Megiddo church, near Tel Megiddo, Israel, is an archaeological site which preserves the foundations of one of the oldest church buildings ever discovered by archaeologists, dating to the 3rd century AD.[1] The ‘Megiddo Church’, as the room became known, was dated to circa 230 AD on the basis of pottery, coins, and the inscriptional style.[2][3][4] The site’s abandonment, circa 305 AD, is evident in the purposeful covering of the mosaic, and relates well to the crisis of 303 AD, when the Christian communities of Judea[5] experienced the Diocletianic Persecution.[6]
Location
The remains were found near Megiddo Prison, which is located a few hundred meters south of the tell and adjacent to Megiddo Junction in northern Israel. The area belonged to the ancient Roman town of Legio, known previously by its Hebrew name, Kefar ‘Otnay.[7]
Discovery and description
In 2005, Israeli archaeologist Yotam Tepper of Tel-Aviv University discovered the remains of a church, believed to be from the third century, a time when Christians were still persecuted by the Roman Empire. Among the finds is an approx. 54-square-metre (580 sq ft) large mosaic with a Greek inscription stating that "The God-loving Akeptous has offered the table to God Jesus Christ as a memorial."[8][9][10] The mosaic is very well preserved and features geometrical figures and images of fish, an early Christian symbol.[11]
An inscription in the Megiddo church mentions a Roman officer, "Gaianus," who donated "his own money" to have a mosaic made.[citation needed]
Dating debate
The anthropologist Joe Zias, former curator for the Israel Antiquities Authority, said "My gut feeling is that we are looking at a Roman building that may have been converted to a church at a later date."[12] On the other hand, persecution of Christians was sporadic in the Roman Empire during the early third century. The archaeological evidence may point to a later date, placing the church in the last quarter of the 3rd or first quarter of the 4th century.[13]
^E. Adams, The Ancient Church at Megiddo: The Discovery and an Assessment of its Significance, in The Expository Times, 2008. Quote: "... chronologically distinct. The structure at Megiddo is obviously not a basilica. According to Tepper, the Megiddo church is a unique ecclesiastical form. It could not have resembled the church buildings of the late third century."
^Tepper, Yotam and Di Segni, Leah. 2006. A Christian Prayer Hall of the Third Century CE at Kefar ‘Othnay. Legio: Excavations at the Megiddo Prison 2005. Jerusalem: Israel Antiquities Authority.
^Adams, Edward. 2008. ‘The Ancient Church at Megiddo: The Discovery and an Assessment of its Significance’. The Expository Times 120: 62–9.
^Adams, Edward. 2013. The Earliest Christian Meeting Places: Almost Exclusively Houses? London: Bloomsbury T&T Clark. pp. 96–9.
^ Joan E. Taylor and Ilaria L. E. Ramelli. (2021). Patterns of Women's Leadership in Early Christianity. Oxford Scholarship Online. DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198867067.001.0001. pp. 295-6.
^Yotam Tepper, Legio, Kefar ‘Otnay, in Hadashot Arkheologiyot: Excavations and Surveys in Israel, vol. 118, 2006 [1]
^Yotam Tepper, Leah Di Segni, A Christian Prayer Hall of the Third Century CE at Kefar 'Othnay (Legio): Excavations at the Megiddo Prison 2005. Israel Antiquities Authority, 2006, Jerusalem, Israel. Quote: "The Akeptous lnscription. The inscription is set within a rectangle (67 x 80 cm) in the western side of the southern mosaic panel. Its frame and letters are traced in black tesserae; the characters are 7.5-9.0 cm high."
^Andrew Lawler, First Churches of the Jesus Cult. Archaeology, 2007. Quote: "... Others are more intrigued. "I'm open to Megiddo as a third-century site," says Taylor. "It's idiosyncratic," she adds, since it does not fit the model of Christian churches during and after the time of Constantine. Those structures are easily recognizable by their basilica shape...."" Abstract of the article
Israel