:DMC (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:DMCA (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:DMOZ (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Dated maintenance category (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Dated maintenance category (articles) (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Delink (view source) (protected)
Template:Editorializing (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:Essay-like (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Essay like (edit)
Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Fix (view source) (protected)
Template:Fix-span (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Fix/category (view source) (protected)
Template:Hlist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:Main other (view source) (protected)
Template:More citations needed (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:More citations needed section (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Multiple issues (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Multiple issues/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Template:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Template:Refimprove (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Refimprove-section (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:Reflist (view source) (protected)
Template:Reflist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Template:SUBJECTSPACE formatted (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Short description (view source) (protected)
Template:Short description/lowercasecheck (view source) (protected)
Template:Sp (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Terminate sentence (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Unreferenced (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Unreferenced-section (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:Unreferenced section (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:When (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Arguments (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/blacklist (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/shared (view source) (protected)
Module:Check for unknown parameters (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1 (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:DecodeEncode (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Delink (view source) (protected)
Module:Disambiguation/templates (view source) (protected)
Module:Find sources (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/links (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/templates/Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:Text (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_transcription"