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((Short description|Combination of two or more political or administrative entities))
((more citations needed|date=January 2013))

((Politics))

A '''merger''', '''consolidation''' or '''amalgamation''', in a political or administrative sense, is the combination of two or more political or administrative entities, such as [[municipality|municipalities]] (in other words [[city|cities]], [[town]]s, etc.), [[county|counties]], [[district]]s, etc., into a single entity. This term is used when the process occurs within a sovereign entity.

Unbalanced growth or outward expansion of one neighbor may necessitate an administrative decision to merge (see [[urban sprawl]]). In some cases, common perception of continuity may be a factor in prompting such a process (see [[conurbation]]).  Some cities (see [[#Notable municipal mergers|below]]) that have gone through amalgamation or a similar process had several administrative sub-divisions or jurisdictions, each with a separate [[Mayor|person in charge]].

[[Annexation]] is similar to amalgamation, but differs in being applied mainly to two cases:
#The units joined are sovereign entities before the process, as opposed to being units of a single political entity.
#A city's boundaries are expanded by adding territories not already incorporated as cities or villages.

==Notable municipal mergers==
The act of merging two or more [[Municipality|municipalities]] into a single new municipality may be done for a variety of reasons, including urban growth, reducing the cost of local government and improving the efficiency of municipal service delivery.

===Belgium===
In 1977, the 2,359 [[municipalities of Belgium]] were merged to 596 new municipalities.

===Brazil===
In 1975, the [[Guanabara (state)|state of Guanabara]] and the [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|state of Rio de Janeiro]] in Brazil were merged. The former consisted of only the territorial limits of the city of Rio de Janeiro, formerly the [[Federal District (Brazil)|Federal District]] as [[Brazil]]ian capital until 1960 when it was moved to newly built [[Brasília]]. When merged, Guanabara became the [[Rio de Janeiro (city)|municipality of Rio de Janeiro]] within the new state. In geographical terms, it would seem the state of Rio would have incorporated Guanabara; but, as the administrative and financial resources of the former capital were significant and even larger than the rest of the state, the change was more correctly referred to as a merger (''fusão'').

===Canada===
In [[Canada]], the 1990s saw the forced amalgamation of several municipal entities in the provinces of [[Nova Scotia]], [[Ontario]] and [[Quebec]] into larger new municipalities. Even in cases where a central city merged with its suburbs, the amalgamated city was legally a new municipality, even if it was given the central city's name and was in effect a defacto annexation by the central city. The process created what was labeled a ''megacity'' by the media, although none of the created municipalities fit in the definition of a megacity in the international sense and some of them have fewer than a million inhabitants.

;New Brunswick
*[[Municipal amalgamations in New Brunswick]]

;Nova Scotia
* [[Municipal amalgamations in Nova Scotia]]

;Ontario
((See also|Amalgamation of Toronto))

