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((short description|Merchant marine service of the United Kingdom))
((For|the steam locomotives|SR Merchant Navy class))
((Use dmy dates|date=December 2022))
((Infobox military unit
| unit_name                     = British Merchant Navy
| image                         = Badge of British Merchant Navy.JPG
| image_size                    = x200px
| caption                       = Badge of the Merchant Navy
| dates                         = 1835–present
| country                       = ((flag|United Kingdom)), [[British Overseas Territories]] and [[Channel Islands]]
| type                          = Civilian
| role                          = * Create wealth for the crown, country and shipowner 
*Support any war effort
*To help create and maintain diplomatic relationships
| size                          = 10th Largest;
*30 Million Gross Registered Tonnage
*40.7 Million Deadweight Tonnage
| garrison                      = 
| garrison_label                = 
| equipment                     = *Cargo
*Passenger
*Special purpose vessels
| equipment_label               = Fleet
| battles                       = *[[U-boat Campaign (World War I)|U-boat Campaign]], (1914–1918)
*[[Battle of the Atlantic]], (1939–1944) 
*[[Operation Pedestal]], (1942) 
* [[Falklands War]], (1982)
*[[Gulf war]], (1991)
| anniversaries                 = *Merchant Navy Day (3rd September)<ref name="SC">((cite web|url=https://www.theseafarerscharity.org/merchant-navy-fund/merchant-navy-day |title=Merchant Navy Day |publisher=The Seafarer's Charity |access-date=8 March 2024))</ref>
*Battle of the Atlantic (May) 
*Trafalgar Day (21st October )
| battle_honours                = <!--Commander-->
| website                       = 
| commander1                    = 
| commander1_label              = 
| commander2                    = 
| commander2_label              = 
| next                          = 
| Abbreviation                  = MN
| identification_symbol         = [[File:Civil Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg|border|centre|100px]]
| identification_symbol_label   = Red Ensign
| identification_symbol_2       = [[File:Civil Jack of the United Kingdom.svg|border|centre|100px]]
| identification_symbol_2_label = Civil Jack
| identification_symbol_3       = 
| identification_symbol_3_label = 
))
((Merchant Navy))
The '''British Merchant Navy''' is the collective name given to British civilian ships and their associated crews, including officers and ratings. In the UK, it is simply referred to as the Merchant Navy or MN. Merchant Navy vessels fly the [[Red Ensign]] and the ships and crew are regulated by the [[Maritime and Coastguard Agency]] (MCA), a specialist agency of the UK Department of Transport. British merchant ships are registered under the UK or Red Ensign group ship registries. British Merchant Navy deck officers and ratings are certificated and trained according to [[STCW Convention]] and the syllabus of the [[Merchant Navy Training Board]] in maritime colleges and other training institutes around the UK.

[[King George V]] bestowed the title of "Merchant Navy" on the British merchant shipping fleets following their service in the [[First World War]];<ref name=TheNorthBank>((cite web |url=https://thenorthbank.london/northbank-events/merchant-navy-day-the-fourth-service-remembered/ |title=Merchant Navy Day, the fourth service remembered |date=3 September 2016 |access-date=23 March 2017 |quote=In 1928 King George V announced that, in recognition of its service and sacrifice, it would henceforth be known as the Merchant Navy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324000011/https://thenorthbank.london/northbank-events/merchant-navy-day-the-fourth-service-remembered/ |archive-date=24 March 2017 |url-status=dead))</ref> a number of other nations have since adopted the title. Previously it had been known as the '''Mercantile Marine''' or '''Merchant Service''', although the term "Merchant Navy" was already informally used from the 19th century. 

The British Merchant Navy was historically one of the largest ship registries and source of crew in the world, with 33% of global tonnage registered in 1939. However, since the mid 20th century, the number of shipowners, ships, officers and crew have declined dramatically as a result of globalisation and the rise of flags of convenience. As of 2023, the British Merchant Navy numbered 1,054 ships.

==History==
((main|U-boat Campaign (World War I)|Battle of the Atlantic (1939–1945)|British merchant seamen of World War II))
[[File:HMS Castle Harbour crew.jpg|thumb|left|The crew of [[HMS Castle Harbour]], assigned to the [[Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda|Royal Naval Dockyard]] as the [[Examination vessel|Examination Service]] vessel (that inspected merchant ships). Crew members included members of the Merchant Navy. HMS Castle Harbour would later be sunk by a German submarine while being delivered to the Mediterranean by a Merchant Navy crew]]
The Merchant Navy has been in existence for a significant period in English and British history, owing its growth to trade and imperial expansion. It can be dated back to the 17th century, when an attempt was made to register all seafarers as a source of labour for the [[Royal Navy]] in times of conflict.<ref>[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/familyhistory/guide/trade/merchantnavy.htm National Archives of the United Kingdom]</ref> That registration of merchant seafarers failed, and it was not successfully implemented until 1835.
The merchant fleet grew over successive years to become the world's foremost merchant fleet, benefiting considerably from trade with [[British possessions]] in [[India]] and the [[Far East]]. The lucrative trades in [[sugar]], [[Opium Wars|contraband]] [[opium]] to China, [[spices]], and [[tea]] (carried by ships such as the ''[[Cutty Sark]]'') helped to entrench this dominance in the 19th century.

