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Marble votive relief of Zeus Meilichios sitting on the Acheloos River, with Hermes, Heracles, the Mother of the Gods, and Callirrhoe. Found in the Ilisos River, near Athens. Early 3rd century BC

As Zeus Meilichius or Meilichios, the Olympian of Greek mythology subsumed as an attributive epithet to an earlier chthonic daimon; Meilichios, who was propitiated in Athens by archaic rituals, as Jane Ellen Harrison demonstrated in detail in Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion (1903). In the course of examining the archaic aspects of the Diasia festival, the greatest Athenian festival accorded Zeus, she showed that it had been superimposed upon an earlier propitiatory ceremony.

"Meilichios", the "Easy-to-be-entreated", the gracious, accessible one, was the Euphemism aspect of "Maimaktes, he who rages eager, panting and thirsting for blood." (Harrison, p. 17).[1]

Explicitly inscribed votive reliefs show that Meilichios was figured in the form of a serpent, who might be invoked as a kind of Ploutos, bringer of wealth. He had some of the avenging and fearful character of an Erynis, for Pausanias saw near the River Cephissus "an ancient altar of Zeus Meilichios; on it Theseus received purification from the descendants of Phytalos after he had slain among other robbers Sinis, who was related to himself". Meilichios' sacrifice was a holocaust, which was wholly consumed in fire and not shared by the votaries, "a dread renunciation to a dreadful power" (Harrison, p. 16), in nocturnal rites performed in an atmosphere of "chilly gloom" (Harrison), that was rendered in Greek as stygiotes.

While bearing the name 'Zeus', Zeus Olympios, the great king of the gods, noticeably differs from the Zeus Meilichios, a decidedly Chthonian character, often portrayed as a snake,[2] and as seen beforehand, they cannot be different manifestations of the same god,[3] in fact whenever 'another Zeus' is mentioned, this always refers to Hades.[4] Zeus Meilichios and Zeus Eubouleus are often referred to being alternate names for Hades.[5]

Zeus Meilichios is also identified as Agathodaemon, or Agathos Daimon, meaning a 'noble spirit', which was a sort of a household god.[6] Zeus Meilichios was invoked in an Orphic Hymn to Zeus as the Daimon. This represents an old serpentine aspect of Zeus associated with fortune.[7][8]

Notes

  1. ^ In the Attic calendar, Maimakterion, the "raging" month, arrived in November–December.
  2. ^ Ogden, Daniel (2008). A Companion to Greek Religion. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0470997345.
  3. ^ Versnel, Henk (2011). Coping With the Gods: Wayward Readings in Greek Theology. Brill. doi:10.1163/ej.9789004204904.i-594. ISBN 978-90-04-20490-4. S2CID 220830615.
  4. ^ Schlesier, Renate (2012). A Different God?: Dionysos and Ancient Polytheism. Berlin, Germany.: Freie University. pp. 27, 28. ISBN 9783110222357.
  5. ^ Hornblower, Spawforth, Eidinow, Simon, Antony, Esther (2014). The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization. Oxford: OUP Oxford. p. 354. ISBN 9780191016752.((cite book)): CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ João Pedro Feliciano 2016, The Agathos Daimon in Greco-Egyptian religion. The Hermetic Tablet: The Journal of Ritual Magic 3 (2016), pp. 171–92. academia.edu
  7. ^ João Pedro Feliciano 2016, The Agathos Daimon in Greco-Egyptian religion. The Hermetic Tablet: The Journal of Ritual Magic 3 (2016), pp. 171–92. academia.edu
  8. ^ Gerald V. Lalonde, Horos Dios (BRILL 2006), 117, note 47

References

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