In the early 1970s, the various towns, villages, and townships surrounding [[Metropolitan Toronto]] that were undergoing suburbanization were amalgamated into various new municipalities; among them [[Mississauga]] and [[Vaughan]]. Later, the provincial government of [[Mike Harris]] undertook an extensive province-wide program of municipal mergers between 1996 and 2002. The province had 815 municipalities in 1996; by 2002, this had been reduced to just 447.<ref>[https://www.archives.gov.on.ca/english/on-line-exhibits/maps/currentrestructure.aspx Municipal restructuring since 1996] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105084333/http://www.archives.gov.on.ca/english/on-line-exhibits/maps/currentrestructure.aspx |date=2012-11-05 )). Archives of Ontario. Retrieved January 1, 2012.</ref> The [[list of municipalities in Ontario]] is updated regularly.
* [[Toronto]] – In 1967, the towns of [[Leaside]], [[Mimico]], [[New Toronto]] and [[Weston, Toronto|Weston]] and the villages of [[Forest Hill, Toronto|Forest Hill]], [[Long Branch, Toronto|Long Branch]] and [[Swansea, Toronto|Swansea]] amalgamated into the city and various boroughs comprising [[Metropolitan Toronto]]. In 1998, the former boroughs within Metropolitan Toronto were merged into a new [[Toronto|City of Toronto]].
* [[Cambridge, Ontario|Cambridge]] – In 1973, the provincial government created the new City of Cambridge by amalgamating the City of Galt, the towns of [[Preston, Ontario|Preston]] and [[Hespeler, Ontario|Hespeler]].
* [[Thunder Bay]] – On January 1, 1970, the twin cities of [[Fort William, Ontario|Fort William]], and [[Port Arthur, Ontario|Port Arthur]], merged into one city.
* [[Ottawa]] – In 2001, the municipalities of Ottawa, [[Cumberland, Ontario|Cumberland]], [[Osgoode Township, Ontario|Osgoode]], [[Rideau Township, Ontario|Rideau]], [[Goulbourn Township, Ontario|Goulbourn]], [[West Carleton Township, Ontario|West Carleton]], [[Nepean, Ontario|Nepean]], [[Kanata, Ontario|Kanata]], [[Gloucester, Ontario|Gloucester]], [[Vanier, Ontario|Vanier]] and [[Rockcliffe Park, Ontario|Rockcliffe Park]] amalgamated into a new City of Ottawa.
* [[Greater Sudbury]] – resulted from the merger of the former [[Regional Municipality of Sudbury]] in 2001; the regional municipality itself was created by a series of municipal amalgamations in 1973.
* [[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]] – In 2001, the former City of [[Stoney Creek, Ontario|Stoney Creek]] and the former towns of [[Ancaster, Ontario|Ancaster]], [[Dundas, Ontario|Dundas]], [[Flamborough, Ontario|Flamborough]] and [[Glanbrook, Ontario|Glanbrook]] merged to create the new City of Hamilton.
* [[Temiskaming Shores]] – In 2004, the towns of New Liskeard and Haileybury, along with the township of Dymond, merged to create the new town of Temiskaming Shores.

;Quebec
((See also|Reorganization of Montreal|Municipal reorganization in Quebec))
* [[Gatineau]] – five municipalities in southwestern Quebec (Gatineau, [[Hull, Quebec|Hull]], [[Aylmer, Quebec|Aylmer]], [[Buckingham, Quebec|Buckingham]] and [[Masson-Angers, Quebec|Masson-Angers]]) were merged into a new city of Gatineau in 2002.
* [[Longueuil]]
* [[Montreal]] – In the [[Reorganization of Montreal|Montreal Merger]] on January 1, 2002, the [[Parti Québécois]] provincial government merged all municipalities on the [[Island of Montreal]] into a new City of Montreal. On January 1, 2006, a partial demerger occurred.
* [[Quebec City]]
* [[Rouyn-Noranda]]
* [[Saguenay, Quebec|Saguenay]] – The cities of [[Chicoutimi]], [[Jonquière]], [[La Baie, Quebec|La Baie]] and [[Laterrière, Quebec|Laterrière]], along with the municipalities of Lac-Kénogami and Shipshaw and part of the township of Tremblay, were amalgamated into the City of Saguenay in 2002.
* [[Sherbrooke]]
* [[Trois-Rivières]]
* [[Val-d'Or]]

;Manitoba
* [[Winnipeg]]: in 1971, the municipalities of [[Transcona, Winnipeg|Transcona]], [[St. Boniface, Manitoba|St. Boniface]], [[St. Vital, Winnipeg|St. Vital]], [[West Kildonan]], [[East Kildonan, Winnipeg|East Kildonan]], [[Tuxedo, Winnipeg|Tuxedo]], [[Old Kildonan]], [[North Kildonan]], [[Fort Garry, Winnipeg|Fort Garry]], [[Charleswood, Winnipeg|Charleswood]], and [[St. James, Manitoba|St. James]] were amalgamated via the [[City of Winnipeg Act]]. The word ''unicity'' is used more commonly than megacity to describe that particular amalgamation.