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, maritime education expanded to train merchant navy officers. For example, in 1855 [[Leith Nautical College]] provided training for seafarers in Scotland.<ref name="Scotsman">((cite web |url=https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/news/former-students-leith-nautical-college-meet-586559 |title=Former students of Leith Nautical College to meet up |publisher=The Scotsman |access-date=14 September 2022))</ref><ref name="Dominies">((cite book |date=1987 |title=The Sea Dominies: The Story of Leith Nautical College, 1855–1987 |location=London |publisher=Board of Governors of Leith Nautical College |isbn=978-0-9512408-0-9))</ref> Other maritime colleges developed in this period included the South Tyneside Marine and Technical College, founded 1861 (now the [[South Tyneside College]]) and the Southampton School of Navigation, 1902 (now the [[Warsash Maritime School]]).<ref>((Cite book |last=Aldridge |first=M. H. |title=A history of the Southampton School of Navigation |publisher=[[The Southampton Institute]] |year=1996))</ref>

In the [[First World War|First]] and [[Second World War|Second]] [[World Wars]], the merchant service suffered heavy losses from German [[U-boat]] attacks. A policy of unrestricted warfare meant that merchant seafarers were at risk of attack from enemy ships. The tonnage lost to U-boats in the First World War was around 7,759,090 tons,<ref>[http://www.merchantnavymemorial.com/mtl.htm Merchant Navy Memorial website] ((webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120906144213/http://www.merchantnavymemorial.com/mtl.htm |date=6 September 2012 ))</ref> and around 14,661 merchant seafarers were killed. In honour of the sacrifice made by merchant seafarers in the First World War, [[George V of the United Kingdom|George V]] granted the title "Merchant Navy" to the companies.

In 1928 George V gave [[Edward VIII|Edward, Prince of Wales]] the title of "Master of the Merchant Navy and Fishing Fleets";((sfn|Hope|1990|p=356)) which he retained after his accession to the throne in January 1936 and relinquished only at [[Edward VIII abdication crisis|his abdication]] that December. Since Edward VIII, the title has been held by the sovereigns [[George VI]] and [[Elizabeth II]].<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.ukchamberofshipping.com/news/2012/06/01/chamber-shipping-celebrates-diamond-jubilee-hm-queen-master-merchant-navy-and-fishing-fleets/ |title=Chamber of Shipping celebrates the Diamond Jubilee of HM the Queen: Master of the Merchant Navy and Fishing Fleets |work=News |publisher=[[Shipping Federation|UK Chamber of Shipping]] |date=1 June 2012 |access-date=19 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220031259/http://www.ukchamberofshipping.com/news/2012/06/01/chamber-shipping-celebrates-diamond-jubilee-hm-queen-master-merchant-navy-and-fishing-fleets/ |archive-date=20 December 2013))</ref> When the United Kingdom and the British Empire entered the Second World War in September 1939, George VI issued this message:

[[File:INF3-127 War Effort Under the Red Duster they sustain our Island Fortress.jpg|thumb|Second World War poster highlighting wartime dangers that the Merchant Navy faced]]
<blockquote>''In these anxious days, I would like to express to all Officers and Men and in the British Merchant Navy and the British Fishing Fleets my confidence in their unfailing determination to play their vital part in defence. To each one I would say: Yours is a task no less essential to my people's experience than that allotted to the Navy, Army and Air Force. Upon you, the Nation depends for much of its foodstuffs and raw materials and for the transport of its troops overseas. You have a long and glorious history, and I am proud to bear the title "Master of the Merchant Navy and Fishing Fleets". I know that you will carry out your duties with resolution and with fortitude, and that high chivalrous traditions of your calling are safe in your hands. God keep you and prosper you in your great task.''<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.merchantnavyofficers.com/clanline5rev.html |last1=Bax |first1=John |last2=Robins |first2=Terry |title=Part Six |work=Clan Line |publisher=Merchant Navy Officers |access-date=19 December 2013))</ref></blockquote>

During the Second World War, German U-boats sank nearly 14.7&nbsp;million tons of Allied shipping,((sfn|Friel|2003|pp=245–250)) which amounted to 2,828 ships (around two-thirds of the total allied tonnage lost). The United Kingdom alone suffered the loss of 11.7&nbsp;million tons, which was 54% of the total Merchant Navy fleet at the outbreak of the Second World War. 32,000 merchant seafarers were killed aboard convoy vessels in the war, but along with the Royal Navy, the convoys successfully imported enough supplies to allow an Allied victory.

Between 1941 and 1949, the [[SR Merchant Navy class]] steam locomotives were built in the UK.<ref name="Burridge">Burridge, Frank: ''Nameplates of the Big Four'' (Oxford Publishing Company: Oxford, 1975) ((ISBN|0-902888-43-9))</ref> Each locomotive of the class was named after British shipping lines from the Second World War, principally those operating out of [[Southampton]].<ref name="Burridge"/>

In honour of the sacrifices made in both World Wars, representatives of the Merchant Navy lay wreaths of remembrance alongside the armed forces in the annual [[Remembrance Day]] service on 11 November. Following many years of lobbying to bring about official recognition of the sacrifices made by merchant seafarers in the two world wars and since, Merchant Navy Day became an official day of remembrance on 3 September 2000.

The merchant navy was also called upon to serve during the Falklands War and provided forty vessels, including transports, tankers and other vessels, with a total of 500,000 grt.<ref>((cite web |title=Battle Atlas of the Falklands War 1982 BRITISH AND ARGENTINE UNITS TAKING PART (Parts 7-16) Part 12. MERCHANT NAVY SHIPS |url=https://www.naval-history.net/F22-Falklands_War-Merchant_Navy.htm |website=naval-history.net |access-date=6 July 2023))</ref> The merchant ship [[SS Atlantic Conveyor]], being used to ferry 
[[Hawker Siddeley Harrier|Harrier fighters]] and other aircraft to the South Atlantic, was lost during the conflict after being struck by an air-launched [[Exocet]] missile. The ship's captain, Ian North, and 11 other crew members died in the attack which constituted the first loss of a British merchant navy ship to an armed attack since the Second World War.<ref>((cite web |title=The sinking of the Atlantic Conveyor |url=https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/blog/curatorial/sinking-atlantic-conveyor-falklands-war-oral-history |website=Royal Museums Greenwich |date=23 May 2022 |access-date=6 July 2023))</ref>

Historically a person wishing to become a [[Captain (nautical)|captain]], or [[Master Mariner|master]] prior to about 1969, had three choices: to attend one of the three elite naval schools from the age of 12, the fixed-base [[HMS Conway (school ship)|HMS ''Conway'']] and [[Thames Nautical Training College|HMS ''Worcester'']] or [[Pangbourne College|Pangbourne Nautical College]], which would automatically lead to an [[apprenticeship]] as a seagoing cadet officer; apply to one of several training programmes elsewhere; or go to sea immediately by applying directly to a merchant shipping company at about age 17. Then there would be three years (with prior training or four years without) of seagoing experience aboard ship, in work-clothes and as mates with the deck crew, under the direction of the [[boatswain|bo'sun]] cleaning [[bilge]]s, chipping paint, polishing brass, cement washing freshwater tanks, and [[holystone|holystoning]] teak decks, and studying navigation and seamanship on the bridge in uniform, under the direction of an officer, before taking exams to become a [[second mate]].

Historically, the composition of the crew on UK ships was diverse. This was a characteristic of the extant of the shipping companies trade, the extent of the [[British Empire]] and the availability of crew in different ports. One ship might have a largely all British crew, while another might have a crew composed of many Indians, Chinese or African sailors. Crews from outside Britain were usually drawn from areas in which the ship traded, so [[Far East]] trading ships had either Singapore or Hong Kong crews, [[Banana boat (ship)|banana boats]] had West Indian crews, ships trading to West Africa and Southern Africa had African crews and ships trading to the Indian Ocean (including East Africa) had crews from the [[Indian subcontinent]]. Crews made up of recruits from Britain itself were commonly used on ships trading across the North Atlantic, to South America and to Australia and New Zealand.

==Merchant Navy today==
===Fleet===
((Further|List of merchant navy capacity by country))
Despite maintaining its dominant position for many decades, the decline of the [[British Empire]], the rise of the use of the [[flag of convenience]], and foreign competition led to the decline of the merchant fleet. For example, in 1939 the Merchant Navy was the largest in the world with 33% of total tonnage.<ref>((cite web |title=Fact File : Merchant Navy |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/timeline/factfiles/nonflash/a6652091.shtml |publisher=BBC |access-date=21 May 2014))</ref> By 2012, the Merchant Navy – while still remaining one of the largest in the world – held only 3% of total tonnage.<ref name="Shipping Fleet: 2012">((cite web |title=Shipping Fleet: 2012 |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/243906/shipping-fleet-statistics-2012.pdf |publisher=HM Government |access-date=21 May 2014))</ref>

In 2010 the Merchant Navy consisted of 504 UK registered ships of ((GT|1,000|metric|disp=long)) or over. In addition, UK merchant marine interests possessed a further 308 ships registered in other countries and 271 foreign-owned ships were registered in the UK.<ref name="CIA World Fact Book 2014">((cite web |title=Merchant Marine: United Kingdom |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-kingdom/ |work=[[CIA World Fact Book]] |access-date=21 May 2014))</ref>

In 2012 British merchant marine interests consisted of 1,504 ships of ((GT|100|link=off)) or over. This included ships either directly UK-owned, parent-owned or managed by a British company. This amounted to: ((GT|59,413,000)) or alternatively ((DWT|75,265,000)).<ref name="Shipping Fleet: 2012"/> This is according to the annual maritime shipping statistics provided by the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British Government]] and the [[Department for Transport]]. In the last decade, ship numbers have continued to decline. In 2023, the British Ship Register had reduced to 1,054 ships.<ref name="UKShipData">((cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/shipping-fleet-statistics |title=FLE0100: UK Ship Register annual statistics and commercial data comparison |publisher=UK Government |access-date=8 March 2024))</ref>

===Officers and Ratings===
[[File:Warsash Deck 2011.jpg|thumb|An example of Merchant Navy Officers, graduating at their 'passing out' ceremony from [[Warsash Maritime Academy]] in [[Southampton]], with Former First Sea Lord [[Alan West, Baron West of Spithead]], in 2011.]]
As a signatory to the [[STCW Convention]] UK ships are commanded by [[Deck department|Deck Officers]] and [[Engine department (ship)|Engineering Officers]].<ref name="MCAOfficer">((cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/guidance/uk-seafarer-careers-training-provision-and-information |title=UK seafarer careers: training provision, information and examination syllabuses |publisher=[[Maritime and Coastguard Agency]] |access-date=18 February 2017))</ref> Officers undergo 3 years of training, known as a cadetship at one of the approved maritime colleges in the United Kingdom. These include [[Warsash Maritime Academy]], [[South Tyneside College]], [[Blackpool and The Fylde College|Fleetwood]], [[Plymouth University]] and [[City of Glasgow College]].<ref name="Careers1">((cite web |url=http://www.careersatsea.org/study/ |title=Study |publisher=Careers at Sea |access-date=18 February 2017))</ref> Cadets usually have a choice of two academic routes; [[Foundation Degree]] or [[Higher National Diploma]].<ref name="MCAOfficer"/> Successful completion of this results in a qualification in marine operations or marine engineering. Generally the costs of a cadetship will be met by sponsorship from a UK shipping company.<ref name="Careers2">((cite web |url=http://www.careersatsea.org/sponsoring-companies/ |title=Sponsorship |publisher=Careers at Sea |access-date=18 February 2017))</ref> During the three years of training, cadets also go to sea, for a period of a year or more, usually spread across the cadetship. This affords a practical education, that along with the academic time in college prepares a candidate for a separate and final oral exam. This oral exam is carried out with a [[Master mariner|Master Mariner]] at an office of the [[Maritime and Coastguard Agency]]. Successful completion of the oral exam will result in the award of a certificate of competency. This is the international qualification, issued by the UK government which allows an Officer to work in their qualified capacity on board a ship. Certificates are issued for different ranks and as such an Officer will usually return to complete a subsequent series of studies until they reach the highest qualification.