===China===
The two previously independent cities [[Hankou]] and [[Wuchang District|Wuchang]], as well as the county of [[Hanyang District|Hanyang]], were merged into one city by the name [[Wuhan]] in 1927. Wuhan was named China's first [[direct-controlled municipality]], and was intended to serve as the capital of China.<ref name="历史沿革">((cite web| url=http://jianghan.gov.cn/zoujinjianghan/lsyg/201202/t20120214_41133.html|script-title=zh:历史沿革| access-date=March 21, 2012| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625224752/http://www.jianghan.gov.cn/zoujinjianghan/lsyg/201202/t20120214_41133.html| archive-date=June 25, 2012))</ref><ref name="江汉综述">((cite web | url=http://www.whfz.gov.cn:8080/pub/dqwx/qnj/jhnj07/content.htm |script-title=zh:江汉综述 | access-date=March 21, 2012))</ref>

===Denmark===
In 1970, mergers brought the number of [[municipalities of Denmark]] from 1,098 to 277. In 2007, the (by then) 270 municipalities were consolidated into 98 municipalities, most of them the result of mergers.

===Finland===
[[File:Sastamala kuntaliitokset.svg|thumb|upright|Map of the former municipalities that together merged the town of [[Sastamala]] in [[Pirkanmaa]], Finland.]]
An ongoing series of mergers has reduced the number of [[municipalities of Finland]] from 432 in 2006 to 311 in 2017.

===Germany===
Several [[states of Germany|states]] of [[West Germany]] carried out municipal merger programmes in the 1960s and 1970s. In [[Baden-Württemberg]], the number of municipalities dropped from 3,379 to 1,110 between 1968 and 1975; in [[Bavaria]], from roughly 7,000 to roughly 2,000 between 1972 and 1978; in [[Hesse]], from 2,642 to 421 between 1972 and 1977; in [[North Rhine-Westphalia]], from 2,365 to 396 between 1967 and 1975; and in [[Saarland]], from 345 to 50 in 1974. In the Bavarian town of [[Ermershausen]], citizens occupied the town hall to resist the merger with [[Maroldsweisach]] – unsuccessfully, although Ermershausen was reconstituted as an independent municipality in 1994 – and [[Horgau]], also in Bavaria, successfully appealed its merger with [[Zusmarshausen]] to the Constitutional Court of Bavaria (''Bayerischer Verfassungsgerichtshof''). Mergers have also taken place in the former [[East Germany]] after 1990, for example in [[Brandenburg]] in 2003.

===Greece===
The [[Kallikratis Plan]] replaced the 1033 [[municipalities and communities of Greece]] with 325 new municipalities in 2011.

===Hungary===
[[Budapest]], the capital and largest city in Hungary, was formed from the merger of the cities of Buda and Pest across the river Danube in 1873.

===Israel===
In 2003 the cities of [[Baqa al-Gharbiyye]] and [[Jatt, Israel|Jatt]] joined to form the city of [[Baqa-Jatt]], but the merger was dissolved in 2010.

===Japan===
((main|Municipal mergers and dissolutions in Japan))

===Malaysia===
On 21 April 2018, The Negeri Sembilan state government declared of [[Seremban Municipal Council]] (MPS) and [[Nilai Municipal Council]] (MPN) were to become Seremban City Council (MBS) effective in January 2019.<ref>((Cite web | url=http://www.thesundaily.my/node/534043 |title = Archive))</ref>

===New Zealand===
In November 2010, the Seven Councils of Auckland City: Auckland City Council, Manukau City Council, Waitakere City Council, North Shore City Council, Papakura District Council, Rodney District Council and most of Franklin District Council has seen amalgamated to form Auckland City Council.