The first UK Deck Officer certificates of competency were issued in 1845, conducted then, as now, by a final oral exam with a [[Master mariner|Master Mariner]].<ref name="Master1">((cite book |last=Maclachlan |first=Malcolm |date=2016 |title=The Shipmaster's Business Self-Examiner |publisher=The Nautical Institute |page=3))</ref> The training regime for Officers is set out in the official syllabus of the [[Merchant Navy Training Board]].<ref>((cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/435699/MSN1865.pdf |title=UK Government – Seafarer Training |access-date=3 July 2016))</ref> This training still encompasses all of the traditional trades such as celestial navigation, ship stability, general cargo and seamanship, but now includes training in business, legislation, law, and computerisation for deck officers and marine engineering principles, workshop technology, steam propulsion, motor (diesel) propulsion, auxiliaries, mechanics, thermodynamics, engineering drawing, ship construction, marine electrics as well as practical workshop training for engineering officers.

Traditionally and still now, the ships ratings are supervised by the [[Bosun]], as overseen by a responsible Deck Officer, usually the [[Chief Mate]]. A ship may also have different sub-departments, such as the galley, radio department or hospitality services, overseen by a Chief Cook, Radio Officer or Chief Steward. Many of these roles have now changed, as ships crews have become smaller in commercial shipping. On most ships the Radio department has disappeared, along with the Radio Officer (colloquially known as 'sparks') replaced by changes in technology and the requirement under the [[STCW Convention]] for [[Deck department|Deck Officers]] to hold individual certification in the [[GMDSS]] System. Electro-technical Officers (ETO) also serve aboard some ships and are trained to fix and maintain the more complex systems.

In 2023, the UK Merchant Navy had 10,930 certificated officers, 10,180 ratings, 1,450 merchant navy cadets and 1,540 other officers.<ref name="UKPeopleData">((cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/seafarer-statistics-sfr |title=SFR0101: UK seafarers active at sea by type, best overall estimate  |publisher=UK Government |access-date=8 March 2024))</ref>

===Charities===
Merchant navy related charities are active in the UK. The Merchant Navy Welfare Board administers the MN fund for charitable support. Other charities include the [[The Shipwrecked Fishermen and Mariners' Royal Benevolent Society|Shipwrecked' Mariners Society]], the Seafarer's Charity, the Scottish Nautical Welfare Society and the Scottish Shipping Benevolent Association.<ref name="MNWB">((cite web|url=https://www.mnwb.org/ |title=Homepage |publisher=Merchant Navy Welfare Board |access-date=8 March 2024))</ref><ref name="SWM">((cite web|url=https://shipwreckedmariners.org.uk/ |title=Homepage |publisher=Shipwrecked Mariners' Society |access-date=8 March 2024))</ref><ref name="SeafarersCharity">((cite web|url=https://www.theseafarerscharity.org/ |title=Homepage |publisher=The Seafarers' Charity |access-date=8 March 2024))</ref><ref name="SNWS">((cite web|url=https://www.snws.org.uk/support |title=Homepage |publisher=Scottish Nautical Welfare Society |access-date=8 March 2024))</ref><ref name="SSBS">((cite web|url=https://scottishshippingcharity.org/|title=Homepage |publisher=Scottish Shipping Benevolent Association |access-date=8 March 2024))</ref>

==Flags==
===Ensigns===
Ensigns are displayed at the stern of the vessel or displayed on the [[Gaff rig|gaff]], on a [[yardarm]]. Red Ensigns can be defaced, those can only be flown with a warrant on board the vessel. [[Bermuda]] (historically part of [[British North America]], but left out of the [[Confederation of Canada]]) flies the red ensign also as a territorial flag on land, as did other British North American colonies that still do so as [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Provinces]] of modern [[Canada]], including [[Ontario]] (other [[British Overseas Territory|British Overseas Territories]] that fly a nautical ensign as the territorial flag on land use the [[Blue Ensign]] which in Bermuda is only flown from civil government vessels such as ferry boats).

<gallery>
File:British-Merchant-Navy-Ensign.png|<small>[[Merchant Navy]] </small>
</gallery>

====British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies ensigns====
<gallery>
File:Flag of Bermuda.svg|<small>[[Bermuda]] </small>
File:Civil Ensign of the British Virgin Islands.svg|<small>[[British Virgin Islands]] </small>
File:Civil Ensign of the Cayman Islands.svg|<small>[[Cayman Islands]] </small>
File:Civil Ensign of the Falkland Islands.svg|<small>[[Falkland Islands]] </small>
File:Civil Ensign of Gibraltar.svg|<small>[[Gibraltar]] </small>
File:Civil Ensign of Guernsey.svg|<small>[[Guernsey]] </small>
File:Civil Ensign of the Isle of Man.svg|<small>[[Isle of Man]] </small>
File:Civil Ensign of Jersey.svg|<small>[[Jersey]] </small>
File:Civil Ensign of the Turks and Caicos Islands.svg|<small>[[Turks and Caicos Islands]] </small>
</gallery>

====Yacht club ensigns====
<gallery>
File:HDC Original defaced Red Ensign.gif|<small>[[Hamilton Dinghy Club]] </small>
File:Ensign of the House of Commons Yacht Club.svg|<small>[[House of Commons Yacht Club]] </small>
File:Ensign of the Royal Dart Yacht Club.svg|<small>[[Royal Dart Yacht Club]] </small>
File:Ensign of the Royal Fowey Yacht Club.svg|<small>[[Royal Fowey Yacht Club]] </small>
File:RHADC defaced Red Ensign.svg|<small>Royal [[Hamilton, Bermuda|Hamilton]] Amateur Dinghy Club </small>
File:Ensign of the Royal Norfolk and Suffolk Yacht Club.svg|<small>[[Royal Norfolk and Suffolk Yacht Club]] </small>
File:Red Ensign defaced with crown.svg|<small>[[Royal Portsmouth Corinthian Yacht Club]] and the [[Royal St George Yacht Club]] </small>
File:RVYC Ensign.jpg|<small>[[Royal Victoria Yacht Club (England)|Royal Victoria Yacht Club]] </small>
File:Ensign of the Royal Windermere Yacht Club.svg|<small>[[Royal Windermere Yacht Club]] </small>
File:RYA Ensign.png|<small>[[Royal Yachting Association]] </small>
File:Ensign of the St Helier Yacht Club.svg|<small>[[St Helier Yacht Club]] </small>
File:Ensign of the West Mersea Yacht Club.svg|<small>[[West Mersea Yacht Club]] </small>
</gallery>

====Institution ensigns====
<gallery>
File:Trinity House Ensign.svg|<small>[[Trinity House]] </small>
File:Ensign of the Royal National Lifeboat Institution.svg|<small>[[Royal National Lifeboat Institution]]</small>
File:Red Ensign of the Maritime Volunteer Service.jpg|<small>[[Maritime Volunteer Service]]</small>
File:Company of Watermen and Lightermen Ensign.gif|<small>[[Company of Watermen and Lightermen]]</small>
File:UK NHS Fleet Ensign.svg|<small>Ship of the [[National Historic Fleet]] </small>
File:UK National Historic Ships Ensign.svg|<small>Registered vessel of the [[National Historic Fleet]] </small>
</gallery>

===House flags===
House flags are personal and designed by a company. A house flag is displayed on a port [[halyard]] of a [[Yardarm]].

[[File:House flags 1900.jpg|House flags of the early 20th century|250px|thumb]]

==Notable people==<!-- Please respect alphabetical order -->
<!-- [[WP:NFCC]] violation: [[File:Victoria Drummond 1941.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Victoria Drummond]], the first female UK Marine Engineer.]] -->
[[File:Captain Matthew Webb.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Captain [[Matthew Webb]], a Captain and cross channel swimmer.]]
[[File:Joseph Conrad.PNG|thumb|150px|right|[[Joseph Conrad]], a Captain and author.]]
((Further|List of notable mariners))
A number of notable Merchant Navy personnel include:
*[[Fred Blackburn (footballer)|Fred Blackburn]]: England footballer.
*[[Chris Braithwaite]] (''c.'' 1885–1944): seafarers' organiser and Pan-Africanist.
*[[Joseph Conrad]]: joined the Merchant Navy in 1874, rising through the ranks of Second Mate and First Mate, to Master in 1886. Left in order to write professionally, becoming one of the 20th century's greatest novelists.
*[[James Cook]]: FRS. (1728–1779) British explorer.
*[[Lionel 'Buster' Crabb]]: Naval frogman, cadet at HMS Conway 1923-1925.
*[[Victoria Drummond]]: MBE, (1894–1978) Britain's first woman ship's engineer.
*[[Ian Duncan-Smith]] Politician. Cadet at HMS Conway 1968-1972.
*[[Gerry Fitt]]: founder of the [[Social Democratic and Labour Party]] in Northern Ireland
*Air Marshal Sir [[Peter Horsley]]: Deputy Commander in Chief of [[RAF Strike Command]] 1973–75. He started work as a deck boy in 1939 aboard TSS ''Cyclops''.
*[[Charles Howard, 20th Earl of Suffolk|Charles Howard]] [[George Cross|GC]] [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]] [[FRSE]] (1906–1941), Earl of Suffolk and of Berkshire. Apprentice officer on the [[windjammer]] ''Mount Stewart''; bomb disposal expert in World War II.
*[[Gareth Hunt]]: actor, notably in ''[[The New Avengers (TV series)|The New Avengers]]'', and ''[[Upstairs, Downstairs (1971 TV series)|Upstairs, Downstairs]]''
*[[Violet Jessop]]: stewardess who survived the ((RMS|Titanic||2)) sinking, and author of autobiography about sailing.
*[[Frank Laskier]]: WWII Merchant Navy steward who became a public icon for recruitment efforts.
*[[Freddie Lennon]]: Merchant Navy steward whose son [[John Lennon|John]] later founded the musical group [[the Beatles]].
*[[Kevin McClory]]: [[Ireland|Irishman]] who spent 14 days in a lifeboat and later went on to write the James Bond movies ''Never Say Never Again'' and ''Thunderball''.
*[[John Masefield]]: served in Merchant Navy in 1890s: Cadet at HMS Conway 1891-1894. later [[Poet Laureate]].
*[[Henry Nelson, 7th Earl Nelson|Henry Nelson]], 7th [[Earl Nelson]]
*[[Peter de Neumann]]: GM. "The Man From Timbuctoo", The "de Neumann Way" named for him.
*[[Alun Owen]]: later wrote the screenplay for ''[[A Hard Day's Night (film)|A Hard Day's Night]]''.
*[[Frederick Daniel Parslow]]: VC. Merchant Navy recipient of the Victoria Cross.
*[[Arthur Phillip]]: joined the Merchant Navy in 1751 and 37 years later founded the city of [[Sydney, Australia]] as the First Governor of New South Wales, which then included the eastern half of the Australia we know today, plus New Zealand.
*[[John Prescott]]: Merchant Navy steward who became [[Deputy Prime Minister]] in 1997 under [[Tony Blair]].
*[[Ken Russell]]: directed films such as ''[[Tommy (1975 film)|Tommy]]'', ''[[Altered States]]'', and ''[[The Lair of the White Worm (film)|The Lair of the White Worm]]''.
*[[Archibald Bisset Smith]]: VC. Merchant Navy Victoria Cross recipient.
*Captain [[Matthew Webb]]: (19 January 1848((snd))24 July 1883) Cadet at HMS Conway 1860-1862 was the first recorded person to swim the English Channel without the use of artificial aids.