===Philippines===
In the Philippines, [[Iloilo City]] is a consolidation of former towns, which are now the geographical or [[Administrative divisions of the Philippines#Local administrative districts|administrative districts]] consisting of: [[Arevalo, Iloilo City|Villa de Arevalo]], [[City Proper, Iloilo City|Iloilo City Proper]], [[Jaro, Iloilo City|Jaro]] (an independent city before), [[La Paz, Iloilo City|La Paz]], [[Mandurriao]], and [[Molo, Iloilo City|Molo]]. The district of [[Lapuz, Iloilo City|Lapuz]], a former part of La Paz, was declared a separate district in 2008.<ref name="thenewstoday.info">[http://www.thenewstoday.info/2008/12/22/city.to.recognize.lapuz.as.separate.district.from.la.paz.html City to recognize Lapuz as separate district from La Paz]. Thenewstoday.info (December 22, 2008). Retrieved on November 7, 2011.</ref> 

===Portugal===
[[Portugal]] was one of the first countries in the world to make an enlarged modern administrative reform, particularly during the 19th century. In the early 19th century, the country was divided into more than 800 municipalities. In 1832, during [[Portuguese Civil War]], a law from [[Mouzinho da Silveira]], minister from the liberal [[government-in-exile]] (which then ruled only in the [[Azores]]) simplified the public administration, and reduced the number of municipalities to 796. In 1836, after the liberal victory, [[Passos Manuel]], minister from the government of the [[Bernardo de Sá Nogueira de Figueiredo, 1st Marquess of Sá da Bandeira|Marquess of Sá da Bandeira]] made a profound administrative reform which reduced significantly the number of municipalities, fixing it to 351. Passos Manuel's reform followed a trend very decentralist, creating an elected municipal administration. In 1855, another series of mergers reduced the number of municipalities to 254. In the rest of the 19th century, some series of mergers occurred (particularly during the 1890s), meanwhile other municipalities were restored. Thereafter, the changes to the municipal map focused mainly on the restoration and creation of new municipalities, particularly in the 20th century. Nowadays, there are 308 [[municipalities of Portugal|municipalities in Portugal]]. The last alteration to the municipal map, occurred in 1998, with the creation of the municipalities of [[Odivelas Municipality|Odivelas]] (in [[Lisbon district]]), [[Trofa Municipality|Trofa]] (in [[Porto district]]) and [[Vizela Municipality|Vizela]] (in [[Braga district]]).

In 2013, more than 1,000 [[parish]]es/[[freguesia]]s were merged.

===Sweden===
Many rural [[municipalities of Sweden]] were merged in 1952; the number of them decreasing from 2,281 to 816. Another series of mergers, this time also including cities and market towns, reduced the total number of municipalities from roughly 1,000 in the early 1960s to 278 in 1974. As of 2013, Sweden has 290 municipalities.

===United States===
In United States politics, such a merged entity may be called a [[consolidated city–county]].
* [[City of Greater New York]] – The amalgamation of the five boroughs ([[Manhattan]], [[The Bronx]], [[Brooklyn, New York|Brooklyn]], [[Queens, New York|Queens]], and [[Staten Island]]) of New York.
* [[Unigov]] – The local government amalgamation of [[Indianapolis]], [[Indiana]].
* In [[New Jersey]], [[Borough of Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton Borough]] and [[Princeton Township, New Jersey|Princeton Township]] became one municipality ([[Princeton, New Jersey]]), in January 2013, after voters passed a referendum in early November 2011, supported by residents of both municipalities.<ref>((cite web|author=Michael Mancuso/The Times |url=http://www.nj.com/mercer/index.ssf/2011/11/princeton_voters_approve_conso.html |title=Princeton voters approve consolidation of borough, township into one municipality |publisher=NJ.com |date= 9 November 2011|access-date=December 10, 2011))</ref>

==See also==
* [[Municipal annexation]]
* [[Urban agglomeration]]
* [[Combined statistical area]]
* [[Conurbation]]
* [[Ecumenopolis]]
* [[Ekistics]]
* [[List of double placenames]]
* [[Independent city]], the opposite of a [[consolidated city–county]]
* [[City-state]]
* [[Megalopolis]]
* [[Megacity]]
* [[Metropolitan area]]
* [[Metropolis]]

==References==
((Reflist))

((Authority control))

[[Category:Urban planning]]
[[Category:Political geography]]
[[Category:Mergers of administrative divisions|*]]

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