==Medals and awards==
[[File:Minnie's authority to wear medals cert.jpg|thumb|Authority to wear the [[British War Medal]] (and ribbon) and the Mercantile Marine Medal (and clasp, ribbon) issued to Minnie Mason for her work on [[English Channel]] ferries throughout World War I]]

Members of the UK Merchant Navy have been awarded the [[Victoria Cross]], [[George Cross]], [[George Medal]], [[Distinguished Service Order]], and [[Distinguished Service Cross (United Kingdom)|Distinguished Service Cross]] for their actions while serving in the Merchant Navy. Canadian [[Philip Bent]], ex-British Merchant Navy, joined the [[British Army]] at the outbreak of [[World War I]] and won the [[Victoria Cross]]. Members of the Merchant Navy who served in either World War also received relevant [[British campaign medals#World War I|campaign medals]].

In the Second World War many Merchant Navy members received the [[Queen's Commendation for Brave Conduct|King's Commendation for Brave Conduct]]. [[Lloyd's of London]] awarded the [[Lloyd's War Medal for Bravery at Sea]] to 541 Merchant Navy personnel for their bravery in 1939–45.<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/55/a8649255.shtml |last=de Neumann |first=Bernard |title=Lloyd's War Medal for Bravery at Sea (Part One) |work=WW2 People's War |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=19 January 2006 |access-date=17 December 2013))</ref><ref>((cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/30/a8649930.shtml |last=de Neumann |first=Bernard |title=Lloyd's War Medal for Bravery at Sea (Part Two) |work=WW2 People's War |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=19 January 2006 |access-date=17 December 2013))</ref> Many [[Royal Humane Society#Medals and awards|Royal Humane Society medals and awards]] have been conferred on Merchant Navy seafarers for acts of humanity in both war and peacetime.

In September 2016 the UK Government introduced the [[Merchant Navy Medal for Meritorious Service]].<ref name="Medal1">((cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/meritorious-service-rewarded-with-new-merchant-navy-medal |title=Meritorious service rewarded with new Merchant Navy medal |publisher=[[UK Government]] |access-date=9 February 2017))</ref> The medal is awarded:

''"to those who are serving or have served in the Merchant Navy and fishing fleets of the UK, Isle of Man or Channel Islands for exemplary service and devotion to duty, rewarding those who have set an outstanding example to others."''<ref name="Medal1"/>

It is the first state award for meritorious service in the history of the Merchant Navy.<ref name="Medal2">((cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/new-state-award-for-a-merchant-navy-medal-for-meritorious-service |title=New state award for a Merchant Navy Medal for Meritorious Service |last=Goodwill |first=Robert |publisher=UK Government Digital Service |date=26 November 2016 |website=GOV.UK |access-date=4 December 2015))</ref> Recipients must be nominated by someone other than themselves, with at least two written letters of support and are normally required to have completed 20 years service in the Merchant Navy (although in exceptional circumstances it may be less).<ref name="Medal3">((cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/477658/Merchant_Navy_Medal_nominations_guidance.pdf |title=Merchant Navy Medal Guidance |publisher=[[UK Government]] |access-date=9 February 2017))</ref>

==Ranks==
{| class="wikitable noresize"
|+ British Merchant Navy Officers Ranks and Rank Badges
|-
! colspan= " 2 " | [[Deck department|Deck Officers]]
! colspan= " 2 " | [[Engine department|Engineer Officer]]
! colspan= " 2 " | [[Electro-technical officer|Electrical Technical Officer]]
! colspan= " 2 " | Ship's Medical Officer
! colspan= " 2 " | Steward's Department Officer
|-
| [[Sea captain|Master]]
| [[File:British Merchant Navy Master (Captain) Rank.jpg|70px]]
| [[Chief engineer|Chief Engineer]]
| [[File:Chief Engineer.jpg|70px]]
| colspan= " 2 " | N/A
| colspan= " 2 " | N/A
| colspan= " 2 " | N/A
|-
| [[Chief mate|Chief Officer]]
| [[File:British Merchant Navy Chief Officer Rank.jpg|70px]]
| [[Second engineer|Second Engineer]]
| [[File:Second Engineer.jpg|70px]]
| Chief ETO
| [[File:Chief Electrical Technical Officer.jpg|70px]]
| [[Naval surgeon|Ship's Surgeon]]
| [[File:Ship's Surgeon.jpg|70px]]
| Chief Purser
| [[File:Chief Purser.jpg|70px]]
|-
| [[Second mate|Second Officer]]
| [[File:British Merchant Navy Second Officer Rank.jpg|70px]]
| [[Third engineer|Third Engineer]]
| [[File:Third Engineer.jpg|70px]]
| [[Electro-technical officer|ETO]]
| [[File:Electrical Technical Officer.jpg|70px]]
| Ship's Doctor or Dentist
| [[File:Ship's Doctor or Dentist.jpg|70px]]
| [[Purser]]
| [[File:Purser.jpg|70px]]
|-
| [[Third mate|Third Officer]]
| [[File:British Merchant Navy Third Officer Rank.jpg|70px]]
| [[Fourth engineer|Fourth Engineer]]
| [[File:Fourth Engineer.jpg|70px]]
| colspan= " 2 " | N/A
| Ship's Nurse
| [[File:Ship's Nurse.jpg|70px]]
| Assistant Purser
| [[File:Assistant Purser.jpg|70px]]
|-
| [[Deck Cadet|Cadet Deck Officer]]
| [[File:Cadet Deck Officer.jpg|70px]]
| Cadet Engineer Officer
| [[File:Cadet Engineer Officer.jpg|70px]]
| Cadet Electrical Officer
| [[File:Cadet Electrical Officer.jpg|70px]]
| colspan= " 2 " | N/A
| colspan= " 2 " | N/A
|}
<ref>[http://www.clydeunifroms.com/product-category/epaulettes/ Clyde Uniforms epaulettes design]</ref><ref>Mercantile Marine Standard Uniform poster of 1941</ref><ref>[http://www.quora.com/What-are-the-ranks-and-salary-for-a-member-of-the-Merchant-Navy Ranks of the Merchant Navy and hierarchy]</ref><ref>[inderudaey.blogspot.com/2012/09/merchant-navy-ranks-with-shoulder.html Hierarchy of the Merchant Navy]</ref>

==British shipping companies==
The British Merchant Navy consists of various private shipping companies. Over the decades many companies have come and gone, merged, changed their name or changed owners. British Shipping is represented nationally and globally by the [[UK Chamber of Shipping]], headquartered in [[London]].<ref>((cite web |url=https://www.ukchamberofshipping.com/about-us/our-mission/ |title=UK Chamber of Shipping – About |access-date=3 July 2016))</ref> British shipping registrars belong to the [[Red Ensign Group]]. 
((multiple image
 | align = none
 | image1 =Monks Ferry Drydock, Birkenhead - geograph.org.uk - 198146.jpg
 | caption1 =The ''Bibby Sapphire'' is a [[diving support vessel]] built in 2005 for the operational shipping company [[Bibby Line]].
 | image2 = British Emperor 1916.jpg
 | caption2 =The ''British Emperor'', launched in 1916 was a ship of the [[British Tanker Company]] that was sunk in 1941.
 | image3 = Queen Mary New York.jpg
 | caption3 =''[[RMS Queen Mary|Queen Mary]]'' of 1936 (80,700 GRT) was a ship of the [[Cunard Line]].
))

Below is a list of some of the British shipping companies, past and present:
((dynamic list))
((Div col)) 
*[[Aberdeen Line]]
*Alexander Shipping Co.
*American and Indian Line; Bucknall Steamship Lines
*Anchor-Donaldson<ref>((cite web |title=Anchor-Donaldson |url=http://www.theglasgowstory.com/image/?inum=TGSE00264 |website=theglasgowstory.com/ |access-date=6 October 2017))</ref>
*[[Anchor Line (steamship company)|Anchor Line]]
*Australind Steam Navigation Company 
*[[Royal Dutch Shell|Anglo-Saxon Petroleum Company (Shell Tankers), now Royal Dutch Shell]]
*[[Atlantic Steam Navigation Company]]
*Bank Line
*[[Ben Line]]
*[[Bibby Line]]
*Blue Anchor Line
*[[Blue Funnel Line]] (Alfred Holt)
*[[Blue Star Line]]
*[[Alfred Booth and Company|Booth Steamship Company]]
*Bolton Steam Shipping Co. Ltd.
*Bowker and King
*British and African Steam Navigation Company
*British and Burmese Steam Navigation Company
*[[British India Steam Navigation Company]]
*BP
*[[British Tanker Company]]
*Thos & Jno Brocklebank Ltd
*Bullard, King and Company, including Natal Direct Line
*Burns and Laird Lines
*Byron Marine Ltd
*Cairns, Noble and Company
*[[Caledonian MacBrayne]], formerly [[Caledonian Steam Packet Company]] and [[David MacBrayne]]
*[[Carisbrooke Shipping]]
*P & A Campbell
*[[The China Navigation Company]]
*[[Clan Line]]
*Clyde Shipping Company
*[[Coast Lines]]
*[[Cory (company)|William Cory and Son]]
*[[Counties Ship Management]]
*Crescent Shipping
*[[Cunard Line]]
*Currie Line – Leith
*Denholm Line Steamers
*Donaldson Line
*Donaldson Atlantic Line
*Dundee, Perth and London Shipping Company
*[[Eagle Oil and Shipping Company]]
*[[Elder Dempster Lines]], including Glen Line and Shire Line
*[[Ellerman Lines]], including many companies taken over
*[[Evan Thomas Radcliffe]]
*F T Everard & Sons Ltd
*Federal Steam Navigation Company
*Fisher, Renwick Manchester – London Steamers
*Fletcher Shipping Ltd.
*[[Furness Withy]]
*[[Fyffes Line]]
*GATX-Oswego Steam Navigation Company
*General Steam Navigation Company
*[[Global Marine Systems]], previously [[Cable & Wireless Worldwide|Cable & Wireless]] Marine and [[British Telecom]] Marine
*[[Harrison Line]] (T&J Harrison)
*Harrison Clyde Ltd Woodside Crescent Glasgow
*Head Line Ulster Steamship Co. Ltd. – Belfast
*P Henderson and Company
*JP Henry and MacGregor – Leith
*[[Houlder Line|Houlder Brothers and Company (Houlder Line)]]
*RP Houston and Company (Houston Line)
*[[Indo-China Steam Navigation Company Ltd.]]
*[[Isle of Man Steam Packet Company]]
* [[Isles of Scilly Steamship Company]]
*[[Lamport and Holt]]
*Leyland Line
*[[London & Overseas Freighters]]
*[[Loch Line]]
*[[Manchester Liners]]
*Mississippi and Dominion Steamship Company (Dominion Line)
*North of Scotland and Orkney and Shetland Steam Navigation Company
*North Star Shipping
*[[White Star Line|Ocean Steam Navigation Company (White Star Line)]]
*[[Orient Steam Navigation Company]] (Anderson, Green and Company)
*[[Palm Line]]
*[[Pacific Steam Navigation Company]]
*[[Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company|Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company (P&O)]]
*[[Port Line]], formerly the Commonwealth and Dominion Line
*Prince Line
*[[William Reardon Smith|Reardon Smith]]
*[[Red Funnel]] Line
*Ropner Shipping Company
*[[Royal Mail Steam Packet Company]]
*[[Wightlink]],Previously [[Sealink]] its immediate predecessors the [[Great Western Railway]], [[London, Midland and Scottish Railway|LMS]], [[London and North Eastern Railway|LNER]], [[Southern Railway (UK)|Southern Railway]] and many of their antecedents
*Scottish Ship Management<ref>((cite web |title=Scottish Ship Management Ltd. |url=https://www.scottishshipmanagement.org/ |access-date=6 April 2023))</ref>
*Scottish Shire Line
*[[Shaw, Savill & Albion Line]]
*Shell International Shipping Services
*[[Silver Line (shipping company)|Silver Line]]
*Stag Line
*[[Star Line (shipping company)|Star Line]]
*[[Stephenson Clarke Shipping]]
*[[European Ferries#Townsend Thoresen|Townsend Brothers Ferries]], later Townsend Thoresen
*Tyne-Tees Steam Shipping Company
*[[Union-Castle Line]]
*[[United Africa Company]]
*United Baltic Corporation
*[[Wandsworth and District Gas Company]]
*[[Andrew Weir, 1st Baron Inverforth|Andrew Weir and Company]]
*Wilson Line
*Yeoward Line
((Div col end))

==See also==
((Portal|Transport))
*[[Equivalent Royal Navy ranks in the Merchant Navy]]
*[[His Majesty's Coastguard]]
*[[List of merchant navy capacity by country]]
*[[Ratings in the Merchant Navy (United Kingdom)]]
*[[Royal Naval Reserve]]
*[[Transport in the United Kingdom]]
*[[United States Merchant Marine]]
*[[Witherby Publishing Group]]

==References==
((Reflist))

==Bibliography==
((refbegin))
* ((Cite book |last=Blackmore |first=Edward |title=The British Mercantile Marine |url=https://archive.org/details/britishmercanti00blacgoog |page=[https://archive.org/details/britishmercanti00blacgoog/page/n86 64] |quote=Third Mate. |access-date=29 May 2007 |year=1897 |publisher=Charles Griffin and Company, Limited |location=London))
*((cite book |last=Friel |first=Ian |year=2003 |title=Maritime History of Britain and Ireland |location=London |publisher=The British Museum Press |isbn=0-7141-2718-3))
*((cite book |last=Hope |first=Ronald |year=1990 |title=A New History of British Shipping |location=London |publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]] |isbn=0-7195-4799-7))
*((Cite book |last=Hope |first=Ronald |title=Poor Jack: The Perilous History of the Merchant Seaman |year=2001 |publisher=Greenhill Books |location=London |isbn=1-86176-161-9))
*((Cite web |url=http://www.missiontoseafarers.org/timeline.php |title=Mission to Seafarers Timeline Alongside World Events |access-date=2 April 2007 |author=Mission to Seafarers |work=Mission to Seafarers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070916090147/http://www.missiontoseafarers.org/timeline.php <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=16 September 2007))
*((Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Shipping |volume=24 |pages=1045–1050 |last=Owen |first=Douglas))
*Press, Jonathan (1976). [https://archive.org/details/bha038 ''The Merchant Seamen of Bristol, 1747-1789''] (Bristol Historical Association pamphlets, no. 38), 23 pp.
*((cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=Captain Barry |title=All Hands and the Cook: The Customs and Language of the British Merchant Seaman 1875–1975 |date=2008 |publisher=Bush Press on behalf of the author |location=Takapuna, NZ |isbn=978-0-908608-72-0))
((refend))

==External links==
((Commons category|Merchant Navy (United Kingdom)))
* [http://www.marine-society.org/ The Marine Society]
* [http://www.mercantilemarine.org/ Mercantile Marine] Community
* [http://www.mna.org.uk/ British Merchant Navy Association]
*[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documentsonline/seamens-medals.asp Records of World War Two Medals issued to Merchant Seamen from The National Archives.]
*[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documentsonline/bt389.asp Search and download WW2 Merchant Shipping movement cards from The National Archives.]

===Historical===
* [http://www.fmschmitt.com/travels/England/london/londonwall/tentrinitysquare.html Photos of the Merchant Marine Memorials in London]
* [http://iancoombe.tripod.com/id37.html Tramp Steamers and Liberty Gallery]

===Educational and professional===
* [http://www.mcga.gov.uk/ Maritime and Coastguard Agency UK]
* [http://www.mntb.org.uk/ The Merchant Navy Training Board]
* [http://www.nautilusint.org/ Nautilus International]
* [http://www.nautinst.org/ The Nautical Institute]
* [http://www.edumaritime.com/united-kingdom Merchant Navy Colleges]
* [http://www.ukchamberofshipping.com/ UK Chamber of Shipping]

[[Category:British Merchant Navy| ]]
[[Category:Ship registration]]
[[Category:Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II]]
[[Category:United Kingdom home front during World War II]]

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